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Chapter 2 Heating Earth’s Surface and Atmosphere



No, the left one is larger



The sun on the left is closer to earth.




Left – January (NH) Right – July (NH)




Left – January (NH) Right – July (NH)

Warmest in July the smaller image of the sun


Earth-Sun Relationships

Earth’s two principal motions

Rotation is the spinning of the earth on its axis,

resulting in the daily cycle of day and night.

Revolution is the movement of the Earth in an

elliptical orbit around sun, producing one year.

Its perihelion, the closest point to sun

occurs on about January 3.

The aphelion, which is the furthest point

from sun occurs on about July 4.


Creating the Seasons

Using the globe and light bulb (SUN) Position the objects to create 1. Summer solstice 2. Spring equinox 3. Winter solstice 4. Fall equinox


The Seasons


Summer solstice

Tropic Cancer

At noon the sun is directly over the ___________. Tropic Cancer


Spring equinox

Equator

At noon the sun is directly over the ___________. Equator


Winter solstice

Tropic Capricorn

At noon the sun is directly over the ___________. Tropic Capricorn


Fall equinox

Equator

At noon the sun is directly over the ___________. Equator


The Seasons



What causes the seasons?

The gradual change in day length accounts for some of the differences in the seasons.



A change in angle of the sun also plays a significant role.



Solstices

The summer solstice occurs on or about June 21 or 22.

At that time, the sun’s rays are vertical

on the Tropic of Cancer.

It also produces the longest day

in the northern hemisphere.

The winter solstice occurs on or about December 21 or 22.

The sun’s rays are then vertical

on the Tropic of Capricorn.

This results in the shortest day

in the northern hemisphere.


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Energy, Temperature, and Heat

Forms of energy

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Kinetic energy describes an object in motion: the faster the motion, the greater the energy.

Potential energy means that an object is capable of motion or work.

Substances such as food, gasoline, or wood contain potential energy.



Forms of energy

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Kinetic energy describes an object in motion: the faster the motion, the greater the energy.

Potential energy means that an object is capable of motion or work.

Substances such as food, gasoline, or wood contain potential energy.


Energy comes from the sun

Temperature imbalance of energy

Heat is transferred from

equator to poles

This process is our

weather


Energy



Temperature:

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules in a substance.

As temperature increases, energy is gained.

As temperature decreases, energy is lost.


Heat

Heat

Heat is the energy transferred in or out of

object due to temperature differences.

Energy absorbed but with no increase in

temperature is called latent heat.

Sensible heat is heat we can

feel or measure with a thermometer.


Three mechanisms of heat transfer


Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Conduction:

Conduction is the heat transferred through molecular and electron collisions from one molecule to another.



Convection:

Convection is the heat transferred via movement or circulation of a substance.

Warm air rising creates thermal currents.

Advection describes the primarily horizontal component of convective flow.

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Radiation

Radiation is the only mechanism of heat transfer that can travel through the vacuum of space.

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Radiation

Electromagnetic Radiation


Solar radiation travels through space providing light and heat energy.

Wavelength describes the length of the crest of one radio wave to the next.

Visible light, often referred to as “white light,” actually describes the sensitivity of the human eye to a range of wavelengths.

Infrared radiation cannot be seen by the human eye, but is detected as heat.

Ultraviolet radiation, on the opposite side of the visible range, consists of wavelengths that may cause sunburns.


Electromagnetic Radiation


1. All objects continually emit radiate energy of a range of wavelengths.

2. Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit than colder ones.

3. Hotter objects radiate more short wave radiation than cooler ones.

4. Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are also good emitters.

Laws of radiation:


What Happens to Incoming Solar Radiation?

Reflection:

Light bounces back from an object at the

same angle and intensity.

Scattering:

Scattering produces a large number of

weaker rays traveling in different directions.

Backscattering:

Scattering, both backwards and forwards, is known as backscattering.



Reflection and the Earth’s albedo:

Albedo is the % of radiation reflected by an object.

The albedo for Earth is about 30%.

For the moon, the albedo is about 7%.



Average distribution of incoming solar radiation. More energy (50%) absorbed by the earth than by the atmosphere (20 %).

Albedo of various surfaces.



Diffused light:

Diffused light is the result of dust particles and

gas molecules scatter light in different directions.

This diffusion results in clear days with a

bright blue sky.

A red sun on the horizon is the result of the

great distance solar radiation must travel

before it reaches your eyes.


The Role of Gases in the Atmosphere

Heating of the atmosphere:

Different gases absorb radiation

In different wavelengths.

Nitrogen

CO2

H20

02 and 03



The greenhouse effect:

The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon

and is a result of the Earth’s atmosphere trapping

some outgoing radiation.

Carbon dioxide and water vapor absorb

longwave radiation, which heats the air.

The greenhouse effect is NOT the same as global warming.





Moon

Venus

Earth


Earth’s Heat Budget

Annual energy balance:

Incoming and outgoing radiation account for the Earth’s heat budget.


Earth’s Heat Budget

Latitudinal heat balance:

Above 38°, the atmosphere

loses more radiation.

At 38°, incoming radiation and

outgoing radiation are equal.

Below 38°, the atmosphere

gains more radiation.

This results in an uneven heating of the planet.

COLD

HOT


End Chapter 2



What causes the seasons?

A change in angle of the sun (altitude)

varies the amount of sunlight received

at the earth’s surface.

The change in day length allows different

amounts of time for sunlight to reach

the earth.


The Atmosphere:

An Introduction to

Meteorology, 12th

Lutgens • Tarbuck

Lectures by:

Heather Gallacher,

Cleveland State University

Chapter 2: Heating Earth’s Surface and Atmosphere



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Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth - Chapter 4 · Potential energy means that an object is capable of motion or work. ... Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth - Chapter 4 Author: