FACULTY OFMEDICINE

BASICBASICENGLISHENGLISH

Professor:Fernando Falla Olavarría

Topic:• Present Progressive.

What part of the body is it?

• Is the frontal bone under the skull?

• Is the mandible at the bottom of thehead?

The skull

• Is the mandible at the bottom of thehead?

• Where is the nasal bone?

Basic vocabulary.

• Head : cabeza • skull : cráneo• neck : cuello • brain : cerebro• blood vessels : vasos sanguíneos.• muscle : músculo • bones: huesos• ossicle : huesecillo• malleus : hammer bone (martillo)• incus : anvil bone (yunque)• stapes : stirrup bone (estribo)• fused : unido• attachment points: puntos de fijación• throat : garganta• hyoid bone /ˈhaɪ.ɔɪd/ : hueso hioides• joint: articulación• anchor / ˈæŋkər / : sostener, fijar.

Basic vocabulary.

• Head : cabeza • skull : cráneo• neck : cuello • brain : cerebro• blood vessels : vasos sanguíneos.• muscle : músculo • bones: huesos• ossicle : huesecillo• malleus : hammer bone (martillo)• incus : anvil bone (yunque)• stapes : stirrup bone (estribo)• fused : unido• attachment points: puntos de fijación• throat : garganta• hyoid bone /ˈhaɪ.ɔɪd/ : hueso hioides• joint: articulación• anchor / ˈæŋkər / : sostener, fijar.

BONES OF THE HEAD AND NECKThe bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supportingthe brain, sensory organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the headand protecting these structures from mechanical damage.Movements of these bones by the attached muscles of the headhelp us to produce facial expressions, eat, speech, and move ourhead. The skull consists of 22 cranial and facial bones, which,with the exception of the mandible, are tightly fused together.

The skull encases and protects the brain as well as the specialsense organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell....Attachment points for the muscles of the head and neck arelocated on the exterior surfaces of the skull and allow us toperform important movements like chewing, speech, and facialexpressions.

Teeth are rooted into deep sockets in the mandible and maxillarybones. The upper portions of the digestive and respiratory tractsare also housed within the hollow oral and nasal cavities of theskull. Another important bone of the head and neck is the hyoidbone.

The bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supportingthe brain, sensory organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the headand protecting these structures from mechanical damage.Movements of these bones by the attached muscles of the headhelp us to produce facial expressions, eat, speech, and move ourhead. The skull consists of 22 cranial and facial bones, which,with the exception of the mandible, are tightly fused together.

The skull encases and protects the brain as well as the specialsense organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell....Attachment points for the muscles of the head and neck arelocated on the exterior surfaces of the skull and allow us toperform important movements like chewing, speech, and facialexpressions.

Teeth are rooted into deep sockets in the mandible and maxillarybones. The upper portions of the digestive and respiratory tractsare also housed within the hollow oral and nasal cavities of theskull. Another important bone of the head and neck is the hyoidbone.

The hyoid is closely associated with the skull but is a “floating bone”

that does not form a joint with any other bone. It anchors muscles of

the tongue and throat and holds open the larynx of the respiratory

tract.

The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) of each ear are also

bones in the head separate from the skull. They form a bridge

connecting the eardrum to the inner ear and function to transmit

vibrations between these parts.

The 7 cervical vertebrae form the bones of the neck that support the

skull and organs of the head. The first cervical vertebra (atlas)

supports and balances the head. The second vertebra (axis) allows

the head to rotate laterally to the left and the right. Hollow spaces

within the cervical vertebrae protect and conduct the spinal cord and

vertebral arteries through the neck. Muscle attachment sites on the

cervical vertebrae provide movement and posture to the head and

neck.

The hyoid is closely associated with the skull but is a “floating bone”

that does not form a joint with any other bone. It anchors muscles of

the tongue and throat and holds open the larynx of the respiratory

tract.

The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) of each ear are also

bones in the head separate from the skull. They form a bridge

connecting the eardrum to the inner ear and function to transmit

vibrations between these parts.

The 7 cervical vertebrae form the bones of the neck that support the

skull and organs of the head. The first cervical vertebra (atlas)

supports and balances the head. The second vertebra (axis) allows

the head to rotate laterally to the left and the right. Hollow spaces

within the cervical vertebrae protect and conduct the spinal cord and

vertebral arteries through the neck. Muscle attachment sites on the

cervical vertebrae provide movement and posture to the head and

neck.

Comprehension questions.

1. How many cranial bones are there in the skull?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. What is the function of the skull?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Where are the teeth located ?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. What is the function of the hyoid bone?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. What is the function of atlas and axis ?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Comprehension questions.

1. How many cranial bones are there in the skull?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. What is the function of the skull?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. Where are the teeth located ?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. What is the function of the hyoid bone?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. What is the function of atlas and axis ?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Let’s check - Present Progressive1. Is the doctor operating his patient?

No, he isn’t. He is explaining themedical procedure to his patient.

2. What is Cristina doing?2. What is Cristina doing?

She is looking at the chart

Cristina

Present ProgressiveContinuous

1

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

am

are

isPerforming a major operation

minornot

Meaning :• The doctor is examining his patient now, at the time

of speaking / around the present. The action is inPROGRESS.

