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Volume 6: Boron Compounds Preface .................................................................. V Volume Editor)s Preface ................................................. VII Table of Contents ........................................................ XIII Introduction D. E. Kaufmann ........................................................... 1 6.1 Product Class 1: Boron Compounds 6.1. 1 Product Subclass 1: Hydroboranes D. S. Matteson ........................................................... 5 6.1.2 Product Subclass 2: Borohydrides G. Chen .................................................................. 81 6.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Diborane(4) Compounds T. B. Marder .............................................................. 117 6.1.4 Product Subclass 4: Metalloboranes H. NɆth .................................................................. 139 6.1.5 Product Subclass 5: Haloboranes D. S. Matteson ........................................................... 179 6.1.6 Product Subclass 6: Haloborates B. Schilling and D. E. Kaufmann ............................................ 247 6.1.7 Product Subclass 7: Hydroxyboranes N. Miyaura ............................................................... 257 6.1.8 Product Subclass 8: Boroxanes M. Periasamy, M. Seenivasaperumal, and S. Sivakumar ..................... 301 6.1.9 Product Subclass 9: Acyloxyboranes M. Periasamy, M. N. Reddy, and N. S. Kumar ............................... 321 6.1. 10 Product Subclass 10: Vinyloxyboranes C. Gennari, S. Ceccarelli, and U. Piarulli .................................... 337 6.1. 11 Product Subclass 11: Aryloxy- and Alkoxyboranes (Including Protecting Groups) K. Ishihara and H. Yamamoto .............................................. 403 IX Science of Synthesis Original Edition Volume 6 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG

Volume 6: Boron Compounds - Thieme · Table of Contents Introduction D. E. Kaufmann Introduction .....1 6.1 Product Class 1: Boron Compounds

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Page 1: Volume 6: Boron Compounds - Thieme · Table of Contents Introduction D. E. Kaufmann Introduction .....1 6.1 Product Class 1: Boron Compounds

Volume 6:Boron Compounds

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V

Volume Editor�s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

IntroductionD. E. Kaufmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

6.1 Product Class 1: Boron Compounds

6.1.1 Product Subclass 1: HydroboranesD. S. Matteson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6.1.2 Product Subclass 2: BorohydridesG. Chen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

6.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Diborane(4) CompoundsT. B. Marder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

6.1.4 Product Subclass 4: MetalloboranesH. N�th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

6.1.5 Product Subclass 5: HaloboranesD. S. Matteson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

6.1.6 Product Subclass 6: HaloboratesB. Schilling and D. E. Kaufmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

6.1.7 Product Subclass 7: HydroxyboranesN. Miyaura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

6.1.8 Product Subclass 8: BoroxanesM. Periasamy, M. Seenivasaperumal, and S. Sivakumar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

6.1.9 Product Subclass 9: AcyloxyboranesM. Periasamy, M. N. Reddy, and N. S. Kumar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

6.1.10 Product Subclass 10: VinyloxyboranesC. Gennari, S. Ceccarelli, and U. Piarulli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

6.1.11 Product Subclass 11: Aryloxy- and Alkoxyboranes(Including Protecting Groups)K. Ishihara and H. Yamamoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

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6.1.12 Product Subclass 12: Aryloxy- and AlkoxyboratesK. Ishihara and H. Yamamoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

6.1.13 Product Subclass 13: PeroxyboranesK. Ishihara and H. Yamamoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

6.1.14 Product Subclass 14: Sulfanyl- and SelanylboranesC. Habben and D. E. Kaufmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

6.1.15 Product Subclass 15: Aminoboranes and Borane–Amine ComplexesB. Carboni and F. Carreaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

6.1.16 Product Subclass 16: Phosphinoboranes andBorane–Phosphine ComplexesA. C. Gaumont and B. Carboni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

6.1.17 Product Subclass 17: Æ-MetalloalkylboranesBakthan Singaram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

6.1.18 Product Subclass 18: CyanoboranesD. Gabel and M. B. El-Zaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

6.1.19 Product Subclass 19: Carboxyboranes and Related DerivativesD. Gabel and M. B. El-Zaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

6.1.20 Product Subclass 20: Æ-HaloalkylboronatesD. S. Matteson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

6.1.21 Product Subclass 21: Æ-Alkoxyalkyl-, Æ-Sulfanylalkyl-,and Æ-AminoalkylboronatesD. S. Matteson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

6.1.22 Product Subclass 22: Æ-PhosphinoalkylboranesD. S. Matteson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

6.1.23 Product Subclass 23: Alk-1-ynylboranes and Alkyn-1-ylboronatesD. E. Kaufmann and N. �cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

6.1.24 Product Subclass 24: BorylketenesD. Gabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

6.1.25 Product Subclass 25: AllenylboranesD. E. Kaufmann and C. Burmester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

6.1.26 Product Subclass 26: Aryl- and HetarylboranesN. Miyaura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

6.1.27 Product Subclass 27: DienylboranesK. Albrecht and D. E. Kaufmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

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6.1.28 Product Subclass 28: VinylboranesM. Vaultier and G. Alcaraz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

6.1.29 Product Subclass 29: Æ-Boryl Carbonyl CompoundsH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

6.1.30 Product Subclass 30: �-HaloalkylboranesH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

6.1.31 Product Subclass 31: �-Alkoxyalkyl-, �-Sulfanylalkyl-,and �-AminoalkylboranesH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

6.1.32 Product Subclass 32: �-Silylalkyl- and �-StannylalkylboranesP. J. Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

6.1.33 Product Subclass 33: PropargylboranesD. E. Kaufmann and C. Burmester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913

6.1.34 Product Subclass 34: Benzylboranes and BenzylboronatesM. Zaidlewicz and J. Meller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

6.1.35 Product Subclass 35: AllylboranesY. Bubnov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

6.1.36 Product Subclass 36: �-Boryl Carbonyl CompoundsD. S. Matteson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

6.1.37 Product Subclass 37: ª-HaloalkylboranesH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083

6.1.38 Product Subclass 38: TrialkylboranesM. Zaidlewicz and M. Krzeminski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097

6.1.39 Product Subclass 39: Tetraaryl- and Tetraalkylborates andRelated Organometallic CompoundsD. E. Kaufmann and M. K�ster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217

6.1.40 Product Subclass 40: Carboranes and MetallacarboranesF. Teixidor and C. Vi�as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235

6.1.41 Product Subclass 41: Boron-Containing PolymersD. Gabel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277

Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403

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Science of Synthesis Original Edition Volume 6 © Georg Thieme Verlag KG

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Table of Contents

IntroductionD. E. Kaufmann

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

6.1 Product Class 1: Boron Compounds

6.1.1 Product Subclass 1: HydroboranesD. S. Matteson

6.1.1 Product Subclass 1: Hydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Synthesis of Product Subclass 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6.1.1.1 Diborane and Borane–Ether Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6.1.1.1.1 Method 1: From Tetrahydroborates with Lewis Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.1.1.1.1.1 Variation 1: From Tetrahydroborate with Protic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86.1.1.1.1.2 Variation 2: From Tetrahydroborates with Iodine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.1.1.1.1.3 Variation 3: Introduction of Isotopic Labels via Labeled Boranes . . . . . . . . . . 10

6.1.1.2 Substituted Tricoordinate Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6.1.1.2.1 Method 1: Halohydroboranes from Boron Trichloride and Trialkylsilanes . 126.1.1.2.2 Method 2: Oxyhydroboranes from Diborane and Hydroxy Compounds . . 16

6.1.1.3 Asymmetric Acyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.1.1.4 Sulfanylhydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.1.1.5 Aminohydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.1.1.6 Borazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

6.1.1.7 Alkylhydroboranes by Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

6.1.1.7.1 Method 1: Synthesis by Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216.1.1.7.2 Method 2: Asymmetric Alkylhydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6.1.1.8 Alkylhydroboranes by Other Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

6.1.1.8.1 Method 1: Alkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296.1.1.8.1.1 Variation 1: Synthesis from Alkylborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.1.1.8.1.2 Variation 2: Synthesis from Alkylheteroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336.1.1.8.1.3 Variation 3: Synthesis from Alkyldichloroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

6.1.1.9 Hydroborane–Lewis Base Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

6.1.1.9.1 Method 1: Borane–Dialkyl Sulfides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.1.1.9.2 Method 2: Borane–Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356.1.1.9.2.1 Variation 1: Hydroboration with Borane–Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376.1.1.9.2.2 Variation 2: Reductions with Borane–Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.1.1.9.2.3 Variation 3: Group Substitution within Borane–Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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6.1.1.10 Diaminoboronium Cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6.1.1.11 Borane–Phosphines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

6.1.1.12 Borane–Carbonyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Applications of Product Subclass 1 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

6.1.1.13 Diborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

6.1.1.14 Halohydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

6.1.1.15 Oxyhydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

6.1.1.15.1 Method 1: Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506.1.1.15.2 Method 2: Reductions with Dioxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.1.1.16 Catalytic Reactions of Oxyhydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6.1.1.16.1 Method 1: Replacement of Hydrogen or Halogen Atoms by Boron . . . . . . . 526.1.1.16.1.1 Variation 1: Replacement of Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.1.1.16.1.2 Variation 2: Replacement of Halogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566.1.1.16.2 Method 2: Catalytic Reductions with Asymmetric Oxazaborolidines . . . . . 586.1.1.16.3 Method 3: Catalytic Reductions with Transition-Metal Catalysts . . . . . . . . . 646.1.1.16.4 Method 4: Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroborations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646.1.1.16.4.1 Variation 1: By Rhodium and Iridium Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656.1.1.16.4.2 Variation 2: By Palladium, Cobalt, and Nickel Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.1.1.16.4.3 Variation 3: By Lanthanide and Early Transition Metal Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . 696.1.1.16.5 Method 5: Catalytic Hydroboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.1.1.16.6 Method 6: Hydroboration of Vinylarenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

6.1.2 Product Subclass 2: BorohydridesG. Chen

6.1.2 Product Subclass 2: Borohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Synthesis of Product Subclass 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

6.1.2.1 Method 1: Preparation of Unsubstituted Borohydrides(Tetrahydroborates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

6.1.2.2 Method 2: Preparation of Cyanoborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.1.2.3 Method 3: Preparation of Alkylborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.1.2.4 Method 4: Preparation of Alkylalkoxy-, Trialkoxy-,

and Acyloxyborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866.1.2.5 Method 5: Preparation of Alkylaminoborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.1.2.5.1 Variation 1: Preparation of Monoalkylaminoborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.1.2.5.2 Variation 2: Preparation of Bis- and Tris(pyrazolyl)borohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Applications of Product Subclass 2 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6.1.2.6 Method 6: Reductive Cleavage of Carbon-Heteroatom Bonds . . . . . . . . . . 916.1.2.6.1 Variation 1: Reductive Cleavage of C-O Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916.1.2.6.2 Variation 2: Reductive Cleavage of C-S Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936.1.2.6.3 Variation 3: Reductive Cleavage of C-N Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936.1.2.6.4 Variation 4: Reduction of Halides to Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946.1.2.7 Method 7: Reductions of C=O Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

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6.1.2.7.1 Variation 1: Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones to Hydrocarbons . . . . . . 966.1.2.7.2 Variation 2: Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones to Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . 976.1.2.7.3 Variation 3: Diastereoselective Reduction of Ketones to Alcohols . . . . . . . . 986.1.2.7.4 Variation 4: Enantioselective Reduction of Prochiral Ketones to

