Vts Report Manvendra

7/31/2019 Vts Report Manvendra

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PROJECT REPORT

VEHICLE TRACKINGSYSTEM

Prepared By :-

MANVENDRA SINGH

B.tech IIIrd year (ECE)

IIT ROORKEE


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Introduction:A vehicle tracking system combines the installation of anelectronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purpose-

designed computer software at least at one operational base to enable the

owner or a third party to track the vehicle's location, collecting data in theprocess from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern vehicle

tracking systems commonly use GPS or GLONASS technology for locating the

vehicle, but other types ofautomatic vehicle location technology can also be

used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or

specialized software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly

common user of vehicle tracking systems, particularly in large cities. By using

the latest GSM & GPS technology to protect and monitor our car, truck, boat

(moveable asset) virtually anywhere and then locate it to within a few meter.

So for the understanding the whole operation of VTS device, we can divide the

whole working in the two parts-

Tracking the location of vehicleTo provide protection of vehicle
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Common Uses: Vehicle tracking systems are commonly used by fleetoperators for fleet management functions such as fleet tracking, routing,

dispatch, on-board information and security. Along with commercial fleet

operators, urban transit agencies use the technology for a number of

purposes, including monitoring schedule adherence of buses in service,triggering changes of buses' destination sign displays at the end of the line (or

other set location along a bus route), and triggering pre-recorded

announcements for passengers. The American Public Transportation

Association estimated that, at the beginning of 2009, around half of all transit

buses in the United States were already using a GPS-based vehicle tracking

system to trigger automated stop announcements. This can refer to external

announcements (triggered by the opening of the bus's door) at a bus stop,

announcing the vehicle's route number and destination, primarily for the

benefit ofvisually impaired customers, or to internal announcements (to

passengers already on board) identifying the next stop, as the bus (or tram)

approaches a stop, or both. Data collected as a transit vehicle follows its route

is often continuously fed into a computer program which compares the

vehicle's actual location and time with its schedule, and in turn produces a

frequently updating display for the driver, telling him/her how early or late

he/she is at any given time, potentially making it easier to adhere more closely

to the published schedule. Such programs are also used to provide customers

with real-time information as to the waiting time until arrival of the next bus ortram/streetcar at a given stop, based on the nearest vehicles' actual progress

at the time, rather than merely giving information as to the scheduled time of

the next arrival. Transit systems providing this kind of information assign a

unique number to each stop, and waiting passengers can obtain information

by entering the stop number into an automated telephone system or an

application on the transit system's website. Some transit agencies provide a

virtual map on their website, with icons depicting the current locations of

buses in service on each route, for customers' information, while others

provide such information only to dispatchers or other employees.

Other applications include monitoring driving behavior, such as an employer of

an employee, or a parent with a teen driver.

Vehicle tracking systems are also popular in consumer vehicles as a theft

prevention and retrieval device. Police can simply follow the signal emitted by

the tracking system and locate the stolen vehicle. When used as a security

system, a Vehicle Tracking System may serve as either an addition to or

replacement for a traditional car alarm. Some vehicle tracking systems make it

possible to control vehicle remotely, including block doors or engine in case of
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emergency. The existence of vehicle tracking device then can be used to

reduce the insurance cost, because the loss-risk of the vehicle drops

significantly.

Vehicle tracking systems are an integrated part of the "layered approach" to

vehicle protection, recommended by the National Insurance Crime

Bureau (NICB) to prevent motor vehicle theft. This approach recommends four

layers of security based on the risk factors pertaining to a specific vehicle.

Vehicle Tracking Systems are one such layer, and are described by the NICB as

very effective in helping police recover stolen vehicles.

Some vehicle tracking systems integrate several security systems, for example

by sending an automatic alert to a phone or email if an alarm is triggered or

the vehicle is moved without authorization, or when it leaves or enters

a geofence.

Other scenarios in which this technology is employed include:

Stolen vehicle recovery: Both consumer and commercial vehicles can beoutfitted with RF or GPS units to allow police to do tracking and recovery. In

the case of Lojack, the police can activate the tracking unit in the vehicle

directly and follow tracking signals.

Fleet management: When managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the real-time location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs

more efficiently. Whether it is delivery, service or other multi-vehicle

enterprises, drivers now only need a mobile phone with telephony or

Internet connection to be inexpensively tracked by and dispatched

efficiently.

Asset tracking: Companies needing to track valuable assets for insurance orother monitoring purposes can now plot the real-time asset location on a

map and closely monitor movement and operating status.

Field service management: Companies with a field service workforce forservices such as repair or maintenance, must be able to plan field workerstime, schedule subsequent customer visits and be able to operate these

departments efficiently. Vehicle tracking allows companies to quickly locate

a field engineer and dispatch the closest one to meet a new customer

request or provide site arrival information.

