Warm Up 1 List three innovations (inventions or an invention that is has been modified) that have completely changed the way that people live and do things

Warm Up 1Warm Up 1List three innovations (inventions or an List three innovations (inventions or an invention that is has been modified) that have invention that is has been modified) that have completely changed the way that people live completely changed the way that people live and do things. Justify your answer.and do things. Justify your answer.

(Example, the printing press.)(Example, the printing press.)

A. A.

B.B.

C. C.

THE THE SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

What is a revolution? What is a revolution?

This word has three meanings.This word has three meanings.

complete circular turn: one complete circular complete circular turn: one complete circular movement made by something round or movement made by something round or cylindrical, e.g. a wheel, around a fixed point cylindrical, e.g. a wheel, around a fixed point

What other objects revolve?

overthrow of government: the overthrow of government: the overthrow of a ruler or political overthrow of a ruler or political systemsystem

major change: a dramatic change in major change: a dramatic change in ideas or practice ideas or practice

(This is the meaning we will be using in this unit.)(This is the meaning we will be using in this unit.)

What was the Scientific Revolution?What was the Scientific Revolution? Beginning of modern scienceBeginning of modern science Scientific method: Depends upon Scientific method: Depends upon

logic, observation, and reason logic, observation, and reason rather than faithrather than faith

Created the technologies and Created the technologies and techniques that built the modern techniques that built the modern worldworld

Created paradigm of our solar Created paradigm of our solar system system

Started by scholars Started by scholars publishing new theories on publishing new theories on Astronomy.Astronomy.

PAVING THE WAYPAVING THE WAY Renaissance – classical Greece and Renaissance – classical Greece and

Roman manuscriptsRoman manuscripts

Age of Exploration – Age of Exploration –

astronomy & mathematicsastronomy & mathematics

NEW WAY OF THINKINGNEW WAY OF THINKING

Based upon careful observation and a Based upon careful observation and a willingness to question accepted willingness to question accepted beliefs.beliefs.

What group is going to have a hard time with What group is going to have a hard time with people’s willingness to question accepted beliefs? people’s willingness to question accepted beliefs?

Scientific ThinkersScientific Thinkers

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)(1473-1543) Earth is the center of the Earth is the center of the

Universe was the previous Universe was the previous beliefbelief

Book Book On the Revolutions of On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheresthe Heavenly Spheres

This is a landmark publication This is a landmark publication because it’s the first challenge because it’s the first challenge of the previous solar system of the previous solar system beliefsbeliefs

He uses calculations to show He uses calculations to show his heliocentric theory.his heliocentric theory.

He also introduces the He also introduces the “discovery” of the New World “discovery” of the New World and what’s beyond the known.and what’s beyond the known.

Heliocentric theoryHeliocentric theory::

• Sun is the center of the Sun is the center of the universeuniverse

**New theories published on astronomy sparked the scientific revolution***

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COPERNICUSHT - Sun is the center of the universe. However it still did not explain the complete orbit of heavenly bodies. Fearing ridicule or persecution from clery and scholars (who had different views) he did not publish his book until he was on his deathbed.His discovery paved the way for Kepler's theory later.

Copernicus’ Heliocentric Theory

Copernicus wrote:Copernicus wrote:““Finally we shall place the Sun Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the Universe.”himself at the center of the Universe.”

During the Renaissance and Reformation, how would the leaders of the Catholic church received Copernicus hypotheses?

New theories published on astronomy sparked the scientific revolution

JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630)JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630) discovered elliptical discovered elliptical

orbit of planets orbit of planets proved heliocentric proved heliocentric

theory introduced theory introduced by Copernicusby Copernicus

**New theories published on astronomy sparked the scientific revolution***

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KEPLERBrilliant mathematician who worked under Tycho Brahe. After Brahe died he continued thier work - he concluded that planets are governed by mathematical laws. He showed that Keplers ideas were true and the planets orbit could be proved mathematically.

GALILEO GALILEI 1564-1642GALILEO GALILEI 1564-1642 Law of the Law of the

PendulumPendulum Laws of MotionLaws of Motion TelescopeTelescope Heavenly Heavenly

discoveriesdiscoveries

pendulums

Every object will continue

to do as it always has

unless changed by

an unbalanced

force.

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GALILEOAt 17 he discovered the law of the pendulum - each swing of the pendulum took the same amount of time.He also discovered that falling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate. He used a lense that a dutchman had developed to create a telescope to look at the stars and planets.He discovered that the sun had dark spots, Jupiter had four moons, and the earth's moon had a rough, uneven surface. This disproved Aristotle's theories that the stars and moon were made of a divine, pure substance.The church was angered by his theories and warned him not to publish his findings. He did so anyways and was forced to stand trial before the Inquisition. Although he knelt before the cardinals under threat of torture and recanted, he was never again a free man. He lived under house arrest until his death in 1642. However, his ideas and books still spread all over Europe.