Chiral Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006.1.2.7.5 Variation 5: Reductions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1016.1.2.8 Method 8: Reductions of C=N Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036.1.2.8.1 Variation 1: Reduction of Imines and Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036.1.2.8.2 Variation 2: Reductive Amination in Solution Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056.1.2.8.3 Variation 3: Solid-Phase Reductive Amination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066.1.2.9 Method 9: Reduction of Nitriles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076.1.2.10 Method 10: Reduction of Azides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086.1.2.11 Method 11: Reduction of Nitro Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

6.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Diborane(4) CompoundsT. B. Marder

6.1.3 Product Subclass 3: Diborane(4) Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Synthesis of Product Subclass 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

6.1.3.1 Method 1: Reductive Coupling of Bis(dimethylamino)(halo)boranes . . . . 1176.1.3.2 Method 2: Reaction of Tetrakis(dimethylamino)diborane(4) with

Alcohols and Thiols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1186.1.3.2.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Chiral 1,2-Diols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206.1.3.2.2 Variation 2: Reaction with Thiols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Applications of Product Subclass 3 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6.1.3.3 Method 3: Oxidative Addition of the B-B Bond to Metal Centers . . . . . . . 1216.1.3.4 Method 4: Catalyzed Diboration of Æ,�-Unsaturated Ketones . . . . . . . . . . 1216.1.3.4.1 Variation 1: Using (�2-Ethene)bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) . . . . . . . 1216.1.3.4.2 Variation 2: Using Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1226.1.3.4.3 Variation 3: Using Bis(phenylimino)acenaphthene(dimethylfumarate)-

platinum(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236.1.3.4.4 Variation 4: Using Copper(I) Trifluoromethanesulfonate/

Tributylphosphine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1236.1.3.4.5 Variation 5: Using Stoichiometric Copper(I) Chloride/Lithium

Chloride/Potassium Acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246.1.3.4.6 Variation 6: Using Chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256.1.3.5 Method 5: Platinum-Catalyzed Diboration of Alkynes and Diynes . . . . . . . 1256.1.3.5.1 Variation 1: Diboration of Alkynes Using Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)-

platinum(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256.1.3.5.2 Variation 2: Diboration of Alkynes and Diynes Using

(�2-Ethene)bis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266.1.3.5.3 Variation 3: Diboration of Alkynes Using Tris(norbornene)platinum/

Diphenyl(2-tolyl)phosphine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286.1.3.6 Method 6: Platinum- or Palladium-catalyzed Diboration of Dienes . . . . . . 1296.1.3.6.1 Variation 1: Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0)- and Bis(dibenzyl-

ideneacetone)platinum-Catalyzed Diboration of 1,3-Dienes . 129

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6.1.3.6.2 Variation 2: Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0)- and Bis(dibenzyl-ideneacetone)platinum-Catalyzed Diboration of 1,2-Dienes . 130

6.1.3.6.3 Variation 3: Catalyzed Diboration of 1,2-Dienes Using Bis(dibenzyl-ideneacetone)palladium in the Presence of Organic Iodides . 130

6.1.3.7 Method 7: Catalyzed Diboration of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306.1.3.7.1 Variation 1: Using Phosphine-Free Platinum(0) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316.1.3.7.2 Variation 2: Using Phosphine-Free Platinum(0) and Chiral Diborane(4) . . . 1336.1.3.7.3 Variation 3: Using a Bis(diphenylphosphino)methane–Rhodium–

�6-Bis(catecholato)borate Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1346.1.3.7.4 Variation 4: Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Diboration of Alkenes . . . . . . 1356.1.3.7.5 Variation 5: Diboration of Methylenecyclopropanes Using

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)platinum(0) orBis(dibenzylideneacetone)platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

6.1.4 Product Subclass 4: MetalloboranesH. N�th

6.1.4 Product Subclass 4: Metalloboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Synthesis of Product Subclass 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

6.1.4.1 Method 1: Synthesis of Silylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406.1.4.1.1 Variation 1: Substitution Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1406.1.4.1.2 Variation 2: Insertion Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1446.1.4.1.3 Variation 3: Co-dehalogenation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466.1.4.1.4 Variation 4: Discharge Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476.1.4.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Germylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476.1.4.3 Method 3: Synthesis of Stannylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1496.1.4.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Plumbylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526.1.4.5 Method 5: Synthesis of Silyl-, Germyl-, Stannyl-, and Plumbylborates and

Related Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526.1.4.5.1 Variation 1: By Addition of a Borane to Metal Silanides or Stannanides . . . 1536.1.4.5.2 Variation 2: Silyl-, Stannyl-, and Germylborates by Substitution Reactions 1536.1.4.5.3 Variation 3: B-Si Bond Formation via a Li-B Intermediate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Applications of Product Subclass 4 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

6.1.4.6 Method 6: Sila- and Stannaboration with Silyl- and Stannylboranes . . . . . 1566.1.4.6.1 Variation 1: Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1566.1.4.6.2 Variation 2: Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596.1.4.6.3 Variation 3: 1,3-Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616.1.4.6.4 Variation 4: Reaction of 1-Boryl-4-silylbut-2-enes with Aldehydes . . . . . . . . 1636.1.4.6.5 Variation 5: Silylboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1666.1.4.6.6 Variation 6: Stannaboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1706.1.4.7 Method 7: Reaction of Alkynes with Silyl- and Stannylborates . . . . . . . . . . 1716.1.4.8 Method 8: Transition Metal Borations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1736.1.4.9 Method 9: Transition Metal Borides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

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6.1.5 Product Subclass 5: HaloboranesD. S. Matteson

6.1.5 Product Subclass 5: Haloboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Synthesis of Product Subclass 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

6.1.5.1 Boron Trihalides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

6.1.5.1.1 Method 1: Synthesis of Boron Trifluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1806.1.5.1.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Boron Trifluoride–Diethyl Ether Complex . . . . . . . 1826.1.5.1.3 Method 3: Synthesis of Boron Trichloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1826.1.5.1.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Boron Tribromide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1826.1.5.1.5 Method 5: Synthesis of Boron Triiodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

6.1.5.2 Halo(oxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

6.1.5.2.1 Method 1: Synthesis of Halo(dioxy)- and Dihalo(oxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . 1836.1.5.2.1.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Alkoxy(chloro)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1846.1.5.2.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Alkyl- and Aryl(halo)(oxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1846.1.5.2.2.1 Variation 1: From Alkoxy Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1846.1.5.2.2.2 Variation 2: By Ligand Exchange between Two Boron Components . . . . . . 186

6.1.5.3 Amino(halo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

6.1.5.3.1 Method 1: Synthesis of Amino(dihalo)boranes andDiamino(halo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

6.1.5.3.1.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Amino(dihalo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1876.1.5.3.1.2 Variation 2: Synthesis of Diamino(halo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1886.1.5.3.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Alkyl- and Aryl(amino)(halo)boranes and

Related Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1906.1.5.3.2.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Diamino(chloro)boronium Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . 191

6.1.5.4 Alkyl- and Aryl(halo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

6.1.5.4.1 Method 1: Synthesis of Alkyl- and Aryl(fluoro)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936.1.5.4.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Alkyl- and Aryl(chloro)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1946.1.5.4.2.1 Variation 1: Hydroboration of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956.1.5.4.2.2 Variation 2: By Conversion of B-H Bonds into B-Cl Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2006.1.5.4.2.3 Variation 3: By Replacement of B-Cl Bonds by B-C Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016.1.5.4.2.4 Variation 4: By Addition to Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2016.1.5.4.2.5 Variation 5: By Metal Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2026.1.5.4.2.6 Variation 6: By Conversion of B-O Bonds into B-Cl Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2066.1.5.4.2.7 Variation 7: By Conversion of B-F Bonds into B-Cl Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2076.1.5.4.3 Method 3: Synthesis of Alkyl- and Aryl(bromo)boranes and

Alkyl- and Aryl(iodo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2076.1.5.4.3.1 Variation 1: From Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2076.1.5.4.3.2 Variation 2: From Acetylenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2086.1.5.4.3.3 Variation 3: Using Organometallic Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Applications of Product Subclass 5 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

6.1.5.5 Boron Trifluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

6.1.5.5.1 Method 1: Aldol–Grob Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2126.1.5.5.2 Method 2: Friedel–Crafts Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

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6.1.5.6 Boron Trifluoride–Diethyl Ether Complex and Its Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

6.1.5.6.1 Method 1: Reductions of Epoxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2146.1.5.6.2 Method 2: Complexes with Organocopper Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2156.1.5.6.3 Method 3: Organolithium Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2176.1.5.6.4 Method 4: Boron Trifluoride–Acetic Acid Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2186.1.5.6.5 Method 5: Difluoroboryl Methanesulfonate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

6.1.5.7 Boron Trichloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

6.1.5.7.1 Method 1: Detritylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2196.1.5.7.2 Method 2: Condensation of a Ketone with a Silylated Enediol . . . . . . . . . . 2206.1.5.7.3 Method 3: Reactions Involving Aldehydes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2206.1.5.7.3.1 Variation 1: Conversion of Aromatic Aldehydes into

Aryl(dichloro)methanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2206.1.5.7.3.2 Variation 2: Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Styrenes . . . . . . . . . 2216.1.5.7.3.3 Variation 3: Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Arylacetylenes . . . 2216.1.5.7.4 Method 4: Diels–Alder Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

6.1.5.8 Boron Tribromide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

6.1.5.8.1 Method 1: Cleavage of C-O Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2236.1.5.8.2 Method 2: Boron Demetalations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

6.1.5.9 Boron Triiodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

6.1.5.10 Boron Triiodide–N,N-Diethylaniline Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

6.1.5.11 Halo(oxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

6.1.5.11.1 Method 1: Reaction with Allyllithiums Followed by Alcohols or Aldehydes 2256.1.5.11.2 Method 2: Alkenylation by Replacement of Zirconium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6.1.5.12 Amino(halo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6.1.5.12.1 Method 1: Preparation of Boron Heterocycles UsingAmino(dihalo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

6.1.5.12.2 Method 2: Using Diamino(halo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

6.1.5.13 Alkyl- and Aryl(chloro)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

6.1.5.13.1 Method 1: Secondary Amine Formation Using Alkyl(chloro)boranes . . . . 2326.1.5.13.2 Method 2: Reduction of Ketones to Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2336.1.5.13.3 Method 3: Formation of Enolates from Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2386.1.5.13.4 Methods 4: Miscellaneous Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

6.1.5.14 Alkyl- and Aryl(bromo)boranes and Alkyl- and Aryl(iodo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

6.1.6 Product Subclass 6: HaloboratesB. Schilling and D. E. Kaufmann

6.1.6 Product Subclass 6: Haloborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Synthesis of Product Subclass 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

6.1.6.1 Method 1: Destannylation of Organostannanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2476.1.6.2 Method 2: Fluorination of Organoboronic Acids and Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2476.1.6.3 Method 3: Fluorination of Intermediate Organoboronic Acids and Esters 248

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6.1.6.3.1 Variation 1: From Organolithium and Grignard Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2486.1.6.3.2 Variation 2: From Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Applications of Product Subclass 6 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