Field sales: Mobile sales professionals can access real-time locations. Forexample, in unfamiliar areas, they can locate themselves as well as

customers and prospects, get driving directions and add nearby last-minute

appointments to itineraries. Benefits include increased productivity, reduced

driving time and increased time spent with customers and prospects.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance_Crime_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance_Crime_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_thefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geofencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_thefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance_Crime_Bureauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Insurance_Crime_Bureau


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Trailer tracking: Haulage and Logistics companies often operate lorries withdetachable load carrying units. The part of the vehicle that drives the load is

known as the cab and the load carrying unit is known as the trailer. There

are different types of trailer used for different applications, e.g., flat bed,

refrigerated, curtain sider, box container.Surveillance: A tracker may be placed on a vehicle to follow the vehicle's

movements.[5]

Transit tracking: This is the temporary tracking of assets or cargoes from onepoint to another. Users will ensure that the assets do not stop on route or

do a U-Turn in order to ensure the security of the assets.

Vehicle tracking systems are widely used worldwide. Components come in

various shapes and forms but most utilize GPS technology and SMS services.

While most will offer real-time tracking, Others record real time data and storeit to be read, similar to data loggers. systems like these track and record and

allow reports after certain points have been solved.

Global positioning system: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is aspace-based satellite navigation system that provides location and timeinformation in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an

unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by

the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS

receiver.

The GPS program provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial

users around the world. In addition, GPS is the backbone for modernizing the

global air traffic system.

The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of

previous navigation systems, integrating ideas from several predecessors,

including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s.

GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and

was originally run with 24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994.

Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led

to efforts to modernize the GPS system and implement the next generation of

GPS III satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System

(OCX). Announcements from the Vice President and the White House in 1998
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initiated these changes. In 2000, U.S. Congress authorized the modernization

effort, referred to as GPS III.

In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The

Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the

Russian military, until it was made fully available to civilians in 2007. There are

also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, Chinese Compass

navigation system, and Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System.

Basic concept of GPS:

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by

GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits

messages that include

the time the message was transmittedsatellite position at time of message transmissionThe receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of

each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances

along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of

trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of

the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map

display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many

GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated

from position changes.

Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three

dimensions and a position near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However,

even a very small clock error multiplied by the very large speed of light the

speed at which satellite signals propagate results in a large positional error.

Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for both the receiver's

location and time. The very accurately computed time is effectively hidden bymost GPS applications, which use only the location. A few specialized GPS

applications do however use the time; these include time transfer, traffic signal

timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations.

Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in

special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its

position using only three satellites. For example, a ship or aircraft may have

known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions

such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning, inertial navigation, or
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigational_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95#Physical_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95#Physical_layerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_transferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilaterationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigational_Satellite_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_navigation_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS


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including information from the vehicle computer, to give a less degraded

position when fewer than four satellites are visible.

Applications :While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology,

meaning it has significant military and civilian applications.

GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific

uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday

activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of

power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching.

GPS tracking device: The device fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS

location information apart from other vehicle information at regular intervals

to a central server. The other vehicle information can include fuel amount,

engine temperature, altitude, reverse geocoding, door open/close, tire

pressure, cut off fuel, turn off ignition, turn on headlight, turn on taillight,

battery status, GSM area code/cell code decoded, number of GPS satellites in

view, glass open/close, fuel amount, emergency button status, cumulative

idling, computed odometer, engine RPM, throttle position, and a lot more.

Capability of these devices actually decides the final capability of the whole

tracking system.

Demodulation and decoding :
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Because all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier

frequency, the signals must be separated after demodulation. This is done by

assigning each satellite a unique binary sequence known as a Gold code. The

signals are decoded after demodulation using addition of the Gold codes

corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver.

If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks the

satellites to listen for by their PRNs, unique numbers in the range 1 through 32.

If the almanac information is not in memory, the receiver enters a search

mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites. To obtain a lock, it is

necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the

satellite. The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the

satellites it should listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it

by its distinct C/A code pattern. There can be a delay of up to 30 secondsbefore the first estimate of position because of the need to read the

ephemeris data.

Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of

transmission and the satellite position at this time.

System overview:1. Mixed Signal Microcontroller2. GSM Module3. GPS Module4. EEPROM5. MMC (Multi Media Card)

Mixed Signal Microcontroller :The MSP430 family of ultralow power microcontrollers consists of several

devices featuring different sets of peripherals targeted for various applications.

The architecture, combined with five low power modes is optimized to achieve

extended battery life in portable measurement applications. The device

features a powerful 16-bit RISC CPU, 16-bit registers, and constant generators

that contribute to maximum code efficiency. The digitally controlled oscillator

(DCO) allows wake-up from low-power modes to active mode in less than 6 s.