The Catholic Church and ScientistsThe Catholic Church and Scientists

During the early years of its During the early years of its formation, the Catholic formation, the Catholic Church Church rejected scientific rejected scientific theoriestheories of thinkers like of thinkers like Galileo. Galileo.

After the Reformation new After the Reformation new information on the universe information on the universe was discovered by was discovered by scientistsscientists. .

The Church believed The Church believed answers to questions about answers to questions about the universe should be the universe should be found through religion. found through religion.

The Catholic Church and ScientistsThe Catholic Church and Scientists

How did new How did new discoveries affect the discoveries affect the churches authority churches authority among modern among modern thinkers?thinkers?

The church lost The church lost authority among authority among thinkers. thinkers.

ISAAC NEWTON (1642)-ISAAC NEWTON (1642)-(1727)(1727) Law of GravityLaw of Gravity

• the same force controls the the same force controls the planets, the pendulum, and planets, the pendulum, and all matter in earth and all matter in earth and spacespace

F=Gm1m2/d2

F is force of Gravity; G is the constant; m1 and m2 are the

masses; d is the distance.

“The same thing that caused the apple to fall (gravity) was what held the moon in its orbit.”

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NEWTONHis discovery was revolutionary and became known as the Law of Universal Gravitation. According to this law, every object in the universe attacts every other object. The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them.His book The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy waas one of the most important scientific books every written. He described the universe as a clock set in motion by God the creator of this universe, the clockmaker who set it all in motion.

SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTSINSTRUMENTS

Microscopes – bacteria, Microscopes – bacteria, red blood cellsred blood cells

Barometers – weather, Barometers – weather, atmospheric pressureatmospheric pressure

Thermometers- Thermometers- temperature of the body.temperature of the body.

MEDICINEMEDICINE Human Anatomy- Human Anatomy-

Andreas VersaliusAndreas Versalius• Hands-on direct observation Hands-on direct observation

=only reliable resource. Before =only reliable resource. Before Versalius anatomy was fictional.Versalius anatomy was fictional.

Circulation of Blood- Circulation of Blood- William HarveyWilliam Harvey• blood is "pumped" around the blood is "pumped" around the

body by the heart.body by the heart.

What ultimately increased because What ultimately increased because to the work of the two men above?to the work of the two men above?

MEDICINE continued…MEDICINE continued… Small pox vaccine- Small pox vaccine-

• First successful vaccine to be First successful vaccine to be developed.developed.

• Created by Edward Jenner 1796Created by Edward Jenner 1796• Before the vaccine mortality rate was up Before the vaccine mortality rate was up

to 35%to 35%

CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY Boyle’s Law-Boyle’s Law- discovered the nature of discovered the nature of

elements and compounds, the elements and compounds, the basis of basis of modern Chemistrymodern Chemistry

Why do we need chemistry today?Why do we need chemistry today?

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CHEMISTRYBoyle challenged Aristotle's idea that the earth was only made of four elements: earth, air, fire and water.His law explains how volume, temerature, and pressure of gas affect each other.Lavoisier discovered that Priestly's separated gas was oxygen and named it.

CHEMISTRY continued…. Priestley – Priestley – separated pure separated pure

gas (oxygen) gas (oxygen) He also discovered:He also discovered:

nitrous oxide (laughing gas)nitrous oxide (laughing gas) carbon monoxidecarbon monoxide

Lavoisier – Lavoisier – came up with the came up with the Oxygen Theory.Oxygen Theory. Proof came when Proof came when he decomposed water into two he decomposed water into two gases, hydrogen and oxygen, and gases, hydrogen and oxygen, and then reformed them into water as then reformed them into water as had been previously done by had been previously done by Priestley (1781).Priestley (1781).

Hg(l) + O2(g) HgO(s)

Laughing gas

Radioactivity Marie Curie (1867-1934)

• Focused on Physics and Chemistry

• First woman to receive the Nobel Prize

• She studied uranium rays and soon discovered the rays remained constant, no matter the condition or form of the uranium. She later called this radioactivity.

• Her discoveries were eventually turned into X-rays.

With your partner

How can Marie Curie’s invention of X-rays and radioactivity impact today?

What impacts would it have on health and security?

THE EFFECTTHE EFFECT scientists applied scientific scientists applied scientific

approaches to all areas of lifeapproaches to all areas of life they believed they were they believed they were

“enlightened”“enlightened”

What do you think it means to be What do you think it means to be enlightened?enlightened?

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THE EFFECTthey believed themselves to be orderly, rational, and industrious - this meant they were enlightened. Thus, they become the leaders of a new intellectual and social movement called the Enlightenment.

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Warm Up 1 List three innovations (inventions or an invention that is has been modified) that have completely changed the way that people live and do things