6.1.6.4 Method 4: Cross-Coupling Reactions of Potassium Aryltrifluoroborates . 2496.1.6.4.1 Variation 1: Addition to Aldehydes and Enones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2496.1.6.4.2 Variation 2: With Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2506.1.6.4.3 Variation 3: With Diaryliodonium Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2516.1.6.5 Method 5: Substitution Using Inorganic Tetrahaloborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2516.1.6.5.1 Variation 1: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2516.1.6.5.2 Variation 2: Regioselective Fluorination Using Selectfluor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2526.1.6.6 Method 6: Release of Difluoro(organo)boranes from

Potassium Trifluoro(organo)borates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2536.1.6.7 Method 7: Addition of Potassium Allyltrifluoroborates to

Aldehydes and Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2536.1.6.8 Method 8: Addition Reactions Using Inorganic Tetrahaloborates

(The Balz–Schiemann Reaction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

6.1.7 Product Subclass 7: HydroxyboranesN. Miyaura

6.1.7 Product Subclass 7: Hydroxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Synthesis of Product Subclass 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

6.1.7.1 Method 1: Direct Borylation of Alkanes and Arenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2576.1.7.2 Method 2: Transmetalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2606.1.7.2.1 Variation 1: Via Magnesium and Lithium Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2636.1.7.2.2 Variation 2: Via Other Metal Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2666.1.7.3 Method 3: Borylation of Aryl, Vinyl, and Allyl Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2676.1.7.3.1 Variation 1: By Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Diboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2686.1.7.3.2 Variation 2: By Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of 1,3,2-Dioxaborolanes . . . 2716.1.7.4 Method 4: Hydroboration of Alkenes and Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2726.1.7.4.1 Variation 1: Uncatalyzed Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2736.1.7.4.2 Variation 2: Catalyzed Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2756.1.7.5 Method 5: Diboration of Alkenes and Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2796.1.7.5.1 Variation 1: Uncatalyzed Diboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2796.1.7.5.2 Variation 2: Catalyzed Diboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2806.1.7.6 Methods 6: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Applications of Product Subclass 7 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

6.1.7.7 Method 7: Formation of Diol Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2856.1.7.7.1 Variation 1: Protection, Chromatographic Separations,

and Analysis of Diols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2856.1.7.7.2 Variation 2: Recognition of Sugar Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2866.1.7.8 Method 8: Use as Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2876.1.7.8.1 Variation 1: For Hydroxyalkylation of Phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2876.1.7.8.2 Variation 2: For Hydroalumination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2886.1.7.8.3 Variation 3: For the Substitution of Epoxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2896.1.7.8.4 Variation 4: For Amidation of Carboxylic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

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6.1.7.9 Method 9: C-C Bond Formation via the Boron-Mannich Reaction . . . . . . 2916.1.7.10 Method 10: Metal-Catalyzed C-C and Carbon-Heteroatom

Bond Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2926.1.7.10.1 Variation 1: Palladium- and Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions . . 2926.1.7.10.2 Variation 2: Rhodium-Catalyzed Addition Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2946.1.7.10.3 Variation 3: Copper-Catalyzed C-O, C-S, and C-N Bond Formation . . . . 296

6.1.8 Product Subclass 8: BoroxanesM. Periasamy, M. Seenivasaperumal, and S. Sivakumar

6.1.8 Product Subclass 8: Boroxanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Synthesis of Product Subclass 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

6.1.8.1 Method 1: Boroxin from Diborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3016.1.8.2 Method 2: Alkoxyboroxins from Boric Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3016.1.8.3 Method 3: Alkylboroxin from the Corresponding Boronic Acid . . . . . . . . . . 3026.1.8.3.1 Variation 1: An Alkylboroxin by Carbonylation of

Borane–Dimethyl Sulfide Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3036.1.8.3.2 Variation 2: Alkylboroxins from Organoboranes and Boric Oxide . . . . . . . . . 3046.1.8.4 Method 4: Arylboroxins from Arylboronic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3046.1.8.5 Method 5: A Diboroxane from Boric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3066.1.8.6 Method 6: Diboroxanes from Hydroxyboranes or Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . 3066.1.8.7 Method 7: A Diboroxane from a Borepin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3076.1.8.8 Method 8: 2,4,6-Trivinylboroxin–Pyridine from Trimethyl Borate . . . . . . . 307

Applications of Product Subclass 8 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

6.1.8.9 Method 9: Oxidation of Alkoxyboroxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3086.1.8.10 Method 10: Boroxins in a Suzuki-Type Cross-Coupling Reaction . . . . . . . . . . 3106.1.8.10.1 Variation 1: Preparation of 3,4-Disubstituted Furans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3106.1.8.10.2 Variation 2: Preparation of Oligomeric Furans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3106.1.8.10.3 Variation 3: Preparation of Substituted Styrenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3116.1.8.11 Method 11: Arylboroxins as Catalysts for Aldol or Michael Reactions . . . . . 3126.1.8.12 Method 12: Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Alkenes and Alkynes by

Triarylboroxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3136.1.8.13 Method 13: Preparation of Chiral Oxazaborolidine Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3146.1.8.14 Method 14: Separation of Diols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3156.1.8.15 Method 15: Boroxin-Containing Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3156.1.8.16 Method 16: High Performance Polymer Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3166.1.8.17 Method 17: Resolution of 1,1¢-Bi-2-naphthol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

6.1.9 Product Subclass 9: AcyloxyboranesM. Periasamy, M. N. Reddy, and N. S. Kumar

6.1.9 Product Subclass 9: Acyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

Synthesis of Product Subclass 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

6.1.9.1 Method 1: Triacyloxyboranes and Oxybis(diacyloxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

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6.1.9.2 Method 2: By the Reaction of 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane withCarboxylic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

Applications of Product Subclass 9 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

6.1.9.3 Method 3: In Electrophilic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3236.1.9.4 Method 4: Acyloxyborohydrides in Reduction Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3246.1.9.4.1 Variation 1: Reduction of Carboxylic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3246.1.9.4.2 Variation 2: Selective Reduction of the Carboxylic Acid Group in

an Alkenic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3256.1.9.4.3 Variation 3: Hydroboration of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3266.1.9.4.4 Variation 4: Selective Hydroboration of Alkenic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3266.1.9.5 Method 5: Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3276.1.9.6 Method 6: Asymmetric Reactions with Tartaric Acid Based

Chiral Acyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3286.1.9.6.1 Variation 1: Asymmetric Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3286.1.9.6.2 Variation 2: Diels–Alder Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3286.1.9.6.3 Variation 3: Aldol Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3306.1.9.6.4 Variation 4: Asymmetric Allylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3316.1.9.7 Method 7: Asymmetric Reactions with Amino Acid Based

Chiral Acyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3326.1.9.7.1 Variation 1: Diels–Alder Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3326.1.9.7.2 Variation 2: Aldol Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

6.1.10 Product Subclass 10: VinyloxyboranesC. Gennari, S. Ceccarelli, and U. Piarulli

6.1.10 Product Subclass 10: Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Synthesis of Product Subclass 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

6.1.10.1 Method 1: From Carbonyl Compounds by Direct Enolization . . . . . . . . . . . 3406.1.10.1.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Z(O)-Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3486.1.10.1.2 Variation 2: Synthesis of E(O)-Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3486.1.10.1.3 Variation 3: Synthesis of Vinyloxyboranes by Enolization of Aldehydes . . . 3486.1.10.2 Method 2: From Silyl Enol Ethers or Lithium Enolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3496.1.10.2.1 Variation 1: From Silyl Enol Ethers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3496.1.10.2.2 Variation 2: From Lithium Enolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3506.1.10.3 Method 3: By Addition of Trialkyl- and Dialkylboranes to Double Bonds . 3516.1.10.3.1 Variation 1: By Addition to Æ,�-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . 3516.1.10.3.2 Variation 2: By Addition to Ketenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3526.1.10.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Dialkyl Vinyl Borates by Oxidation of

Dialkyl Vinylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3536.1.10.4.1 Variation 1: From Vinylic Grignard Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3536.1.10.4.2 Variation 2: By Hydroboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3546.1.10.5 Method 5: By Rearrangement of Boron “Ate” Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3556.1.10.5.1 Variation 1: From Æ-Halo-Substituted Enolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3566.1.10.5.2 Variation 2: From Æ-Diazo Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3576.1.10.5.3 Variation 3: From Stabilized Sulfur Ylides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3586.1.10.6 Methods 6: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

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Applications of Product Subclass 10 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

6.1.10.7 Method 7: Synthesis of Æ-Halo Carbonyl Compounds byHalogenation of Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

6.1.10.8 Method 8: Synthesis of syn-Æ-Substituted �-Hydroxy CarbonylCompounds by the Aldol Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

6.1.10.8.1 Variation 1: From Imide-Derived Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3676.1.10.8.2 Variation 2: From Sultam-Derived Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3696.1.10.8.3 Variation 3: From Ester-Derived Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3706.1.10.8.4 Variation 4: From Diisopinocampheyl(vinyloxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3716.1.10.8.5 Variation 5: From Vinyloxydiazaborolidines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3726.1.10.8.6 Variation 6: From Dialkyl Vinyl Borates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3736.1.10.8.7 Variation 7: From Monohalo- and Dihalo(vinyloxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3746.1.10.9 Method 9: Synthesis of anti-Æ-Substituted �-Hydroxy Carbonyl

Compounds by the Aldol Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3756.1.10.9.1 Variation 1: From Imide-Derived Vinyloxyboranes with

Excess Dibutyl{[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]oxy}borane . . . . . . . . 3806.1.10.9.2 Variation 2: From Sultam-Derived Vinyloxyboranes in the Presence of

Lewis Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3816.1.10.9.3 Variation 3: From Ester-Derived Vinyloxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3826.1.10.9.4 Variation 4: From Vinyloxyboranes Bearing Menthone-Derived

Chiral Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3836.1.10.9.5 Variation 5: From Vinyloxydiazaborolidines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3856.1.10.9.6 Variation 6: Miscellaneous Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3866.1.10.10 Method 10: Synthesis of Æ-Unsubstituted �-Hydroxy Carbonyl

Compounds by the Aldol Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3866.1.10.10.1 Variation 1: From 2,5-Dialkyl-1-(vinyloxy)borolanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3886.1.10.10.2 Variation 2: From Vinyloxyboranes Bearing Menthone-Derived

Chiral Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3896.1.10.10.3 Variation 3: Miscellaneous Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3906.1.10.11 Method 11: Synthesis of �-Amino Carbonyl Compounds by

Reaction with Imines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3916.1.10.12 Method 12: Alkylation of Vinyloxyboranes

(The Nicholas–Schreiber Reaction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3936.1.10.13 Method 13: Pericyclic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3956.1.10.13.1 Variation 1: [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3956.1.10.13.2 Variation 2: [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

6.1.11 Product Subclass 11: Aryloxy- and Alkoxyboranes(Including Protecting Groups)K. Ishihara and H. Yamamoto

6.1.11 Product Subclass 11: Aryloxy- and Alkoxyboranes(Including Protecting Groups) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Synthesis of Product Subclass 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

6.1.11.1 Method 1: Synthesis by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4046.1.11.1.1 Variation 1: Of Boric Oxide or Hydroxyboranes with Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