The MSP430F15x/16x/161x series are microcontroller configurations with two

built-in 16-bit timers, a fast 12-bit.
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The MSP430F15x/16x/161x series are microcontroller configurations with two

built-in 16-bit timers, a fast 12-bitA/D converter, dual 12-bit D/A converter,

one or two universal serial synchronous/asynchronous communication

interfaces (USART), I2C, DMA, and 48 I/O pins. In addition, the MSP430F161x

series offers extended RAM addressing for memory-intensive applications andlarge C-stack requirements.

Typical applications include sensor systems, industrial control applications,

hand-held meters, etc.

Pin designation, MSP430F155, MSP430F156, and

MSP430F157:


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functional block diagram, MSP430F15x :

functional block diagram, MSP430F16x :

Bootstrap loader (BSL)The MSP430 bootstrap loader (BSL) enables users to program the flash

memory or RAM using a UART serial interface. Access to the MSP430 memory

via the BSL is protected by user-defined password. For complete description of

the features of the BSL and its implementation, see the Application report

Features of the MSP430 Bootstrap Loader, Literature Number SLAA089.


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flash memoryThe flash memory can be programmed via the JTAG port, the bootstrap loader,

or in-system by the CPU. The CPU can perform single-byte and single-word

writes to the flash memory. Features of the flash memory include:

1. Flash memory has n segments of main memory and two segments ofinformation memory (A and B) of 128 bytes each. Each segment in main

memory is 512 bytes in size.

2. Segments 0 to n may be erased in one step, or each segment may beindividually erased.

3. Segments A and B can be erased individually, or as a group with segments 0to n .Segments A and B are also called information memory.4. New devices may have some bytes programmed in the information memory(needed for test duringmanufacturing). The user should perform an erase of

the information memory prior to the first use.

Peripherals : Peripherals are connected to the CPU through data, address,

and control busses and can be handled using all instructions. For complete

module descriptions, see the MSP430x1xx Family Users Guide, literature

number SLAU049.

DMA controller : The DMA controller allows movement of data from one

memory address to another without CPU intervention .For example, the DMA

controller can be used to move data from the ADC12 conversion memory to

RAM. Using the DMA controller can increase the throughput of peripheralmodules. The DMA controller reduces systempower consumption by allowingthe CPU to remain in sleep mode without having to awaken to move data to or

from a peripheral. Oscillator and system clock.The clock system in theMSP430F15x and MSP430F16x(x) family of devices is supported by the basic

clockmodule that includes support for a 32768-Hz watch crystal oscillator, aninternal digitally-controlled oscillator(DCO) and a high frequency crystal

oscillator. The basic clock module is designed to meet the requirements of bothlow system cost and low-power consumption. The internal DCO provides a fast

turn-on clock source and stabilizes in less than 6 s. The basic clock module

provides the following clock signals:


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1.Auxiliary clock (ACLK), sourced from a 32768-Hz watch crystal or a highfrequency crystal.

2.Main clock (MCLK), the system clock used by the CPU.3.Sub-Main clock (SMCLK), the sub-system clock used by the peripheral

modules.

Brownout, supply voltage supervisor (SVS) : The brownout circuit

is implemented to provide the proper internal reset signal to the device during

power on and power off. The supply voltage supervisor (SVS) circuitry detects if

the supply voltage drops below a user selectable level and supports both supply

voltage supervision (the device is automatically reset) and supply voltage

monitoring (SVM, the device is not automatically reset). The CPU begins code

execution after the brownout circuit releases the device reset. However, VCC

may not have ramped to VCC (min) at that time. The user must insure thedefault DCO settings are not changed until VCC reaches VCC (min). If desired,the SVS circuit can be used to determine when VCC reaches VCC (min).

Digital I/O : There are six 8-bit I/O ports implementedports P1 through P6:

1.All individual I/O bits are independently programmable.2.Any combination of input, output, and interrupt conditions is possible.3.Edge-selectable interrupt input capability for all the eight bits of ports P1 and

P2.

4.Read/write access to port-control registers is supported by all instructions.Watchdog timer: The primary function of the watchdog timer (WDT)

module is to perform a controlled system restart after a software problem

occurs. If the selected time interval expires, a system reset is generated. If the

watchdog function is not needed in an application, the module can be

configured as an interval timer and can generate interrupts at selected time

intervals.

Hardware multiplier (MSP430F16x/161x only):The multiplicationoperation is supported by a dedicated peripheral module. The module is

capable of supporting signed and unsigned multiplication as well as signed and


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unsigned multiply and accumulates operations. The result of an operation can

be accessed immediately after the operands have been loaded into the

peripheral registers. No additional clock cycles are required.

ADC12: The ADC12 module supports fast, 12-bit analog-to-digitalconversions. The module implements a 12-bit SAR core, sample select control,

reference generator and a 16 word conversion-and-control buffer. The

conversion-and-control buffer allows up to 16 independent ADC samples to be

converted and stored without any CPU intervention.

