Wanted * President of U.S.Must have the following credentials: • Natural Born Citizen• 35 years old• 14 year resident of U.S.Job Description: Require a Chief executive who will follow the Constitution to enforce acts of Congress, judgments of Federal Courts & serve as a chief diplomat in forming/maintaining treaties signed by the United States. Appointment power limited. Commander In Chief of Armed Forces – no military experience necessary! As chief legislator must possess persuasive skills & good judgment to recommend to Congress legislation that accomplishes political agenda –it helps if you are the same political party as the majority of Congress!

• The President is elected to a 4 year term• The President can only serve 2 terms or 8

years.– There was no limit to the number of terms the President could

serve until the 22nd Amendment in 1951.– The President may serve 10 years max if he succeeds the office mid-way through the previous President’s term and is elected 2 times on his own.

The President’s Term

FDR inspired the 22nd Amendment as he was elected to 4 terms.

• The President appoints:– Ambassadors and other diplomats– Cabinet members and their top aides– Heads of independent agencies– All federal judges, U.S. marshalls, and attorneys– All officers in the armed forces

• The Senate must confirm or reject the President’s appointments and do so based on committee hearings and debate

The Appointment Power

• The President has the power to remove any officer he appointed, except federal judges

• Congress has the power to set the conditions under which a person may be removed– Usually for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or

malfeasance of office

The Removal Power

President Reagan’s budgetdirector David Stockman,pushed through severe budget cuts based on un-certain budget figures. Headmitted it in a 1985 magazine interview and Reagan fired him.

The President’s pay is currently $400,000 a year. He also receives a $50,000/yr expense allowance that can be spent as desired

He is allowed to live in the White House, a fully staffed 132-room mansion

He has access to a fleet of vehicles and the use of Air Force One among other planes and helicopters

He has access to Camp David, a resort hideaway in Maryland He has access to the best medical care in the world and all sorts of other benefits

Pay and Benefits

PardonsObama has received 551 pardon petitions in the course of his presidency, of which he's denied 131, according to the Justice Department. Another 265 petitions were closed without presidential action.

In addition to Foster, the people pardoned were:

—James Bernard Banks, of Liberty, Utah, sentenced to two years of probation in 1972 for illegal possession of government property.

—Russell James Dixon, of Clayton, Ga., sentenced to two years of probation in 1960 for a liquor law violation.

—Laurens Dorsey, of Syracuse, N.Y., sentenced in 1998 to five years of probation and $71,000 in restitution for conspiracy to defraud by making false statements to the Food and Drug Administration.

—Timothy James Gallagher, of Navasota, Texas, sentenced in 1982 to three years of probation for cocaine possession and conspiracy to distribute.

—Roxane Kay Hettinger, Powder Springs, Ga., sentenced in 1986 to 30 days in jail and three years of probation for conspiracy to distribute cocaine.

—Edgar Leopold Kranz Jr., of Minot, N.D., who received 24 months of confinement and a pay reduction for cocaine use, adultery and bouncing checks.

—Floretta Leavy, of Rockford, Ill., sentenced in 1984 to 366 days in prison and three years of parole for drug offenses.

—Scoey Lathaniel Morris, of Crosby, Texas, sentenced in 1991 to three years of probation and $1,200 restitution for counterfeiting offenses.

Limitation of Presidential Power

• Congress can reject the Presidential agenda FDR’s proposal to increase justices

• Asserting Constitutional authority 1973 War Powers Resolution reinforce

constitutional powers of Congress to declare war

• Refusal to ratify treaties Treaty of Versailles

• Refusal to confirm Presidential nominee• Refusal to fund president’s programs

Congressional Budget & Impound Control Act (1974) - Nixon

• Impeachment

How Congress Limits Powers of President

What Qualities Should a President be Judged by?

• Public Persuasion• Crisis Leadership• Economic Management• Moral Authority• International Relations• Administrative Skills• Relations with Congress• Vision/Setting An Agenda• Pursued Equal Justice For All• Performance Within Context of Times

http://legacy.c-span.org/PresidentialSurvey/Overall-Ranking.aspx

Challenges of the President“When I ran for the Presidency…I knew this country faced serious challenges, but I could not realize – nor could any man who does not bear the burdens of this office – how heavy and constant would be those burdens.” - JFK

• What challenges might a President face?

• Do you think it is possible for candidates to be aware of the burdens of the Presidency?

Presidents on the Presidency

• Turn to page 391 – 392 to learn what past Presidents have to say about the office!

How do their messages differ?

What are some positive & negative aspects of serving as President?

How did the Framers envision the Presidency?

• Official above partisan politics – no campaigning!

• Character “preeminent for ability & virtue”

• Qualities: Energetic, deliberative & virtuous

How has the Presidency evolved?• Modern President: Andrew Jackson

Power of Veto Vetoed the re-charter of the Second Bank of the U.S.

• Executive Power: Abraham Lincoln Blockade on Southern Ports Expanded the Army & Navy

• Transformed & Reformed to a modern Presidency: Theodore Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson (Progressive Presidents) TR: Square Deal (Trust buster, National Parks, FDA) Wilson: League of Nations, Women’s Suffrage

• Most influential as : FDR New Deal (Chief Legislator) Social Security (Chief Legislator) Commander in Chief during WWII Fireside Chats ( Chief of State) –promote & represent

American values

What separates these Presidents?