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6.1.11.1.2 Variation 2: Of Borohydrides with Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4056.1.11.1.3 Variation 3: Of Alkylboranes with Alcohols or Alkoxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 4066.1.11.1.4 Variation 4: Of Acyloxyboranes with Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4066.1.11.1.5 Variation 5: Of Haloboranes with Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4076.1.11.1.6 Variation 6: Of Thioboranes with Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4086.1.11.1.7 Variation 7: Of Aminoboranes with Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4086.1.11.2 Method 2: Synthesis by Addition Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4096.1.11.2.1 Variation 1: Oxidation of Alkylboranes with Peroxy Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4096.1.11.2.2 Variation 2: Oxidation of Alkylboranes with Amine N-Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . 4096.1.11.2.3 Variation 3: Oxidation of Alkylboranes with Molybdenum

Peroxide–Pyridine–Hexamethylphosphoric Triamide . . . . . . . . 4106.1.11.2.4 Variation 4: Oxidation of Alkylboranes with Molecular Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . 4116.1.11.2.5 Variation 5: Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds with Hydroboranes . . . . . 4126.1.11.2.6 Variation 6: Alkylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Allenylboronic Esters 4136.1.11.2.7 Variation 7: Alkylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Trialkylboranes . . . . . 4136.1.11.3 Method 3: Transesterification of Alkoxyboranes with Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . 414

Applications of Product Subclass 11 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

6.1.11.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Esters by Esterification of Carboxylic Acids withAlkoxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

6.1.11.5 Method 5: The Protection of Hydroxy Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4156.1.11.6 Method 6: Synthesis of Boronic Acids and Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4156.1.11.6.1 Variation 1: Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4166.1.11.6.2 Variation 2: Electrophilic Reagent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4166.1.11.6.3 Variation 3: Synthesis of Æ,�-Unsaturated Nitriles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4176.1.11.6.4 Variation 4: Synthesis of Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4176.1.11.6.5 Variation 5: Preparation of Potassium Triisopropylborohydride . . . . . . . . . . 4186.1.11.7 Method 7: Use as a Lewis Acid Promoter or Catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

6.1.12 Product Subclass 12: Aryloxy- and AlkoxyboratesK. Ishihara and H. Yamamoto

6.1.12 Product Subclass 12: Aryloxy- and Alkoxyborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

Synthesis of Product Subclass 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

6.1.12.1 Method 1: By Reduction of Aldehydes or Ketones withSodium Borohydride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

6.1.12.2 Method 2: By Reaction of Alcohols with Sodium Borohydride . . . . . . . . . . 4246.1.12.3 Method 3: Synthesis of Ammonium Tetraalkoxyborates and

Related Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

Applications of Product Subclass 12 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

6.1.12.4 Method 4: Use as Brønsted Acid Assisted Chiral Lewis Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

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6.1.13 Product Subclass 13: PeroxyboranesK. Ishihara and H. Yamamoto

6.1.13 Product Subclass 13: Peroxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Synthesis of Product Subclass 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

6.1.13.1 Method 1: Oxidation Reactions of Alkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4376.1.13.1.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Alkyl Hydroperoxides by Hydrolysis

Following Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4396.1.13.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Alcohols by the Redox Reaction of

Alkyl(peroxy)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

6.1.14 Product Subclass 14: Sulfanyl- and SelanylboranesC. Habben and D. E. Kaufmann

6.1.14 Product Subclass 14: Sulfanyl- and Selanylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Synthesis of Product Subclass 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

6.1.14.1 Method 1: Sulfanylboranes by Substitution Reactions ofHaloboranes with Organosulfur Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

6.1.14.1.1 Variation 1: From Haloboranes and Metal Thiolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4436.1.14.1.2 Variation 2: From Haloboranes and Thiols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4446.1.14.2 Method 2: Additional Methods for the Synthesis of Sulfanylboranes . . . . 4456.1.14.3 Method 3: Selanylboranes by Substitution Reactions of Haloboranes with

Organoselenium Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4466.1.14.3.1 Variation 1: From Haloboranes and Selenides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4466.1.14.3.2 Variation 2: From Haloboranes and Diselenides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4476.1.14.4 Method 4: Additional Methods for the Synthesis of Selanylboranes . . . . . 447

Applications of Product Subclass 14 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

6.1.14.5 Method 5: Metal–Sulfur Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4486.1.14.5.1 Variation 1: Complexes with Sulfanylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4486.1.14.5.2 Variation 2: Sulfur-Bridged Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4486.1.14.6 Method 6: Reactions with Loss of Boron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4496.1.14.6.1 Variation 1: Addition Reactions of Sulfanylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4506.1.14.6.2 Variation 2: Substitution Reactions of Sulfanylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4516.1.14.6.3 Variation 3: Reactions of Selanylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

6.1.15 Product Subclass 15: Aminoboranes and Borane–Amine ComplexesB. Carboni and F. Carreaux

6.1.15 Product Subclass 15: Aminoboranes and Borane–Amine Complexes . . . . . 455

Synthesis of Product Subclass 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

6.1.15.1 Method 1: Aminoboranes by Amination of Organoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 4566.1.15.1.1 Variation 1: By Amines or Their Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4566.1.15.1.2 Variation 2: By 1,2-Amino Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4576.1.15.1.3 Variation 3: By Amino Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

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6.1.15.1.4 Variation 4: By 1,2-Diamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4586.1.15.2 Method 2: Aminoboranes by Redistribution and Exchange Reactions . . . 4596.1.15.3 Method 3: Aminoboranes by Borylation of Organometallic Reagents . . . 4596.1.15.4 Method 4: Aminoboranes by Reductive Alkylation of Azides . . . . . . . . . . . . 4606.1.15.5 Method 5: Additional Methods for the Synthesis of Aminoboranes . . . . . 4616.1.15.6 Method 6: Borane–Amine Complexes by Complexation of

Organoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4616.1.15.6.1 Variation 1: By Borane or Its Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4616.1.15.6.2 Variation 2: By Borohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4626.1.15.6.3 Variation 3: By Substituted Boranes or Their Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4636.1.15.7 Method 7: Borane–Amine Complexes by Halogenation of

Borane Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4636.1.15.7.1 Variation 1: By Halogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4636.1.15.7.2 Variation 2: By Hydrogen Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4646.1.15.7.3 Variation 3: By Redistribution Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4646.1.15.7.4 Variation 4: By N-Halosuccinimides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4656.1.15.8 Method 8: Additional Methods for the Synthesis of

Borane–Amine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Applications of Product Subclass 15 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

6.1.15.9 Method 9: In Hydroboration Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4666.1.15.9.1 Variation 1: Hydroboration with Borane–Amine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4666.1.15.9.2 Variation 2: Catalytic Asymmetric Hydroboration with Oxazaborolidines . 4676.1.15.10 Method 10: Reduction of Carbonyl and Imine Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4686.1.15.10.1 Variation 1: Using Oxazaborolidine Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4686.1.15.10.2 Variation 2: Using Borane–Amine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4696.1.15.10.3 Variation 3: Using Aminoborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4706.1.15.11 Method 11: Æ-Alkylation of Tertiary Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4716.1.15.12 Method 12: Oxazaborolidinones as Protecting Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4726.1.15.13 Method 13: Dioxazaborocines as Chiral Auxiliaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4736.1.15.14 Method 14: Aldol Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4746.1.15.14.1 Variation 1: With Stilbenediamine Derivatives (Stien Reagents) as

Chiral Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4746.1.15.14.2 Variation 2: With Oxazaborolidinone Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4756.1.15.15 Method 15: Other Asymmetric Boron-Catalyzed Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4766.1.15.15.1 Variation 1: Diels–Alder Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4776.1.15.15.2 Variation 2: Enantioselective Addition to Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . 4776.1.15.15.3 Variation 3: 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones . . . . . . . . . . . . 4796.1.15.16 Methods 16: Miscellaneous Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

6.1.16 Product Subclass 16: Phosphinoboranes andBorane–Phosphine ComplexesA. C. Gaumont and B. Carboni

6.1.16 Product Subclass 16: Phosphinoboranes andBorane–Phosphine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Synthesis of Product Subclass 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

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6.1.16.1 Method 1: Phosphinoboranes by Phosphination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4876.1.16.1.1 Variation 1: From Halo(organo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4876.1.16.1.2 Variation 2: From Amino(halo)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4886.1.16.2 Method 2: Phosphinoboranes by Elimination from

Phosphine–Borane Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4896.1.16.2.1 Variation 1: By Dehydrohalogenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4906.1.16.2.2 Variation 2: By Thermal Dehydrogenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4906.1.16.2.3 Variation 3: By Elimination of Trimethylsilyl Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4916.1.16.3 Method 3: By Catalytic Organometallic Dehydrocoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4926.1.16.4 Method 4: Borane–Phosphine Complexes by Complexation of

an Organoborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4936.1.16.4.1 Variation 1: From Phosphines and Uncomplexed Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4936.1.16.4.2 Variation 2: From Phosphines and Borane Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4946.1.16.4.3 Variation 3: From Chlorophosphines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4956.1.16.4.4 Variation 4: From Borohydrides and Free Phosphines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4966.1.16.4.5 Variation 5: From Phosphine Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4976.1.16.5 Method 5: Borane–Phosphine Complexes by Halogenation of

Borane Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4976.1.16.6 Method 6: Additional Methods for the Synthesis of

Borane–Phosphine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

Applications of Product Subclass 16 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

6.1.16.7 Method 7: Borane as a Phosphorus Protecting Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4996.1.16.8 Method 8: Alkylation of Borane–Phosphine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5006.1.16.8.1 Variation 1: C-Alkylation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5006.1.16.8.2 Variation 2: P-Alkylation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5016.1.16.8.3 Variation 3: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5036.1.16.9 Method 9: Hydrophosphination Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5046.1.16.10 Method 10: Coupling Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5056.1.16.10.1 Variation 1: Copper-Promoted Oxidative Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5056.1.16.10.2 Variation 2: Palladium-Promoted Cross Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5066.1.16.11 Methods 11: Miscellaneous Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

6.1.17 Product Subclass 17: Æ-MetalloalkylboranesBakthan Singaram

6.1.17 Product Subclass 17: Æ-Metalloalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Synthesis of Product Subclass 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

6.1.17.1 Method 1: Preparation of Æ-Borylboranes and Æ-Borylboronates . . . . . . . 5146.1.17.1.1 Variation 1: Hydroboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5146.1.17.1.2 Variation 2: Preparation of Bis-, Tris-, and Tetrakis(dimethoxyboryl)-

methanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5146.1.17.2 Method 2: Metallation of Di-,Tri-, and Tetraborylmethanes by

Deboronation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5176.1.17.2.1 Variation 1: With Grignard Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5186.1.17.2.2 Variation 2: From gem-Tris- and Tetrakis(dialkoxyboryl) Compounds . . . . . 5196.1.17.3 Method 3: Deprotonation of Æ-Substituted Boranes and Boronates . . . . . 519

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6.1.17.3.1 Variation 1: Of Bis(dialkoxyboryl)methanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5206.1.17.3.2 Variation 2: Of Æ-(Phenylsulfanyl)methylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5216.1.17.3.3 Variation 3: Of Æ-(Trimethylsilyl)methylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5216.1.17.3.4 Variation 4: Of Dialkylvinylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5226.1.17.4 Method 4: Metal–Halogen Exchange Reactions of Æ-Haloalkylboranes

and Æ-Haloalkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5236.1.17.4.1 Variation 1: Preparation of Æ-(Trialkylstannyl)alkylboranes and

Æ-(Trialkylstannyl)alkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5236.1.17.4.2 Variation 2: Reaction of an Æ-Haloalkylboronate with tert-Butyllithium . . . 5236.1.17.4.3 Variation 3: Reaction of Æ-Haloalkylboronates with Zinc Metal and

Subsequent Reaction with Copper(I) Cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5246.1.17.4.4 Variation 4: Reaction of Æ-Haloalkylboronates with Chromium(II) Chloride 5246.1.17.5 Method 5: Deprotonation of Alkyl(dimesityl)boranes with

Lithium Dialkylamides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5256.1.17.6 Method 6: Deprotonation of Alkyl(dimesityl)boranes with Mesityllithium 5256.1.17.7 Method 7: Generation of Æ-Metalloalkylboranes by Organometallic

Addition to Alkenylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5266.1.17.8 Method 8: Generation of Æ-Metalloalkenylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527

Applications of Product Subclass 17 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

6.1.17.9 Method 9: Alkylation of Æ-Metalloalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5286.1.17.10 Method 10: Synthesis of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5306.1.17.10.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5326.1.17.10.2 Variation 2: Synthesis of Vinylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5326.1.17.11 Method 11: Preparation of Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5336.1.17.12 Method 12: Preparation of 1,2-Diols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5346.1.17.13 Method 13: Preparation of 1,3-Diols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5356.1.17.14 Method 14: Synthesis of Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5376.1.17.15 Method 15: Preparation of Amino Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

6.1.18 Product Subclass 18: CyanoboranesD. Gabel and M. B. El-Zaria

6.1.18 Product Subclass 18: Cyanoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Synthesis of Product Subclass 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

6.1.18.1 Method 1: Cyanoborane–Amine Complexes by Substitution ofHydrogen in Borane–Amine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

6.1.18.2 Method 2: Dicyanoborane–Amine Complexes by Substitution ofHydrogen in Cyanoborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

6.1.18.3 Method 3: From Borohydrides and Mercury(II) Cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5446.1.18.4 Method 4: Cyanoboranes by Substitution of the Carboxamide Group in

Carbamoylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5456.1.18.5 Method 5: Cyanoboranes by Substitution of Halides in Haloboranes . . . . 5456.1.18.5.1 Variation 1: By Cyanogen Iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5466.1.18.5.2 Variation 2: By Trimethylsilyl Cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5466.1.18.5.3 Variation 3: By Cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5466.1.18.5.4 Variation 4: By Isocyanoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

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6.1.18.6 Method 6: Trialkylcyanoborates by Complexation of Trialkylboraneswith Cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

6.1.18.7 Method 7: Chelation of Potassium Cyanide by BoronatesContaining Crown Ether Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

6.1.18.8 Method 8: Monomeric Cyanoborane–Amine Complexes fromAmines and Oligomeric Cyanoborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

6.1.18.9 Method 9: Cyanoborane Complexes from Sodium Cyanoborohydride . . . 5536.1.18.9.1 Variation 1: By Reaction with Amine Hydrochlorides

To Give Cyanoborane–Amine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5536.1.18.9.2 Variation 2: By Reaction with Phosphines To Give

Cyanoborane–Phosphine Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5546.1.18.9.3 Variation 3: By Reaction with Halogens To Give Oligomeric Cyanoborane 5556.1.18.10 Method 10: B-Alkylation of Cyanoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5556.1.18.11 Method 11: Exchange of the Donor Ligands of Cyanoborane–Amine,

–Phosphine, –Phosphite, and –Dimethyl Sulfide Complexes . 556

Applications of Product Subclass 18 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

6.1.18.12 Method 12: Ethylation of Cyanoboranes To GiveN-Ethylnitriliumborane Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

6.1.18.13 Method 13: Preparation of Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5596.1.18.14 Method 14: Formation of Clathrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5606.1.18.15 Method 15: Reduction of Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5606.1.18.16 Method 16: Preparation of Alkyl Cyanides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

6.1.19 Product Subclass 19: Carboxyboranes and Related DerivativesD. Gabel and M. B. El-Zaria

6.1.19 Product Subclass 19: Carboxyboranes and Related Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . 563

Synthesis of Product Subclass 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

6.1.19.1 Method 1: From Cyanoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5646.1.19.1.1 Variation 1: Carboxy-, Carbamoyl-, and (Alkoxycarbonyl)boranes from

Cyanoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5656.1.19.1.2 Variation 2: [(Alkylimino)(alkoxy)methyl]boranes from Cyanoboranes . . . 5686.1.19.1.3 Variation 3: Sulfur and Nitrogen Analogues of Carboxy- and

Carbamoylboranes from Cyanoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5696.1.19.2 Method 2: Carbamoylboranes from Carboxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5706.1.19.3 Method 3: (Alkoxycarbonyl)boranes from Carboxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5736.1.19.3.1 Variation 1: Acid-Catalyzed Esterification of Carboxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 5736.1.19.3.2 Variation 2: Esterification of Carboxyboranes in the Presence of

Activating Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5736.1.19.3.3 Variation 3: Esterification of Carboxyboranes under Basic Conditions . . . . 5746.1.19.4 Method 4: (Alkoxycarbonyl)boranes from Carbamoylboranes . . . . . . . . . . 5756.1.19.5 Method 5: Carbamoylborane from the Carbonyl–Borane Adduct . . . . . . . 5766.1.19.6 Method 6: Carboxy- and Carbamoylboranes from Haloboranes . . . . . . . . . 5776.1.19.7 Method 7: Exchange of the Donor Ligands of Borane Adducts . . . . . . . . . . 5786.1.19.8 Method 8: Ligand-Exchange Reactions of

(Methoxycarbonyl)borane–Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

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Applications of Product Subclass 19 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580

6.1.19.9 Method 9: Alkylboranes by Reduction of Carboxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5806.1.19.10 Method 10: Haloboranes from Carboxyboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

6.1.20 Product Subclass 20: Æ-HaloalkylboronatesD. S. Matteson

6.1.20 Product Subclass 20: Æ-Haloalkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Synthesis of Product Subclass 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

6.1.20.1 Method 1: Synthesis via (Dihalomethyl)borate Anions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5856.1.20.1.1 Variation 1: Boronates with Preformed (Dichloromethyl)lithium . . . . . . . . . 5926.1.20.1.2 Variation 2: From (Dihalomethyl)lithiums Generated In Situ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5936.1.20.1.3 Variation 3: From (Dihalomethyl)boronates and Organometallic Reagents 5956.1.20.1.4 Variation 4: From Achiral Boronates with an Asymmetric Catalyst . . . . . . . 5966.1.20.2 Method 2: From Haloalkyllithiums and Trialkyl Borates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5976.1.20.3 Method 3: Æ-Substitution Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5996.1.20.3.1 Variation 1: Halogenation of Alkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5996.1.20.3.2 Variation 2: From Æ-Metalloalkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6006.1.20.3.3 Variation 3: Via Nucleophilic Displacements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6016.1.20.4 Method 4: Addition of Halogen Compounds to Alkenylboranes . . . . . . . . 6016.1.20.4.1 Variation 1: Addition of Hydrogen Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6016.1.20.4.2 Variation 2: Radical Additions of Halocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6026.1.20.4.3 Variation 3: Halogenations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6026.1.20.5 Methods 5: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

6.1.21 Product Subclass 21: Æ-Alkoxyalkyl-, Æ-Sulfanylalkyl-,and Æ-AminoalkylboronatesD. S. Matteson

6.1.21 Product Subclass 21: Æ-Alkoxyalkyl-, Æ-Sulfanylalkyl-,and Æ-Aminoalkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

Synthesis of Product Subclass 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608

6.1.21.1 Method 1: Synthesis from Æ-Haloalkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6086.1.21.1.1 Variation 1: Alkoxide Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6096.1.21.1.2 Variation 2: Synthesis of Æ-Aminoalkyl- and Æ-Amidoalkylboronates . . . . . 6156.1.21.1.3 Variation 3: Azide Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6176.1.21.1.4 Variation 4: Thiolate Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6186.1.21.2 Method 2: Synthesis from Æ-Lithio Ethers and Sulfides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6196.1.21.2.1 Variation 1: From (Diethoxymethyl)lithium and Boronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6196.1.21.2.2 Variation 2: From [(Phenylsulfanyl)methyl]lithium and Trimethyl Borate . 6206.1.21.2.3 Variation 3: Alkylation of Lithiated [Æ-(Phenylsulfanyl)alkyl]boronates . . . 6216.1.21.3 Methods 3: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

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6.1.22 Product Subclass 22: Æ-PhosphinoalkylboranesD. S. Matteson

6.1.22 Product Subclass 22: Æ-Phosphinoalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Synthesis of Product Subclass 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

6.1.22.1 Method 1: Addition of Boranes to Alkylidenephosphoranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 6236.1.22.1.1 Variation 1: Addition of Hydroboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6236.1.22.1.2 Variation 2: Addition of Haloboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6256.1.22.1.3 Variation 3: Addition of Triorganoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6286.1.22.2 Method 2: Reaction of Æ-Haloalkylboranes with Phosphines . . . . . . . . . . . . 6296.1.22.3 Methods 3: Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631

6.1.23 Product Subclass 23: Alk-1-ynylboranes and Alkyn-1-ylboronatesD. E. Kaufmann and N. �cal

6.1.23 Product Subclass 23: Alk-1-ynylboranes and Alkyn-1-ylboronates . . . . . . . . 635

Synthesis of Product Subclass 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

6.1.23.1 Method 1: From Alk-1-ynylborane–Amine Adducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6376.1.23.2 Method 2: By Metal–Boron Exchange Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6386.1.23.2.1 Variation 1: From Alk-1-ynyllithium and Alkoxy(dialkyl)boranes or

Diorganohaloboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6396.1.23.2.2 Variation 2: From Alk-1-ynyllithium, Alk-1-ynylsodium, or Alk-1-ynyl-

magnesium Compounds and Dialkyl (Organo)boronates,Trialkyl Borates, Dialkoxyhaloboranes, and Dialkylamino-or Bis(dialkylamino)haloboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

6.1.23.2.3 Variation 3: From Alk-1-ynyltin Compounds and Boron Halides . . . . . . . . . . 6436.1.23.3 Methods 3: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643

Applications of Product Subclass 23 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

6.1.23.4 Method 4: Substitution of the Boryl Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6446.1.23.4.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Propargylic Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6446.1.23.4.2 Variation 2: Synthesis of Propargylic Amines, Allenes,

and Æ-Alkynylazacycloalkanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6466.1.23.4.3 Variation 3: Synthesis of Homopropargylic Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6486.1.23.4.4 Variation 4: Synthesis of Æ- and ª-Alkynyl Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6486.1.23.4.5 Variation 5: Synthesis of Alkynoylureas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6516.1.23.5 Method 5: Addition Reactions to the Alkynyl Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6526.1.23.5.1 Variation 1: Hydrogenation and Hydrozirconation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6526.1.23.5.2 Variation 2: Hydrostannation, Hydrophosphination, and Hydrothiolation 6526.1.23.5.3 Variation 3: Cycloalkylation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6546.1.23.6 Method 6: Cycloaddition Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6556.1.23.6.1 Variation 1: Diels–Alder Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6556.1.23.6.2 Variation 2: Catalyzed Cyclotrimerization Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

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6.1.24 Product Subclass 24: BorylketenesD. Gabel

6.1.24 Product Subclass 24: Borylketenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

Synthesis of Product Subclass 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

6.1.24.1 Method 1: Boryl(silyl)ketenes from Ethoxyacetylenes, Halosilanes,and Bromoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659

