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War in Europe England and Spain were rival powers in Europe in the 1500s Spain had the most wealth and greatest navy because of exploration After the British defeated the Spanish Armada it opened exploration of the Americas to other Europeans Early Settlements - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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War in Europe England and Spain were rival powers in Europe in the 1500s
Spain had the most wealth and greatest navy because of exploration After the British defeated the Spanish Armada it opened exploration of the Americas to other Europeans
Early Settlements 1583 – Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for England 1585 – Sir Walter Raleigh settled Roanoke Island off North Carolina
- they returned after a difficult winter 1587 – John White brought new settlers to the
island and returned to England for suppliesBy the time he returned the settlers had disappearedLeft a gatepost carving “Croatoan”
Jamestown (1607) Established by the Virginia Company (joint-stock company)
Faced many hardships in the early years1608 – Capt. John Smith was sent to govern the colonies along with others Didn’t find the gold they were searching for
Winter of 1609-1610 known as “The Starving Time” Tobacco became the cash crop for the colonyTrouble with Native Americans Improved some after Pocahontas married John Rolfe
Governing the colony House of Burgesses 2 representatives from each of the 10 towns made local lawsKing James eventually cancels the charter and VA becomes a royal colony
Plymouth (1620) Two factions formed in the Anglican church
Puritans – wanted to reform the churchSeparatists – wanted to form a new church -Became known as the Pilgrims -Fled from England to Netherlands because of harsh treatments
Asked the VA Co. for safe passage to settle in VA The Mayflower landed farther north–Cape Cod, MA
Pilgrims made a contract to establish law & order Mayflower Compact – beginning of rep.
government Native Americans teach them to survive
in America
Types of Colonies
Charter Colony – CT, RI-Est. by groups of settlers receiving a charter from the king-Elected governors and representatives for both houses of the legislature-Britain approved the Governors who couldn’t veto acts of legislation
Proprietary Colony – DE, MD, PA-Land given to proprietors by the King-Proprietor ran government; appointed Gov. and Upper
house of legislature-Colonists elected lower house representatives
Royal Colony – GA, MA, NH, NJ, NC, SC, VA-Ruled by King; appointed Gov. and council-Colonists elected assembly who usually did what king asked
New England Colonies
Began in 1629 as a royal charter to the Massachusetts Bay Co.John Winthrop was Gov. – main city was BostonThe key to success in the colonies was settlement Between 1607 and 1775 almost 1 million settlers moved to the Americas from Britain1630’s Great Migration 15,000 Puritans leave Europe to escape religious intolerance and economic hardshipImprovements in living conditions helped boost pop. Larger families, healthier children, longer life spans
Life in New England Soil was difficult to farm – mostly subsistence farming Shipbuilding, fishing industries became the main economic sources Small businesses, craftspeople, etc. flourished in this environment Most people settled in towns
Greens or common areas for livestock and military trainingMeetinghouses for town meetings and church services
Colonial Government Mass. Bay Colony created a colonial legislature (General Court)
Adult male church members who owned property voted for representatives to the Court
Problems within the Mass. Bay ColonyWhile many settlers to the area came looking for religious
freedom they were intolerant of others religious beliefs
New Colonies form
Connecticut – 1636 – Thomas Hooker Settlers moved to the fertile Conn. River Adopted 1st written constitution in America Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Rhode Island – Roger WilliamsAllowed religious tolerance of all faiths
New Hampshire – 1638 – John Wheelwright Didn’t gain independence from MA until 1679
New England becomes a center for Trade
Manufactured goods were sent to New England in exchange for fish, furs, fruit, etc. from American colonies
Triangular Trade forms 1. Sugar, molasses from the West Indies was shipped to
New England 2. Molasses was made into rum and sent to England
3. Rum and manufactured goods from England and the colonies were shipped to West Africa
4. Goods were traded for enslaved Africans who were taken to the W. Indies to work on the sugar plantations The most inhumane part of the journey was the Middle Passage when slaves were brought to the America
Middle Colonies 1621 – Dutch West India Co. settles along the Hudson River
Colony is called New NetherlandsMain settlement is New Amsterdam (Manhattan Island, NY) Because of excellent harbors it becomes the trade center
Colonies land was controlled by patroons Ruled like kings with their own courts/lawsPopulated by colonists from Netherlands, Germany, Sweden & Finland They paid the patroons in labor & crops
1642 – The Glorious RevolutionPuritan Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell overthrew King Puritans return to England and those loyal to the king left for America
1658 – The RestorationCromwell dies and Parliament returns the throne to Charles II in 1660
1664 – English sent a fleet to attack New Amsterdam because they wanted the port city
Peter Stuyvesant was Gov. of the colony He had strict laws & high taxes-disliked by colonists Was forced to surrender because he was unprepared
King Charles II gives colony to his brother the Duke of York Proprietary colony – renames it New York
Owned all the land and controlled the governmentMost settlers lived along the Hudson River (8,000) various nationalities (Dutch, Swedish, German, Native Am., Puritans, African slaves)The Duke promised they could keep their religions
1683 – Population of New York grew to over 12,000The Duke appointed a Gov. and Council but the colonists wanted representation
1691 - Received the right to elected a legislature
New Jersey Separates The southern part of New York b/w the Hudson and Delaware R. was given away
Lord John Berkley and George Carteret became the proprietors - Named the new colony New Jersey after the Isle of Jersey - Offered large tracts of land, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and representative government to attract settlersBecause of its lack of harbors it didn’t make the profitsCarteret and Berkley had both sold out & by 1702 it was a royal colony
Pennsylvania 1680-The King owed William Penn a large sum of money for a loan
Penn asked if he could have land in America as payment The Quakers (Society of Friends)
Penn was part of this religious groupBelieved all people had an inner light guiding them to
salvationsAllowed everyone to experience God in their own wayQuakers were tolerant of others beliefsMany feared this because they didn’t use traditional
church ceremoniesWouldn’t bow to lords because they believed all were equalPacifists who refused to fight for political reasonsWere often persecuted for their beliefs
Pennsylvania was a “holy experiment”–put ideas into practice
1682-Began building Philadelphia-called the “City of Brotherly Love”Penn was the first town planner – designing the city himselfWrote the first Constitution for the colonyNegotiated the first treaties w/ Native Americans for selling
landAdvertised for settlers in pamphlets all over Europe
1683 – 3,000 English, Welsh, Irish, Dutch, Germans arrived 1701-Charter of Liberties
gave colonists the right to elect representatives to the legislature 1704-Charter of Privileges
allowed the lower 3 counties to form own government became the colony of Delaware (Swedes, Dutch & English)
Southern Colonies A labor intensive land
The Southern land required a lot of work to maintain the profits of cash crops By 1660 tobacco prices were falling so plantation owners needed more land and labor to continue to make the profits
They Used: 1. Scotch/English criminals and prisoners of war from Ireland came to earn release after 7 yrs 2. Indentured servants worked for a certain time to pay for passage to America 3. African slaves were also used on plantations
Maryland (1632) King gave to Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) – proprietary colony 1634-Two sons went to America to run the colony-had 200 settlers
The land was fertile – didn’t plant just tobaccoDiversified with corn, wheat, fruit, vegetables & livestock
1729-Baltimore was the largest settlement in the colonyLord Baltimore gave large tracts of land to relatives, English aristocrats and promised 100 acres to each settler, 100 to their wife, 100 for each servant, & 50 for childrenAristocrats owned huge plantations that had to be farmed Introduced indentured servants and slave labor
1760s – hire astronomers Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon to map itlay out the entire boundary using stones with both families crests
Religious FreedomMeant as a safe place for Catholics – Calvert’s sons had also
allowed Protestants and they soon outnumbered the Catholics 1649 – Act of Toleration – gave both religions the right to worship 1692 – Protestants controlled assembly and made Anglican Church the official church for the colony
Virginia Virginia continued to grow from 1607 (Jamestown)
Plantations took all the tidewater land-new settlers moved westNative Americans were unhappy with being forced off land1640’s–Gov. William Berkeley–keeps settlers from moving west Western settlers like Nathaniel Bacon were unhappy
felt they weren’t represented in the colonial gov’t.settled west of the territory anywayNative Americans attacked & government refused aid
1678-Bacon’s Rebellion Led western settlers to attack Native Americans Governor condemned these actions Bacon marched on Jamestown – set fire to it
Berkeley fled into exile but Bacon suddenly dies and English send troops to restore order
Results of rebellionShowed England colonies wouldn’t be confinedColonial government created a militia to fight IndiansOpened up more land for settlement
The Carolinas Charles II found the colony and gave land to large proprietors
Constitution written by John LockeNorthern part was settled by small farmers, they did not have any port cities of their ownSouthern part had fertile farmland and the harbor city of Charleston Cash crops – rice and indigo (blue gold) Many settlers came from Barbados (English Colony in Bahamas)
Brought their slaves with themRice was also a labor intensive crop and slavery began to growNorthern settlers were angry because they weren’t allowed a part in the government Seized control from the proprietors and divided the colony in 1729 into North & South Carolina
Georgia (1733) – James Oglethorpe 1. It was a colony for debtors to make a fresh start 2. A military barrier between the English and the Spanish 3. Religious refugees also came there
Savannah was the main cityOglethorpe’s laws Ban slavery, Catholics, and Rum in the colony Also limited the size of land grants
Settlers complained and Oglethorpe lifted all bans except slavery
Colonial Culture Religion – Great Awakening
Strong religious values were established in the colonies from 1720-1740
FamilyMen were head of the householdVoting rights only applied to white men who owned propertyWomen participated in the decision making within the house In cities and towns they worked outside the home some
EducationValued in society – Literacy rates were 85% men, 50% womenMany schools were run by women from their homes Quakers ran schools in the middle colonies Craftspeople opened trade schools for apprentices
Harvard (1636) was the first college – Puritans The Enlightenment
Said that knowledge, science and reason could improve societySpread ideas through newspaper, lectures, and organizationsHeld the idea of freedom of speech as a basic right
New France Founded Quebec in 1608
Interested in fishing & fur traderBuilt forts and trading posts to protect their interests
1663 – New France becomes a Royal colonyJean Talon – royal governor – supported further exploration
Down the Mississippi River1670s began to explore the Mississippi River Marquette & Joliet
Searched for gold and a water route to the PacificFound the place the Arkansas R. joined the Mississippi & flowed to the Gulf of Mexico
Robert LaSalleFollowed the Mississippi to the Gulf - Claimed the region for France1718 – New Orleans is founded for France
Later explorers went west to the Rockies & Rio Grande
Growth of New France Seigneuries (estates) – much like patroons
Tenant farmers paid an annual rent & worked for the lord a certain number of days
Relationships with Native AmericansBetter than any other European groupTrappers & missionaries learned the language & respected their waysFrench colonies grew more slowly and didn’t push them off their land
New Spain Spanish had control of Mexico, Caribbean, Central & South America, western & southern N. America (Southwest & Pacific coast)
1610 - Sent soldiers missionaries & settlers to found Santa Fe to protect borders from other Europeans
Spread into Arizona and later Texas after France claimed New Orleans
Missions in California Religious establishments along the Pacific coast Used as Spanish claims and to convert Native Americans Often forced Native Americans to labor at the missions alsoEuropean conflicts in North America 1. Early 1700s many battles broke out between the English & Spain 2. Georgia & Spanish Florida were often fighting 3. France and Great Britain eventually become the greatest rivals