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Answer of Previous Session

D. 1980

HW

2.Hitler’s Rise

to Power

3. The

Destruction of

Democracy

4. Reconstruction

1.The Year of Depression

5. The Nazi

Worldview

INDEX

The Years of Depression

❖ German economy was hit badly.

❖ Industrial production was reduced to 40% of the 1929 level.

❖ Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages.

❖ The number of unemployed touched an unprecedented 6 million.

❖ It led to social unrest.

❖ The middle class and working population was filled with the fear of proletarianisation.

Defects of Weimar Republic

1. Proportional representation.

2. Article 48 - gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspended civil rights and rule by decree.

3. People lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

● Hitler was born in Austria in 1889.

● He earned many medals for bravery in the First World War.

● The German defeat horrified him.

● The Treaty of Versailles made him furious.

● He joined the German Workers Party and renamed it the National Socialist German Workers’ Party.

● This later came to be known as the Nazi Party.

● In 1923, Hitler planned to seize control of Bavaria, but failed.

● Nazism became a mass movement only during the Great Depression.

● The Nazi propaganda stirred hopes of a better future.

● Hitler was a powerful and effective speaker.

● He promised the people a strong nation where all would get employment.

● 1928 - The Nazi Party got only 2. 6 per cent votes in the Reichstag – the German parliament.

● 1932 - it had become the largest party with 37 per cent votes.

● His politics included the significant rituals and spectacle in mass mobilization.

● Nazi propaganda skillfully projected Hitler as a messiah, a saviour.

The Destruction of Democracy

● On 30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship, the highest position in the cabinet of ministers, to Hitler.

● By now the Nazis had managed to rally the conservatives to their cause.

● Having acquired power, Hitler set out to dismantle the structures of democratic rule.

● A mysterious fire that broke out in the German Parliament building in February facilitated his move.

● The Fire Decree of 28 February 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly.

● Then he turned on his archenemies, the Communists, most of whom were hurriedly packed off to the newly established concentration camps.

● The repression of the Communists was severe.

● Out of the surviving 6,808 arrest files of Duesseldorf, a small city of half a million population, 1,440 were those of Communists alone.

● Only 1 among the 52 types of victims persecuted by the Nazis across the country.

● On 3 March 1933, the Enabling Act was passed.

● This Act established dictatorship in Germany.

● It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree.

● All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi Party and its affiliates.

● The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.

❖ Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society.

❖ There were Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), criminal police and the Security Service (SD).

❖ People could now be detained in Gestapo

torture chambers andr arrested without any legal procedures.

❖ The police forces acquired powers to rule with impunity.

Reconstruction

● Economist Hjalmar Schacht was given the responsibility of economic recovery.

● He aimed at full production and full employment through a state funded work creation programme.

● Hitler pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933.

● Reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan : One people, One empire, One leader.

● Hitler ignored Schacht’s advice of not to invest hugely in rearmament.

● He then took Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

● He had the unspoken support of England.

● He did not stop here. He chose war as a way out of the Economic Crisis.

● Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory.

● In September 1940 Germany invaded Poland.

● This started a war with France and England.

● September 1940 - A tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan.

● End of 1940 -Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power.

● His long term Aim - Conquering Eastern Europe.

● He wanted to ensure food supplies and living space to Germans.

● Attacked Soviet Union in June 1941 - Historic blunder.

● Exposed the German western front to the British aerial bombing

● Eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies.

● The Soviet Red army inflicted a crushing and humiliating defeat on Germany at Stalingrad.

● The US resisted involvement in the war because of economic problems that it faced in the First World War.

● Japan wa expanding it power in the east.

● When Japan extended its support to Hitler and bombarded Pearl Harbour, the US entered the war.

● The war ended in 1945 with Hitler’s defeat and the US bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.

The Nazi Worldview

● According to Nazi ideology there was no equality between people, but only racial hierarchy.

● The Nazis quickly began to implement their dream of creating an exclusive racial community of pure Germans by physically eliminating all those who were considered undesirable.

● They wanted a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryans.

● Jews, Gypsies, blacks, Russian, Poles, even certain Germans and abnormal were considered undesirable.

● Hitler’s racism borrowed from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer.

● The Nazi argument: the strongest race would survive and the weak ones would perish.

● The Aryan race was the finest. It had to retain its purity, become stronger and dominate the world.

● The other aspect of Hitler’s ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum or living space.

● He believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement.

● Therefore, he intended to extend German boundaries by moving eastwards, to concentrate all Germans geographically in one place.

● Poland became the laboratory for this experimentation.

Q. Which Act established dictatorship in Germany?

A. The Act of Versailles

B. The League of Nations Act

C. Enabling Act

D. The Fire Decree

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