6.1.24.1.1 Variation 1: From Ethoxy(silyl)acetylenes and Bromoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 6606.1.24.1.2 Variation 2: From Boryl(ethoxy)acetylenes and Halosilanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6616.1.24.2 Method 2: Modification of Boryl(silyl)ketenes by Replacement of

the Substituents on Boron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

Applications of Product Subclass 24 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663

6.1.24.3 Method 3: Preparation of Substituted Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . 663

6.1.25 Product Subclass 25: AllenylboranesD. E. Kaufmann and C. Burmester

6.1.25 Product Subclass 25: Allenylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667

Synthesis of Product Subclass 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668

6.1.25.1 Method 1: Borylation of Organometallic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6686.1.25.2 Method 2: From Propargyl Chlorides or Acetates and Trialkylboranes . . . 6706.1.25.3 Method 3: Hydroboration of Enynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670

Applications of Product Subclass 25 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

6.1.25.4 Method 4: Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6716.1.25.5 Method 5: Reaction with Protic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6736.1.25.5.1 Variation 1: Reaction with Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6746.1.25.5.2 Variation 2: Deborylation by Acetic Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674

6.1.26 Product Subclass 26: Aryl- and HetarylboranesN. Miyaura

6.1.26 Product Subclass 26: Aryl- and Hetarylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

Synthesis of Product Subclass 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

6.1.26.1 Method 1: Transmetalation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6776.1.26.1.1 Variation 1: Via Magnesium and Lithium Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6776.1.26.1.2 Variation 2: Via Tin Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6846.1.26.2 Methods 2: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Applications of Product Subclass 26 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

6.1.26.3 Method 3: As Catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6886.1.26.3.1 Variation 1: For Aldol Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6886.1.26.3.2 Variation 2: For Diels–Alder Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6896.1.26.3.3 Variation 3: For the Rearrangement of Epoxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6906.1.26.3.4 Variation 4: For the Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690

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6.1.26.3.5 Variation 5: For Hydrostannation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6916.1.26.4 Method 4: Arylation of Organic Electrophiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6926.1.26.5 Method 5: Copper-Mediated C-C Bond Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693

6.1.27 Product Subclass 27: DienylboranesK. Albrecht and D. E. Kaufmann

6.1.27 Product Subclass 27: Dienylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

Synthesis of Product Subclass 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697

6.1.27.1 Method 1: Metal–Boron Exchange Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6976.1.27.1.1 Variation 1: Borylation of Dienyllithium and Dienylsodium Compounds . . 6976.1.27.1.2 Variation 2: From Dienyl- and Trienylstannanes and

Zirconium Metallacycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6986.1.27.2 Method 2: Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Vinylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . 7006.1.27.2.1 Variation 1: Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7006.1.27.2.2 Variation 2: Cross Coupling of Vinylzinc Compounds with

(2-Halovinyl)boronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7006.1.27.3 Method 3: Zirconium-Mediated Dimerization of Alkynylboronates . . . . . . 7016.1.27.4 Method 4: By Elimination Reactions of Functionalized Organoboronates 7026.1.27.5 Method 5: Addition Reactions to Enynes and Diynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7036.1.27.5.1 Variation 1: Addition of Hydroboranes and Hydroboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7036.1.27.5.2 Variation 2: Addition of Haloboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7046.1.27.5.3 Variation 3: Addition of Organoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7056.1.27.6 Method 6: Migration of Alkenyl Groups from Boron to Carbon . . . . . . . . . 7066.1.27.6.1 Variation 1: Migration of Alkyl Groups from Boron to Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . 7076.1.27.7 Methods 7: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

Applications of Product Subclass 27 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

6.1.27.8 Method 8: Formation of Cyclohexenylboronates viathe Diels–Alder Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708

6.1.27.9 Method 9: Oxidation to Æ,�-Unsaturated Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7096.1.27.10 Method 10: 1,4-Addition of Dienylboronates and Dienylboronic Acids to

Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7106.1.27.11 Method 11: Synthesis of Substituted Homoallylic Alcohols via

2,5-Dihydro-1H-boroles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7116.1.27.12 Method 12: Formation of Butatrienes by Elimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7126.1.27.13 Method 13: Substitution of the Boron Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7136.1.27.13.1 Variation 1: Synthesis of Substituted Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7136.1.27.13.2 Variation 2: Stereoselective Synthesis of Iodinated Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7156.1.27.13.3 Variation 3: Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyene Carbon Frameworks

(Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

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6.1.28 Product Subclass 28: VinylboranesM. Vaultier and G. Alcaraz

6.1.28 Product Subclass 28: Vinylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

Synthesis of Product Subclass 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

6.1.28.1 Method 1: Dehydrogenative Boration of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7216.1.28.2 Method 2: By Metal–Boron Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7236.1.28.2.1 Variation 1: From Vinylsilanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7236.1.28.2.2 Variation 2: From Vinylstannanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7246.1.28.2.3 Variation 3: From Vinylated Transition Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7266.1.28.3 Method 3: By Elimination Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7276.1.28.4 Method 4: Boron-Wittig Reaction of Di- or Tri(boryl)methides and

Aldehydes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7276.1.28.5 Method 5: By the Peterson Alkenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7296.1.28.6 Method 6: From Aldehydes and 1,1-Dimetalated Methylboronic Esters . 7306.1.28.7 Method 7: Hydroboration of Alkynes and Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7316.1.28.7.1 Variation 1: With Borane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7316.1.28.7.2 Variation 2: With Monosubstituted Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7316.1.28.7.3 Variation 3: With Disubstituted Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7346.1.28.7.4 Variation 4: Catalyzed Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7576.1.28.8 Method 8: Hydrozirconation of Alkynylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7626.1.28.9 Method 9: Hydrogenation of Alkyn-1-ylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7626.1.28.10 Method 10: 1,1-Organoboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7636.1.28.11 Method 11: Allylboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7676.1.28.12 Method 12: Carbometalation of Alkynylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7696.1.28.13 Method 13: Haloboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7706.1.28.14 Method 14: Boracyclopropenation of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7716.1.28.15 Method 15: Catalyzed Dimetalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7726.1.28.15.1 Variation 1: Diboration of Alkynes, Allenes,

and Methylidenecyclopropanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7726.1.28.15.2 Variation 2: Sulfanylboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7796.1.28.15.3 Variation 3: Silaboration of Alkynes, Allenes, and Alkylidenecyclopropanes 7806.1.28.15.4 Variation 4: Stannaboration and Germaboration of Alkynes and Allenes . . 7896.1.28.15.5 Variation 5: Boraruthenation of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7926.1.28.16 Method 16: By Rearrangement of Trialkyl(alkynyl)borates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7936.1.28.17 Method 17: By Diels–Alder Reactions of Dienylboronates and

Alkynylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7956.1.28.17.1 Variation 1: From Alkynylboranes and Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7956.1.28.17.2 Variation 2: From Dienylboronates and Dienophiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7966.1.28.18 Method 18: Radical Additions to Alkynylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7986.1.28.19 Method 19: Photolytic Rearrangement of Alkynylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7996.1.28.20 Method 20: By the Isomerization of Allylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800

Applications of Product Subclass 28 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801

6.1.28.21 Method 21: Formation of a Metal-Carbon Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8016.1.28.22 Method 22: Formation of a Heteroatom-Carbon Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8046.1.28.22.1 Variation 1: Halogen-Carbon Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8046.1.28.22.2 Variation 2: Chalcogen-Carbon Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

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6.1.28.22.3 Variation 3: Nitrogen-Carbon and Oxygen-Carbon Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8136.1.28.22.4 Variation 4: Group 14 Metal-Carbon Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8146.1.28.23 Method 23: Formation of a C-C Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8156.1.28.23.1 Variation 1: With Æ-Boron Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8156.1.28.23.2 Variation 2: Carbometalation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8186.1.28.23.3 Variation 3: Radical Addition Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8206.1.28.23.4 Variation 4: Cyclopropanation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8246.1.28.23.5 Variation 5: By Alkene Cross-Metathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8276.1.28.23.6 Variation 6: Homologation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8286.1.28.23.7 Variation 7: By Isomerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8296.1.28.23.8 Variation 8: Pericyclic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8306.1.28.23.9 Variation 9: Cross-Coupling Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8376.1.28.23.10 Variation 10: 1,4-Addition Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8416.1.28.23.11 Variation 11: Multicomponent Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8436.1.28.23.12 Variation 12: Boron-Stabilized Alkenyl Carbanions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

6.1.29 Product Subclass 29: Æ-Boryl Carbonyl CompoundsH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik

6.1.29 Product Subclass 29: Æ-Boryl Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

Synthesis of Product Subclass 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855

6.1.29.1 Method 1: Synthesis of 5-Ethyl-2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2,3-diaza-borine-4-carbaldehyde by Halogen Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . 855

6.1.29.2 Method 2: Synthesis of 5-(Dihydroxyboryl)uracil byHalogen–Metal Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856

6.1.29.3 Method 3: Formation of Æ,N-Borylamides by Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8566.1.29.4 Method 4: Metal-Exchange Reactions of Diazo Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 8566.1.29.5 Method 5: Reaction of Bis(methoxycarbonylmethyl)mercury with

Alkylbromo(dimethylamino)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8576.1.29.6 Method 6: Hydroboration of Functionalized Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8576.1.29.7 Method 7: Hydroboration of Methyl 2-(Acetylamino)acrylate . . . . . . . . . . 8586.1.29.8 Method 8: Hydroboration of Unsaturated Esters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8586.1.29.9 Method 9: Hydroboration of Enehydrazones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8586.1.29.10 Method 10: Aminoboration of Ketene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8596.1.29.11 Method 11: Haloboration of Triple Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8606.1.29.12 Method 12: Ozonolysis of (Trifluoromethyl)(trifluorovinyl)boron

Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8616.1.29.13 Method 13: Synthesis of Quinone Boronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861

Applications of Product Subclass 29 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863

6.1.29.14 Method 14: Synthesis of Novel Alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8636.1.29.15 Method 15: Æ-Alkyl Ketones by the Reaction of Trialkylboranes with

Æ-Bromo Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863

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6.1.30 Product Subclass 30: �-HaloalkylboranesH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik

6.1.30 Product Subclass 30: �-Haloalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

Synthesis of Product Subclass 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

6.1.30.1 Method 1: Hydroboration of Haloalkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8676.1.30.1.1 Variation 1: (�-Fluoroalkyl)boranes from (Perfluoroalkyl)ethenes . . . . . . . . 8676.1.30.1.2 Variation 2: Hydroboration of Vinylic Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8686.1.30.1.3 Variation 3: Hydroboration of Allylic Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8696.1.30.1.4 Variation 4: Hydroboration of Chloroalkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8706.1.30.2 Method 2: Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Vinylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . 8716.1.30.3 Method 3: Haloboration of Unsaturated Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8726.1.30.3.1 Variation 1: Haloboration of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8726.1.30.3.2 Variation 2: Haloboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8726.1.30.4 Method 4: Cycloaddition to Alkenylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8746.1.30.4.1 Variation 1: Cyclopropanation of a Vinylboronate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8746.1.30.4.2 Variation 2: Diels–Alder Reaction of Alkenylboranes and Alkenylboronates 874

Applications of Product Subclass 30 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874