TOP 5 Presidents 2009• Abraham Lincoln• George Washington• Franklin D. Roosevelt• Theodore Roosevelt• Harry S. Truman

Worst 5 Presidents• Warren G. Harding• William Henry Harrison• Franklin D. Pierce• Andrew Johnson• James Buchanan

Chief Legislator• Suggests to Congress ideas & opinions to

Congress while drafting legislation Speeches promoting agenda Meeting with Congress

• Sign / veto legislation

• Examples: • FDR: New Deal• Andrew Jackson: First to utilize the power of

veto• Recent example: Obamacare

• The Executive power has expanded due to the President’s role in legislation Executive branch proposes most bills Increasing role in development of Federal

Regulations

Chief Executive• The president is constitutionally bound to enforce laws, treaties, and court orders

Appointment Power: • Cabinet & Subcabinet jobs (if president is

dissatisfied with performance he can fire the person)

• Federal Judgeships• Agency Heads• Commissioned officers in armed forces• Approximately 2,000 lesser jobs

Power to grant reprieves and pardons

Chief ExecutiveExample: TR Creation of FDA Trust Buster Beginning of FBI

• The President executes, administers, or carries out all federal laws created by Congress

• Congress sets out the details of the laws, but the day to day administration of the law is left to the President.

The President’s Executive Powers

• The Ordinance Power gives the President the power to issue executive orders so that his policies can be implemented– Executive Order- a directive, rule, or regulation

that has the effect of law– legally binding orders given by the President, to

Federal Administrative Agencies.

The Ordinance Power

During WWII, President Roosevelt, issued executive orders requiring gasoline and other strategic war supplies to be rationed (sold in limited quantities).

Executive Order 9066: The President Authorizes Japanese Relocation

In an atmosphere of World War II hysteria, President Roosevelt, encouraged by officials at all levels of the federal government, authorized the internment of tens of thousands of American citizens of Japanese ancestry and resident aliens from Japan. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066, dated February 19, 1942, gave the military broad powers to ban any citizen from a fifty- to sixty-mile-wide coastal area stretching from Washington state to California and extending inland into southern Arizona. The order also authorized transporting these citizens to assembly centers hastily set up and governed by the military in California, Arizona, Washington state, and Oregon. Although it is not well known, the same executive order (and other war-time orders and restrictions) were also applied to smaller numbers of residents of the United States who were of Italian or German descent. For example, 3,200 resident aliens of Italian background were arrested and more than 300 of them were interned. About 11,000 German residents—including some naturalized citizens—were arrested and more than 5000 were interned. Yet while these individuals (and others from those groups) suffered grievous violations of their civil liberties, the war-time measures applied to Japanese Americans were worse and more sweeping, uprooting entire communities and targeting citizens as well as resident aliens.

Executive OrdersMany important policy changes have occurred through Executive Orders.

• President FDR created Japanese Internment

• President Harry Truman integrated the armed forces

• President Eisenhower used to desegregate schools.

• Presidents Kennedy and Johnson used them to bar racial discrimination in federal housing, hiring, and contracting.

• President Reagan used to bar the use of federal funds for advocating abortion.

• President Clinton reversed this order when he came into office.

Controversy of EO’s• allow the President to make major decisions, even law, without the consent of Congress. Runs counter to the Constitution

• When Congress fails to spell out in detail how a law is executed, it leaves the door open for the President to provide those details in the form of Executive Orders.

Chief DiplomatInteraction of leaders from other nations.• Recognizing foreign governments

(Diplomatic Recognition) Example -Wilson: 1913, did not recognize

General Huerta as President

• Proposal and Ratification of Treaties -a treaty to become legally binding must be approved by two-thirds vote in the Senate Wilson does not get his League of

Nations!

• Effecting executive agreements (made between the President & other heads of state)– do not require Senate approval, however any funds required to implement must be approved. THE BRACERO PROGRAM

Bracero Program

• Result of a series of bi-lateral agreements between Mexico and the United States that allowed Mexican men to come to the United States to work on, short-term, primarily agricultural labor contracts.

• 1942 to 1964, 4.6 million contracts were signed, with many individuals returning several times on different contracts, making it the largest U.S. contract labor program.

• Controversial in its time. Mexican nationals, desperate for work. Farm workers already living in the United States worried that braceros would compete for jobs and lower wages

Chief of State• Represent the U.S. at Public Events• Ceremonial Role to promote, convey & represent

American values• Award medals• Deliver State of the Union

• Example: FDR & fireside chats http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZ8N2S3c1f0

• Obama http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oycHDMoO9D8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HU2FoMcWSk&feature=relmfu

Party Leader• President helps members of his political party get elected or appointed to office

• Campaigns for those members who support his policy

Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cbpJt6ktWw

Commander in Chief

direct and immediate control of the armed forces. President Barack Obama replaced Gen. Stanley McChrystal as commander of U.S. and allied forces in Afghanistan and nominated Gen. David Petraeus to replace him

Abuse of Executive PowerImpeachment: charging an elected official for “Treason, Bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors” House of Representatives brings charges Senate tries the case

History:Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) impeached by the House & acquitted by SenateRichard Nixon (1972) House judiciary committee approved articles of impeachment for cover-up in Watergate –resigned 1974 before full House voted on articlesBill Clinton (1998) Impeached by the House (lying to a grand jury about affair and obstruction of justice) but acquitted by Senate

Executive OrganizationThe Cabinet: An advisory group selected by the President to aid in making decisions25th Amendment: established procedures for filling Presidential & Vice Presidential vacancies and makes provisions for Presidential disability

• If president is unable to communicate: a majority of the Cabinet, including the Vice President, can declare the President incapable

• If the office of Vice President becomes vacant – the president nominates a replacement who must be approved by both chambers of Congress

Succession to the President1.Vice President2.Speaker of the House3.President Pro Tempore

Sen. InouyeRep. BoehnerBiden