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WHAT IS BIOLOGY?Lab Safety
What is biology?
Biology Methods
Nature of Biology
LAB SAFETYSafety:
What is safety?Why is safety important?Is it only in science classrooms that we have to be safe?
There will be a safety quiz. You need to know these safety rules
and symbols.
SAFETY RULESDress Code
Always wear safety goggles when performing or observing experiments.
Wear a lab apron when working with substances that could stain or burn clothing
Tie back long hair & secure long or dangling jewelry
Closed–toe shoes must be worn in lab. NO flip-flops or sandals are allowed.
SAFETY RULESGeneral Rules:
Read all directions for an experiment. Follow all directions exactly as they are written. If you have questions, ask your teacher for assistance.
Follow all VERBAL directions by teacher
NO FOOD OR DRINKS (unless authorized by the teacher).
Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are not allowed
SAFETY RULESGeneral Rules:
If an accident, spill, or injury occurs, inform the teacher immediately.
Do not perform any experiments or handle any equipment unless instructed so by the teacher.
Always clean up your lab area, turn off and put away all equipment in its proper place at the end of a lab. Wash your hands as well.
SAFETY RULESHeating and Fire Safety:
Objects can burn skin. Use tongs or clamps when handling hot containers or equipment.
Open flame may ignite flammable chemicals, loose clothing or hair. Never reach across an open flame.
SAFETY RULESChemical Safety:
Chemicals can react with and destroy tissue and other materials. Never mix chemicals unless instructed so by the teacher.
Substance may be poisonous if touched, inhaled, or swallowed. NEVER touch, taste, or smell a chemical. If you are instructed to smell it, gently waft or wave the fumes toward your nose.
Possible danger to respiratory tract from fumes. Do not inhale fumes and use under a vent hood.
SAFETY RULESChemical:
Substances that can irritate the skin or mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Immediately rinse with water any chemical that gets on your skin. Notify the teacher if this should happen.
Special disposal procedures need to be followed. Dispose of chemicals as instructed by the teacher. DO NOT pour in the sink unless instructed to do so.
SAFETY RULESGlassware Safety:
Use of tools or glassware that can easily puncture or slice skin. Scalpels, razor blades, and other sharp objects should be handled with care.
Never use broken or chipped glassware. Notify the teacher if it’s broken.
SAFETY RULESAnimal Safety:
The safety of animals and students must be ensured. Always wash your hands after handling animals.
Other symbols you need to know: Organisms or other biological materials that might be harmful to humans.
Possible danger from electrical shock or burn.
Radioactive materials are being used.
WHAT IS BIOLOGY? Bio = logy =
Biology = study of life Biologists study:
Interactions of the environment Problems and propose solutions
life study of
WHAT IS LIFE? How do you determine if
something is living?
7 Characteristics of Living Things Organization Reproduction Growth and Development Responsiveness Homeostasis Undergo metabolism Adaptation
Organism: anything that possesses all the characteristics of life
ORGANIZATION Composed of one or more
cells
cells>tissues>organs>organ systems>organism
Cells contain DNA
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Increase in size over time;
cells enlarge and divide Go through stages from
juvenile to adulthood
REPRODUCTION The production of offspring
Essential for continuation of species
HOMEOSTASIS maintaining stable internal
conditions Ex. Body temperature, pH, etc.
RESPONSIVENESS Ability to adjust to
environment Stimulus: anything that
causes the organism to react Response: reaction to a
stimulus Detect and respond to changes
in light, heat, touch, chemical, etc.
ADAPTATION favorable characteristic that is
selected for and passed on to offspring
Ex. Camouflage
Leads to evolution: the gradual change of a species over time
sum of all chemical reactions
Uses energy
Have to have energy to grow, reproduce, respond, etc.
FOOD
METHODS OF BIOLOGY
Biologists study problems and propose solutions using
steps and processes used to gather information and answer questions
No fixed steps, but generally involve the following:
scientificmethods
OBSERVE Using your five senses to
perceive objects or events
Based on observations, one or more questions are generated
Ex. Sunflowers in the shade are dying.
Does the amount of sunlight affect plant growth?
MAKE A HYPOTHESIS explanation for a question or
problem that can be formally tested
Usually written in if…then statement
If the plant receives more sunlight, then it will grow taller.
EXPERIMENT procedure that tests a
hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions
Controlled experiment Control group: standard against
which results are compared Experimental group: receives
experimental treatment
#1Control Group
#2Experimental
Group
#3 Experimental
Group
Flower Type Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower
Soil Type Same Same Same
Water(mL/day)
25 mL 25 mL 25 mL
Sun Exposure(hours/day)
No Exposure 6 hours 12 hours
•All groups identical except for one factor•Independent variable: condition in an experiment that is tested
•Observations and measurements taken for a particular factor in all groups•Dependent variable: condition that results from change in independent variable
(ex. sun exposure)
(ex. plant height)
RECORD DATA information obtained from
investigations 2 categories
Quantitative data: numerical; obtained by counting or measuring
Qualitative data: observational; using words to describe observations
Data should be collected in form of data table or sketch
Sun Exposure (hours/day)
No Exposure 6 hours 12 hours
Trial 1 0 cm 25 cm 63 cm
Trial 2 0 cm 30 cm 74 cm
Trial 3 0 cm 28 cm 69 cm
Total 0 cm 83 cm 206
Average 0 cm 27.7 cm 68.7 cm
•Results should then be organized into graphs, charts, tables, or maps
•Data should be analyzed and conclusions drawn
PUBLISH RESULTS In scientific journals Allows other scientists to try to
verify the results May lead to a theory
an explanation supported by enough scientific evidence to be considered true; different from scientific law
Law statement of fact that is accepted
as true; ex. Law of Gravity
NATURE OF BIOLOGY Scientific Information
Quantitative Qualitative
International System of Measurement (SI)
always used when reporting quantitative data
only a few basic units based on the number 10 easily convert by moving decimals
numerical
observational
Main Units of MeasurementLength Volume Mass Time Temperatur
e
Meter ------------
m
Liter------------
l
Gram------------
g
Second-------------
s
Celsius----------------
°C
Using the above values as the base, their value can be increased or decreased by moving the decimal point to the left (lowers the value) or to the right (raises the value).Metric Conversion Table
Kilo------------
k
Hecto------------
h
Deka------------
da
Base Unit
-----------m, l, g, s
Deci------------
d
Centi------------
c
Milli------------
m
1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001
King Hector Died Monday Drinking Chocolate Milk
Metric Conversion Table
Kilo------------
k
Hecto------------
h
Deka------------
da
Base Unit
-----------m, l, g, s
Deci------------
d
Centi------------
c
Milli------------
m
x 1000 x 100 x 10 1 ÷ 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000
1000 100 10 1 .1 .01 .001
69.8 centimeters (cm) = ____________ meters(m)Move decimal 2
places to left 69.8 .698
.698
42.67 kilograms (kg) = ___________ grams (g)Move decimal 3
places to right 42.67 42,670
42,670
0