6.1.30.5 Method 5: Halogenation of Unsaturated Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8746.1.30.5.1 Variation 1: Addition of Halogens to Alkenylboranes and Alkenylboronates 8756.1.30.5.2 Variation 2: Zweifel�s Stereocontrolled Alkene Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8756.1.30.5.3 Variation 3: Zweifel�s Stereocontrolled Diene Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877

6.1.31 Product Subclass 31: �-Alkoxyalkyl-, �-Sulfanylalkyl-,and �-AminoalkylboranesH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik

6.1.31 Product Subclass 31: �-Alkoxyalkyl-, �-Sulfanylalkyl-,and �-Aminoalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

Synthesis of Product Subclass 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

6.1.31.1 �-Alkoxyalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

6.1.31.1.1 Method 1: Hydroboration of Enol Ethers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8816.1.31.1.2 Method 2: Hydroboration of Allylic Ethers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8836.1.31.1.3 Method 3: Catalytic Borylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8836.1.31.1.4 Method 4: Carbon Chain Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884

6.1.31.2 �-Sulfanylalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

6.1.31.2.1 Method 1: Hydroboration of Alkenyl Sulfides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8856.1.31.2.2 Method 2: Addition of Thiols to Alkenylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8856.1.31.2.3 Method 3: Thioboration of Ethoxyacetylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886

6.1.31.3 �-Aminoalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887

6.1.31.3.1 Method 1: Hydroboration of Enamines and Allylic Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8876.1.31.3.2 Method 2: Carbon Chain Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

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6.1.32 Product Subclass 32: �-Silylalkyl- and �-StannylalkylboranesP. J. Murphy

6.1.32 Product Subclass 32: �-Silylalkyl- and �-Stannylalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Synthesis of Product Subclass 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

6.1.32.1 Method 1: From Methoxyborinanes and Methoxyborolanes . . . . . . . . . . . . 8936.1.32.2 Method 2: Hydroboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8936.1.32.3 Method 3: Hydroboration of Vinylsilanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8946.1.32.3.1 Variation 1: Using Borane Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8946.1.32.3.2 Variation 2: Using Borane–Dimethyl Sulfide Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8966.1.32.3.3 Variation 3: Using Triisobutylborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8976.1.32.3.4 Variation 4: Using Hindered Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8976.1.32.3.5 Variation 5: Using Bis(pentafluorophenyl)borane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8986.1.32.3.6 Variation 6: Of Divinylsilanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9006.1.32.3.7 Variation 7: Using (–)-Diisopinocampheylborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9016.1.32.4 Method 4: Heterocycles by Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9026.1.32.4.1 Variation 1: Using tert-Butylborane–Trimethylamine Complex . . . . . . . . . . . 9036.1.32.4.2 Variation 2: Using Borane–Dimethyl Sulfide Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9046.1.32.4.3 Variation 3: Using 1,1-Dimethyl-1,4-silaborinane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9056.1.32.5 Method 5: Silylation of Vinylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9056.1.32.6 Method 6: From a Diborirane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9056.1.32.7 Method 7: From Tetrahalodiboranes(4) and Vinylsilanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9066.1.32.8 Method 8: From Tetrachlorodiborane(4) and Vinylstannanes . . . . . . . . . . . 9066.1.32.9 Method 9: Addition to Z-2-Boryl-1-stannylalkenes with Rearrangement . 9066.1.32.10 Method 10: Alkyl and Aryl Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907

Applications of Product Subclass 32 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

6.1.32.11 Method 11: Synthesis of Methoxyborinanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9096.1.32.12 Method 12: Synthesis of Methoxyboranes and Methylboronates via

Butylsulfanylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9096.1.32.13 Method 13: Synthesis of Methoxyboranes by Boron Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . 910

6.1.33 Product Subclass 33: PropargylboranesD. E. Kaufmann and C. Burmester

6.1.33 Product Subclass 33: Propargylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913

Synthesis of Product Subclass 33 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914

6.1.33.1 Method 1: By Transmetalation Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9146.1.33.1.1 Variation 1: Borylation of Lithium or Magnesium Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . 9146.1.33.1.2 Variation 2: Borylation of Stannanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9156.1.33.2 Method 2: By Rearrangement of “Ate” Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9156.1.33.2.1 Variation 1: By One-Carbon Homologation of Boronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9166.1.33.2.2 Variation 2: From Æ-Haloalkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917

Applications of Product Subclass 33 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918

6.1.33.3 Method 3: Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9186.1.33.4 Method 4: Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919

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6.1.34 Product Subclass 34: Benzylboranes and BenzylboronatesM. Zaidlewicz and J. Meller

6.1.34 Product Subclass 34: Benzylboranes and Benzylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

Synthesis of Product Subclass 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

6.1.34.1 Method 1: Transmetalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9216.1.34.1.1 Variation 1: From Haloboranes and Benzylic Organometallics . . . . . . . . . . . 9216.1.34.1.2 Variation 2: From Alkoxyboranes or Alkylboronates and

Benzylic Organometallics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9236.1.34.1.3 Variation 3: From Trialkyl- or Triarylboranes and Benzylic Organometallics 9246.1.34.2 Method 2: Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9246.1.34.3 Method 3: Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9256.1.34.3.1 Variation 1: Hydroboration with Boranes and Hydroborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9256.1.34.3.2 Variation 2: Catalytic Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9286.1.34.4 Method 4: Homologation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9296.1.34.5 Method 5: From Benzyl Halides by a Cross-Coupling Reaction . . . . . . . . . . 9316.1.34.6 Method 6: Benzylic C-H Borylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9326.1.34.7 Method 7: From Borane and Ylides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9336.1.34.8 Method 8: From Benzylic Hydroborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933

Applications of Product Subclass 34 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934

6.1.34.9 Method 9: Protonolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9346.1.34.10 Method 10: Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9366.1.34.11 Method 11: Amination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9376.1.34.12 Method 12: Haloboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9376.1.34.13 Method 13: Carbaboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9386.1.34.14 Method 14: Dichloromethyl Methyl Ether Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9386.1.34.15 Method 15: Cross-Coupling Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9396.1.34.16 Method 16: Formation of Benzylborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9406.1.34.16.1 Variation 1: Benzylborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9406.1.34.16.2 Variation 2: Alkylarylbenzylborates and Benzylcyanoborates . . . . . . . . . . . . 9406.1.34.17 Method 17: Transmetalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 941

6.1.35 Product Subclass 35: AllylboranesY. Bubnov

6.1.35 Product Subclass 35: Allylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

Synthesis of Product Subclass 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949

6.1.35.1 Method 1: Transmetalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9496.1.35.1.1 Variation 1: From Allylic Tin Compounds and Boron Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9496.1.35.1.2 Variation 2: Via Aluminum Sesquibromides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9556.1.35.1.3 Variation 3: From Allylmagnesium Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9566.1.35.1.4 Variation 4: From Alkenes via Lithium and Potassium Derivatives . . . . . . . . 9656.1.35.1.5 Variation 5: Via Lithiation of Penta-1,3- and Penta-1,4-dienes, Polyenes,

and Aromatic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9726.1.35.1.6 Variation 6: Via Lithiated Allylic Halides, Ethers, Sulfides, and Selenides . . 980

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6.1.35.1.7 Variation 7: From Allylsilanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9896.1.35.2 Method 2: By Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9906.1.35.2.1 Variation 1: Via Hydroboration of Propargyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9906.1.35.2.2 Variation 2: Hydroboration of Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9946.1.35.2.3 Variation 3: Hydroboration of 1,3-Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9986.1.35.2.4 Variation 4: Hydroboration–Cyclization of 1-En-3-ynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10006.1.35.3 Method 3: Haloboration of Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10016.1.35.4 Method 4: Diboration, Silaboration, and Stannaboration of

1,3-Dienes and Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10026.1.35.4.1 Variation 1: Diboration of 1,3-Dienes and Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10026.1.35.4.2 Variation 2: 1,4-Silaboration of 1,3-Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10066.1.35.4.3 Variation 3: 1,4-Stannaboration of 1,3-Dienes and Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10076.1.35.5 Method 5: From 1,3-Dienylboranes via Diels–Alder Reaction . . . . . . . . . . 10086.1.35.6 Method 6: Cross-Coupling Reactions of Diborane Derivatives with

Allylic Acetates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10116.1.35.7 Method 7: From Trialkyl(alkynyl)borates via a 1,2-Anionotropic

Rearrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10126.1.35.8 Method 8: From Trialkylboranes and Alkynyl Derivatives of

Tin and Silicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10146.1.35.9 Method 9: Homologation of Vinylic Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10166.1.35.10 Method 10: Vinylation of Haloalkylboron Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10196.1.35.11 Method 11: From Triallylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10256.1.35.11.1 Variation 1: Redistribution Reactions with Boric and Thioboric Esters . . . 10256.1.35.11.2 Variation 2: Reactions with Protolytic Reagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10266.1.35.11.3 Variation 3: Reactions with Carbonyl Compounds, Acids, and Esters . . . . 10306.1.35.11.4 Variation 4: Reactions with Nitriles and Imines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10316.1.35.11.5 Variation 5: Reaction with Cyclopropenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10336.1.35.12 Method 12: From Triallylic Organoboranes and Alkynes or Allenes . . . . . . 10356.1.35.12.1 Variation 1: Diallyl(penta-1,4-dienyl)boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10366.1.35.12.2 Variation 2: 1-Allylborin Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10396.1.35.12.3 Variation 3: 3-Allyl-3-borabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-enes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10406.1.35.12.4 Variation 4: Reactions of Allylic Boranes with Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10416.1.35.13 Method 13: From Aminoboranes via [2 + 4]-Cycloaddition and

Ene Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10426.1.35.14 Method 14: Via Ring Closure and Cross-Metathesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10436.1.35.15 Methods 15: Miscellaneous Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046

Applications of Product Subclass 35 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1054

6.1.35.16 Method 16: Complexation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10546.1.35.17 Method 17: Allylboration of Organic Compounds Containing

a Multiple Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10546.1.35.18 Method 18: Reductive Mono- and trans-Æ,Æ¢-Diallylation of

Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles with Allylic Boranes . . . . . . . 10556.1.35.19 Methods 19: Miscellaneous Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1056

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6.1.36 Product Subclass 36: �-Boryl Carbonyl CompoundsD. S. Matteson

6.1.36 Product Subclass 36: �-Boryl Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

Synthesis of Product Subclass 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1073

6.1.36.1 Method 1: From Æ-Haloalkylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10736.1.36.1.1 Variation 1: From Ester Enolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10736.1.36.1.2 Variation 2: From Oxazolidinone Enolates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10766.1.36.1.3 Variation 3: From Æ-Cyano Carbanions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10776.1.36.2 Method 2: Oxidation of ª-Hydroxy Boronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10796.1.36.3 Methods 3: Additional Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080

6.1.37 Product Subclass 37: ª-HaloalkylboranesH. Abu Ali, V. M. Dembitsky, and M. Srebnik

6.1.37 Product Subclass 37: ª-Haloalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083

Synthesis of Product Subclass 37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083

6.1.37.1 Method 1: Formation of B-(ª-Fluoroalkyl)borazine Derivatives bySubstitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083

6.1.37.2 Method 2: Hydroboration of Allylic Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10856.1.37.3 Method 3: Synthesis of 1-Boraadamantane Derivatives via

Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10876.1.37.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Chloronorbornane Derivatives by