Comparator_A :The primary function of the comparator_A module is tosupport precision slope analogtodigital conversions,Batteryvoltage supervision and monitoring of external analog signals.

DAC12: The DAC12 module is a 12-bit, R-ladder, voltage output DAC. TheDAC12 may be used in 8- or 12-bit mode,and may be used in conjunction withthe DMA controller. When multiple DAC12 modules are present, they may begrouped together for synchronous operation.


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Battery Charger: The bq24070/1 powers the system whileindependently charging the battery. This feature reduces the charge and

discharge cycles on the battery, allows for proper charge termination, and

allows the system to run with an absent or defective battery pack. This feature

also allows for the system to turn on instantaneously from an external power

source even when using a deeply discharged battery pack.

The IN pin can be programmed to perform like a USB input by pulling

the MODE pin low or like an adapter input if the MODE pin is pulled high. An

external resistor, RSET1, sets the magnitude of the charge current. If the

charge current exceeds the available input current, the voltage on the OUT pin

drops to the DPPM OUT threshold or the battery voltage, whichever is higher.

The charging current is reduced to what current is available (I BAT = I IN IOUT ).

The bq24070/1 charges the battery in three phases: conditioning,

constant-current, and constant-voltage.Charge is terminated based on

minimum current. A resistor-programmable charge timer provides a backup

safety for charge termination. The bq24070/1 automatically restarts the

charge if the battery voltage falls below an internal threshold. The bq24070/1

automatically enters sleep mode when both supplies are removed (a drop to

the battery voltage). The bq24070 regulates the OUT pin at 4.4 VDC whereasthe BQ24071 regulates the output at 6 VDC if the input is greater than 6 VDC +

V DO (V DO = dropout voltabe between IN and OUT). For lower input voltages,

the OUT pin is V IN V DO .

Bq 24070 EVM SEMETIC


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High-Linearity Analog Optocouplers :The HCNR200/201 high-linearity analog optocoupler consists of a high-performance AlGaAs LED that

illuminates two closely matched photodiodes. The input pho-todiode can be

used to monitor, and therefore stabilize, the light output of the LED. As a

result, the non-linearity and drift characteristics of the LED can be virtually

elimi-nated. The output photodiode produces a photocur rent that is linearly

related to the light output of the LED. The close matching of the photo-diodes

and advanced de-sign of the package ensure the high linearity and stable gain

characteristics of the opto coupler. The HCNR200/201 can be used to isolate

analog signals in a wide variety of applications that require good stabil-ity,

linearity, bandwidth and low cost. The HCNR200/201 is very l exible and, by

appropriate design of the application circuit, is capable of operating in many

dif errant modes, including unipolar/bipolar, ac/dc and inverting/Non-inverting. The HCNR200/201 is an excellent solution for many analog isolation

problems.

Applications:1.Low cost analog isolation2.Telecom: Modem, PBX3.Industrial process control: Transducer isolator for thermo couples 4mA to

20mA loop isolation

4.SMPS feedback loop, SMPS feed forward5.Medical6.Monitor motor supply voltage


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High-speed low-cost analog isolator

Theory of Operation:The basic optocoupler consists of an LED and twophotodiodes. The LED and one of the photodiodes (PD1) is on the input lead

frame and the other photodiode (PD2) is on the output lead frame. The

package of the optocoupler is constructed so that each photo diode receives

approximately the same amount of light from the LED. An external feedback

amplifier can be used with PD1 to monitor the light output of the LED and

automatically adjust the LED current to compensate for any nonlinearities or


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changes in light output of the LED. The feedback amplifier acts to stabilize and

linearize the light output of the LED. The output photodiode then converts the

stable, linear light output of the LED into a current, which can then be

converted back into a voltage by another amplifier.

The operation of the basic circuit may not be immediately obvious just from

inspecting Figure 12a, particularly the input part of the circuit. Stated briel y,

amplifier A1 adjusts the LED current (F), and therefore the current in PD1

(IPD1), to maintain its + input terminal at 0 V. For example, increasing the

input voltage would tend to in-crease the voltage of the + input terminal of

A1 above 0 V. A1 amplifies that increase, causing IF to increase, as well as IPD1.

Because of the way that PD1 is connected , IPD1will pull the + terminal of the

op-amp back toward ground. A1 will continue to increase IF until its + termi-

nal is back at 0 V. Assuming that A1 is a perfect op-amp, no current l ows into

the inputs of A1; therefore, all of the current l owing through R1 will l ow

through PD1. Since the + input of A1 is at 0 V, the current through R1, and

therefore IPD1 as well, is equal to VIN/R1.Essentially, amplifier A1 adjusts IF so

that IPD1= VIN/R1.

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Vts Report Manvendra