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1774 - Louis XVI (Bourbon family) became the King of France.
Married at the age of 20 with Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.
Condition of France:
● Drained out financial resources in France after helping American colonies to gain their independence from Britain.
● The war added debt of more than 2 billion livres.
French Society in the late 18th Century
French Society -A Society of Estates
❖ Rapid increase in population could not meet the increasing demand for food grains.
❖ Increase in prices of bread.
❖ Income did not meet the expenses.
❖ Gap between rich & poor widened.
❖ Situation became worse when drought or hail occurred & reduced the harvest.
❖ This led to Subsistence Crises.
The Struggle to Survive
Growing Middle Class
2. Earned wealth through trade and
manufacturing goods.
3. Educated and against the
privileges by birth.
4. Ideas of freedom, equal laws &
opportunities for all become popular in
the society.
5. Philosophers such as Locke,
Montesquieu and Rousseau became
popular.
1. 18th century-emergence of middle class. Growing
Middle Class
Ideas of Philosophers
John Locke - Two Treatises of Government -Denied the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch.
Rousseau - Proposes a form of governmentbased on a Social Contract between peopleand their representatives.
Montesquieu - The Spirit of the Laws -proposed a division of power within the government between the legislature, the executive & the Judiciary.
❏ Soon the ideas of philosophers gained popularity among common people.
❏ When Louis XVI imposed further taxes, people showed their anger and protested against the system of privileges.
Spread of Ideas
The Outbreak of the Revolution
France - Old Regime
1. Monarchy didn’t have power to impose
taxes.
3. Estate General would pass the proposal of
taxes.
2. Monarch had to call a meeting of Estate General ( Last it was
called in).
Estates General was called.
5 May 1789
King rejected, Third estate walked out of
the Assembly.
5
Third Estate: 600 representatives.
3
Third Estate demanded each
member one vote.
4
First and Second estates sent 300
representatives each.
2
❖ 20 June 1789 - Members of the third estate assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles.
❖ Declared themselves as National Assembly.
❖ Sworn to draft the Constitution for France & limit the power of the King.
● The National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution in 1791.
● Main objective - to limit the powers of the monarch.
● Power was separated: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
Power: To make laws
Election: Indirectly elected by the active citizens
Eligibility: A pers had to belong to the highest bracket of taxpayers.
National Assembly
Two Types
of citizens
Active Citizens: Only men above 25 years of age
who paid taxes equal to 3 days of a labour’s wage.
Passive Citizen: Remaining men and all
women.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (First Page of the
Constitution)
1. Right to life2. Freedom of speech3. Freedom of opinion4. Equality before law
All these are natural and inalienableí rights - they belonged to each human being by birth and
could not be taken away.
❖ Louis XVI had secret negotiations with the King of Prussia.
❖ Before King could do anything the National Assembly (1792) declared war against Prussia & Austria.
France Abolishes Monarchy & Becomes a Republic
Role of Political Clubs
Constitution of 1791: Political rights only to the richer sections of society.
Thus few people believed that the Revolution must go
on.
Most successful club: Jacobins.
Women also became active & formed their
own clubs.
● Belonged to the less prosperous sections of society.
● Members: small shopkeepers, artisans, printers, daily-wage workers, etc.
● Leader: Maximilien Robespierre
● 1792 - Planned an uprising with a large number of Parisians.
● Stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the King’s guards and took the King as hostage.
Elections held: All men of 21 years got the right to vote.
Convention - newly elected assembly.
1792: Abolished Monarchy & declared France as Republic.
❖ Louis XVI (Marie Antoinette) was sentenced to death by a court on the charge of treason.
❖ 21 January 1793 - executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde.
Execution of Louis XVI
The Reign of Terror
Policy of severe control and punishment.
Enemies of the Republic were tried & imprisoned.
If the court found one guilty they were
guillotined.
Maximilien Robespierre
1. Ceiling on wages and prices
2. Meat and bread wererationed.
3. Equality bread4. Churches
converted into barracks or offices.
5. Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen)
Robespierre’s
Government
Robespierre was convicted by the court in July 1794, arrested
and guillotined.
❖ Fall of Jacobin government; allowed wealthier middle classes to seize the power.
❖ New Constitution introduced; denied voting rights of non-propertied.
❖ Two elected legislative councils were set up.
❖ Directory; set up under 5 executive leaders.
A Directory Rules France
❖ Clash between Directors and Legislative Councils brought political instability.
❖ This paved the way for the rise of a military dictator - Napoleon Bonaparte.
Political Vacuum in France: Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Did Women have a Revolution?
Conditions of Women
3rd Estate Women:
Uneducated and working (laundresses,
domestic servants, etc.)
No job training
Only daughters of nobles and wealthier
members of 3rd Estate
could study at convent.
Women Political
Clubs
Objective: To discuss & voice their interests.
There were 60 clubs (also started newspapers).
Most Famous Club:The Society of
Revolutionary & Republican Women
Demand: To get the equal political rights.
Reduced women as passive citizens only.
Constitution of 1791:
❖ The fight for suffrage for Women continued (for 200 years) through an International suffrage movement during late 19th & early 20th Centuries.
❖ 1946: Women in France won the right to vote.
Slave Trade
❖ Colonies in the Caribbean such as Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo were important suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee.
❖ Europeans were not ready to work in such far places.
❖ This caused shortage of labour on the plantation.
The Abolition of Slavery
● Slaves were branded and shackled.
● Packed tightly into ships for the three-month long voyage.
● Sold to the plantation owners.
● Their exploitation helped to meet the growing demand in European markets for sugar, coffee, and indigo.
End of Slavery System
● 1794: Jacobin Regime under Convention freed all slaves in the French overseas possessions.
● But later, Napoleon reintroduced it.
● 1848: Finally abolished slavery in French colonies.
The Revolution and Everyday Life
5. Plays, songs and festive processions
attracted large numbers of people.
1. Liberty & equality practised in
everyday life.
2. Abolition of censorship
3. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed
freedom of speech and expression to be a
natural right.
4. Freedom of press; opposing
views of events could be expressed.
1789: Changes
in the lives of people
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