Hydroboration or Chloroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10886.1.37.5 Method 5: Diboration of Haloalkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10906.1.37.6 Method 6: Synthesis of Allyl(halo)borabicyclononanes by Cycloaddition 10906.1.37.7 Method 7: Diels–Alder Reactions of Allylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10916.1.37.8 Method 8: Diels–Alder Reactions of Vinylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10916.1.37.9 Method 9: Æ-Halo-ª,ª,ª-trichloropropylborane Derivatives by

Additions to Vinylboranes and Vinylboronates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092

Applications of Product Subclass 37 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093

6.1.37.10 Method 10: Cyclopropane Ring Formation via Hydroboration ofAllylic Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093

6.1.38 Product Subclass 38: TrialkylboranesM. Zaidlewicz and M. Krzeminski

6.1.38 Product Subclass 38: Trialkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097

Synthesis of Product Subclass 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098

6.1.38.1 Method 1: Hydroboration of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10986.1.38.1.1 Variation 1: With Borane Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11046.1.38.1.2 Variation 2: With Monoalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11066.1.38.1.3 Variation 3: With Dialkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11096.1.38.2 Method 2: Hydroboration of Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1116

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6.1.38.2.1 Variation 1: With Borane Complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11166.1.38.2.2 Variation 2: With Monoalkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11186.1.38.3 Method 3: Hydroboration of Functional Derivatives of Alkenes . . . . . . . . 11206.1.38.4 Method 4: Hydroboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11236.1.38.5 Method 5: Transmetalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11236.1.38.5.1 Variation 1: With Boron Halides and Tetrahaloborates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11256.1.38.5.2 Variation 2: With Boron Alkoxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11266.1.38.6 Method 6: Isomerization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11286.1.38.7 Method 7: Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11306.1.38.8 Method 8: Redistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11316.1.38.9 Method 9: Pyrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11326.1.38.10 Method 10: Hydrogenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11336.1.38.11 Method 11: Organoborate Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11346.1.38.11.1 Variation 1: Homologation by Carbonylation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11356.1.38.11.2 Variation 2: Homologation by Substituted Methyl Carbanions . . . . . . . . . . 11366.1.38.11.3 Variation 3: Cyclization of Æ,Æ-Bis(dialkylboryl)-w-haloalkanes . . . . . . . . . . 11386.1.38.12 Method 12: The Diels–Alder Reactions of Vinylic Dialkylboranes . . . . . . . . 1139

Applications of Product Subclass 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140

6.1.38.13 Method 13: Protonolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11416.1.38.14 Method 14: Oxidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11426.1.38.14.1 Variation 1: Oxidation to Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11426.1.38.14.2 Variation 2: Oxidation to Hydroperoxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11446.1.38.14.3 Variation 3: Oxidation to Aldehydes and Ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11446.1.38.14.4 Variation 4: Oxidation to Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11456.1.38.15 Method 15: Amination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11466.1.38.15.1 Variation 1: Primary Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11466.1.38.15.2 Variation 2: Secondary and Tertiary Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11486.1.38.16 Method 16: Halogenolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11506.1.38.16.1 Variation 1: Chlorinolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11506.1.38.16.2 Variation 2: Brominolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11526.1.38.16.3 Variation 3: Iodinolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11546.1.38.17 Method 17: Sulfidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11556.1.38.18 Method 18: Transmetalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11566.1.38.18.1 Variation 1: Formation of Alkyl Selenides and Alkyl Tellurides . . . . . . . . . . . 11566.1.38.18.2 Variation 2: Formation of Alkylmercurials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11576.1.38.18.3 Variation 3: Formation of Dialkylzincs from Trialkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11586.1.38.19 Method 19: Æ-Bromination–Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11606.1.38.20 Method 20: Single-Carbon Insertion Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11626.1.38.20.1 Variation 1: Carbonylation of Trialkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11636.1.38.20.2 Variation 2: Cyanidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11656.1.38.20.3 Variation 3: The Æ,Æ-Dichloromethyl Methyl Ether Reaction and

Related Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11666.1.38.21 Method 21: Æ-Alkylation of Carbonyl Compounds, Nitriles,

and Æ-Heterosubstituted Carbanions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11676.1.38.21.1 Variation 1: Alkylation of Æ-Halogenated and Æ,Æ-Dihalogenated

Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1168

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6.1.38.21.2 Variation 2: Alkylation of Æ-Diazocarbonyl Compounds,and Other Diazo Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169

6.1.38.21.3 Variation 3: Alkylation of Æ-Halogenated and Æ,Æ-Dihalogenated Nitriles 11706.1.38.21.4 Variation 4: Alkylation of Other Æ-Heterosubstituted Carbanions . . . . . . . 11716.1.38.22 Method 22: Reaction of Organoborates with Electrophiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11736.1.38.22.1 Variation 1: Alkenyltrialkylborate Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11756.1.38.22.2 Variation 2: Trialkyl(alkynyl)borate Rearrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11766.1.38.23 Method 23: Small Ring Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11826.1.38.24 Method 24: Coupling of Alkyl Groups Attached to Boron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11836.1.38.25 Method 25: The Cross-Coupling Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11846.1.38.25.1 Variation 1: Cross Coupling of Trialkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11856.1.38.25.2 Variation 2: Carbonylative Cross Coupling of Trialkylboranes and

Acyl–Alkyl Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11876.1.38.26 Method 26: Free-Radical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11886.1.38.26.1 Variation 1: Conjugate Addition Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11886.1.38.26.2 Variation 2: Alkylation of 1,4-Quinones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11906.1.38.26.3 Variation 3: Trialkylborane-Induced Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11916.1.38.26.4 Variation 4: Other Free-Radical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11926.1.38.27 Method 27: 1,2-Addition to Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11936.1.38.27.1 Variation 1: Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11936.1.38.27.2 Variation 2: The Boron-Wittig Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11956.1.38.27.3 Variation 3: Alkylation of Aryl Aldehyde Tosylhydrazones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11976.1.38.28 Method 28: Formation of Di- and Trialkylborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11986.1.38.28.1 Variation 1: Dialkylborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11986.1.38.28.2 Variation 2: Trialkylborohydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199

6.1.39 Product Subclass 39: Tetraaryl- and Tetraalkylborates andRelated Organometallic CompoundsD. E. Kaufmann and M. K�ster

6.1.39 Product Subclass 39: Tetraaryl- and Tetraalkylborates andRelated Organometallic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217

Synthesis of Product Subclass 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217

6.1.39.1 Method 1: Tetraarylborates and Mixed Alkylarylborates from Aryl-lithiums, Grignard Reagents, or Related Compounds andBoranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217

6.1.39.2 Method 2: Trialkylvinylborates from Organolithium Compounds andBoranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219

6.1.39.2.1 Variation 1: Vinylation of Trialkylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12196.1.39.2.2 Variation 2: Alkylation of Vinylboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12206.1.39.3 Method 3: Synthesis of Ethynyltriorganoborates from

Metalated Alkynes and Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12206.1.39.3.1 Variation 1: From Alkali Acetylides or Acetylenic Grignard Compounds

and Boranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12206.1.39.3.2 Variation 2: From Hydrotriorganoborates and Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12216.1.39.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Tetraorganoborates from Alkyllithiums and

Organoboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221

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Applications of Product Subclass 39 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222

6.1.39.5 Method 5: Formation of C-C Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12226.1.39.5.1 Variation 1: Arylations and Alkylations of Halides, Pseudohalides,

and Heterocycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12226.1.39.5.2 Variation 2: Synthesis of Terminal Allenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12246.1.39.5.3 Variation 3: Arylations and Alkylations of Acid Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12256.1.39.5.4 Variation 4: Synthesis of Biaryls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12256.1.39.5.5 Variation 5: Synthesis of Alkyl-Substituted Aromatic Heterocycles . . . . . . 12266.1.39.5.6 Variation 6: Addition/Rearrangement Reactions of

Trialkyl(ethynyl)borates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12286.1.39.6 Methods 6: Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1230

6.1.40 Product Subclass 40: Carboranes and MetallacarboranesF. Teixidor and C. Vi�as

6.1.40 Product Subclass 40: Carboranes and Metallacarboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235

Synthesis of Product Subclass 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242

6.1.40.1 Method 1: Synthesis of Monocarboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12426.1.40.2 Method 2: Synthesis of Dicarboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12466.1.40.3 Method 3: Synthesis of Anionic closo-Metallacarboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12476.1.40.4 Method 4: Synthesis of Neutral closo-Metallacarboranes with

Phosphine Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12526.1.40.5 Method 5: Synthesis of Forced exo-nido-Metallacarboranes with

Sulfanyl- and Phosphine Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12546.1.40.6 Method 6: Synthesis of Neutral closo-Metallacarboranes with

Allyl Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12586.1.40.7 Method 7: Synthesis of Neutral Charge-Compensated

Sulfonium closo-Metallacarboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1259

Applications of Product Subclass 40 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260

6.1.40.8 Method 8: Stabilization of Carbenium Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12606.1.40.8.1 Variation 1: Synthesis and Stabilization of the tert-Butyl Cation . . . . . . . . . 12616.1.40.9 Method 9: Icosahedral Borane Anions for Cation Precipitation . . . . . . . . . 12626.1.40.9.1 Variation 1: Precipitation of Speciality Cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12626.1.40.9.2 Variation 2: Anionic Carborane Clusters as Supramolecular

Chemistry Models for Convex Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12636.1.40.10 Method 10: Hydrogenation of Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12636.1.40.10.1 Variation 1: Terminal Alkene Hydrogenation Using closo- and

exo-nido-Rhodacarborane Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12636.1.40.10.2 Variation 2: Terminal Alkenes Hydrogenation Using Forced exo-nido-

Monosulfanyl- and exo-nido-Monophosphinorhodacarbo-ranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264

6.1.40.10.3 Variation 3: Internal Alkenes by Hydrogenation Using closo- andexo-nido-Monosulfanylrhodacarboranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266

6.1.40.11 Method 11: Kharasch Addition to Alkenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267

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6.1.41 Product Subclass 41: Boron-Containing PolymersD. Gabel

6.1.41 Product Subclass 41: Boron-Containing Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277

Synthesis of Product Subclass 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277

6.1.41.1 Method 1: Polymerization by a Dehydration Reaction betweenPolyols and Boronic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277

6.1.41.2 Method 2: Polymerization by Hydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12786.1.41.2.1 Variation 1: Of Dienes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12786.1.41.2.2 Variation 2: Of Diynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12786.1.41.2.3 Variation 3: Of Dinitriles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12796.1.41.2.4 Variation 4: Of Alkenes by Bromoborane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12816.1.41.3 Method 3: Polymerization by Allylboration of Dinitriles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12816.1.41.4 Method 4: Polymerization by Chloroboration of Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12826.1.41.5 Method 5: Polymerization by Alkoxyboration of Diisocyanates . . . . . . . . 12826.1.41.6 Method 6: Ziegler–Natta Polymerization of Boron-Containing Alkenes . 12836.1.41.7 Method 7: Polymerization by Complex Formation between

Boranes and Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12836.1.41.8 Method 8: Modification of Boron-Containing Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284

Applications of Product Subclass 41 in Organic Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285

6.1.41.9 Method 9: Modification of Non-Boron-Containing Polymers byHydroboration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285

6.1.41.10 Method 10: Polymers by Electropolymerization ofBoron-Containing Monomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285

6.1.41.11 Method 11: Removal of Boron from Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286

Keyword Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1351

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403

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