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

Theyare

a major operation

minor

• Is the boy cryingor singing ?

Classify the verbs according to the model.Changes on theverbs

Make -> making Try -> trying run -> running

• stop • study • swim • sit • have • swallow • p ermit

• breathe • begin • prescribe • drop • prefer • cut • taste

• plan • bleed • vomit • relax • stop • bandage • write

• get • stitch • faint • sneeze • stay • infect • inject

• suffer from • rehabilitate • sweat • transplant

What are you doing?

• my patient’s blood pressure atthe moment.

• the blood pressure right now.

• the blood pressure gauge now.

I am a doctor

• USE

• TAKE

• MEASURE

Match the colums and write three sentences inpresent progressive.

• my patient’s blood pressure atthe moment.

• the blood pressure right now.

• the blood pressure gauge now.

• USE

• TAKE

• MEASURE

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Look at the picture and check the prompts

•(x) / GIVE a shot / of adrenaline. -> antibiotics.

•(x) / VACCINATE /a girl against flu. -> polio

•(x) / IS INJECTING serum -> anesthetic.

Yes / no ?

ExercisesComplete the sentences by choosing the suitable verbs from the boxin the present continuous.

1. The phone ………………………………. Can you get it, please?2. I’m afraid she …………………..with the doctor at the moment.3. My hands ………………………………..worse and worse lately.4. Mrs Jones …………………………….….much better today.5. You…………………….your medication every day, aren’t you?6. The pain …………………………worse.7. My husband………………………well with my illness.8. I’m very worried about her. She ………………… at the moment.9. You…………………..as well at the moment. Is that correct?10. This stethoscope ……………... Can you fix it for me, please?

• take• (not) work• ring• (not) sleep• speak• feel• (not) eat• hurt• get

Complete the sentences by choosing the suitable verbs from the boxin the present continuous.

1. The phone ………………………………. Can you get it, please?2. I’m afraid she …………………..with the doctor at the moment.3. My hands ………………………………..worse and worse lately.4. Mrs Jones …………………………….….much better today.5. You…………………….your medication every day, aren’t you?6. The pain …………………………worse.7. My husband………………………well with my illness.8. I’m very worried about her. She ………………… at the moment.9. You…………………..as well at the moment. Is that correct?10. This stethoscope ……………... Can you fix it for me, please?

• take• (not) work• ring• (not) sleep• speak• feel• (not) eat• hurt• get

Cope: arreglárselas

Look at the picture and write three sentences:(+), (-), ?

Example:

(+) • The doctor is examing a girl.

(-) • The patient isn’t talking to the doctor.

(?) • Are they walking?

(+) • ………………………………………..

(-) • ………………………………………..

(?) • ………………………………………?

Look at the picture and write three sentences:(+), (-), ?

Example:

(+) • ………………………………………..

(-) • ………………………………………..

(?) • ………………………………………?

(+) • ………………………………………..

(-) • ………………………………………..

(?) • ………………………………………?

Extra words: • magnetic resonance imaging

Look at the picture and write three sentences:(+), (-), ?

Example:

(+) • ………………………………………..

(-) • ………………………………………..

(?) • ………………………………………?

(+) • ………………………………………..

(-) • ………………………………………..

(?) • ………………………………………?

Extra words: pulse

About you

● What are you doing at the moment?

● Are you making good progress with yourEnglish?

● Are you working harder than usual thesedays?

● What are you doing at the moment?

● Are you making good progress with yourEnglish?

● Are you working harder than usual thesedays?

Put the expressions in the correct order, add “is” /are / am where is necessary.(Present Progressive form)

1. on my skin / some cream / my dermatologist / apply / now.2. oncologist / sound with the stethoscope / the / new.3. at the moment / not / the / old / calm down / woman.4. give you / the / right now / an / nurse / injection / ?5. injure person / stitch / surgeons / the / an /.6. for a week / we / bed / not / stay / in.7. regularly / I /exercise / ?8. more and more people / Ebola / infect / Africa / in.9. ? / day after day / your / improve / patients.10. Look ! burn / house / the.

1. on my skin / some cream / my dermatologist / apply / now.2. oncologist / sound with the stethoscope / the / new.3. at the moment / not / the / old / calm down / woman.4. give you / the / right now / an / nurse / injection / ?5. injure person / stitch / surgeons / the / an /.6. for a week / we / bed / not / stay / in.7. regularly / I /exercise / ?8. more and more people / Ebola / infect / Africa / in.9. ? / day after day / your / improve / patients.10. Look ! burn / house / the.

Notice the differencebetween Present SIMPLE / Present PROGRESSIVE

• The doctor examines people.

routine At the moment, right now

• The is examining a boy.

• The naturopath doesn’tprescribe medicine.

• The naturopath isn’tprescribing medicine.

• Does patients cough regularly? • Is the patient coughing now?

HOMEWORK

• Translate the reading “Bones of the head andneck” into Spanish.

• Solve the practice.

Thank you.Thank you.