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A Project Report on

Water Management System for

BITS-Pilani Goa Campus

Date: 08 March 2013


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This report is submitted in fulfilment of the requirement of

BITS C331 : Computer Oriented Project

Prepared by:

Snigdha Chaturvedi (2010B2A7529G)

Submitted to:-

Prof. M.K. Deshmukh


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Acknowledgements

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my mentor and teacherProf. M.K.

Deshmukh for his guidance which helped me immensely in researching and completing

this project.

His interest in my report and his constant support encouraged me to successfully draft

this report.

I would also like to thank Mr. Narsimha Pai, Civil Engineer, BITS Pilani, K.K.Birla Goa

Campus for cooperating throughout the project with his skilful inputs for my work.

This work would not have been possible without the help of the fellow members of

Engineers Without Border-BITS GOA Chapter who are part of this project through their

ideas and the field work that has been done.


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Abstract

In this era of ever increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, the pressure has

increased exponentially on the natural resources. Water, specifically freshwater, is one

such indispensable resource. It used from various industrial processes to the absolute

necessary domestic ones like drinking, washing, cooking etc. These usages are

increasing with boom in population thus making this commodity scarce.

With the population of India, such pressures are even more. Therefore, careful

management of water becomes crucial. This project details the development of a water

management system for a small community. The work of the project is based in BITS

Pilani-Goa Campus. The report will include the water consumption patterns in the

campus, thus recognizing areas of major concern. The report compares waterconsumption estimations with the several previous bills. Therefore, various measures

are recommended for better water management and some of them were

implemented.

Keywords : Water Management


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Table of Contents

Acknowledgement I

Abstract II

1. Introduction 12. Importance of Water Management 3

2.1.Uses of freshwater 52.2.Various Supply sources and methods 6

3. Water Management in Campus 73.1.Estimations 73.2.Actual Consumptions 103.3.Analysis of Data recorded 113.4.Existing Procedures in Campus 143.5.Implementations 153.6.Recommendations 163.7.Database portal 16

4. Conclusion 17

List of References V


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1. Introduction

We do not know the worth of water till the well is dry.

This quote stands true for our attitude towards one of the most important and

endangered resources on Earth, Water. Importance of water in our lives has always

been known. It is considered auspicious and has been worshipped since ages. But still,

in our daily lives, the availability of water is taken for granted. Almost 71% of Earths

surface is covered with water, but only about 3% of that is useful for us, the freshwater.

Even then, most of the freshwater is frozen in the ice caps and glaciers. These figures

should awaken us to the reality of water availability as each and every land creature

relies on this meagre amount for their survival. And no one more than the humans.

Explosive population rise, urbanization, and industrialisation have led to enormous

amounts of pressure on the water supplies for various usages. In India, water supply is

mainly handled by the Government bodies and private borewells or wells. In rural

locations, rivers and lakes still make up a majority of water supply for people. All these

supply sources of water are facing acute shortage these days at various places.

This project report traces the water management system being established in the

campus of BITS-Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus. The campus is a small community with a

population of approximately 3000. Water is put to a variety of uses here ranging from

domestic work like washing, bathing, cooking, to lab work. But the water consumption

regularly exceeds the estimated quantity per capita per unit time. This triggered off a

need to establish a water management system in the campus. Method of Literature

survey was adopted to seek examples of earlier such establishments at other locations

and their implementations. Then a study of water distribution and consumption charts

was done to find out the problem areas in campus. A database portal will be set up to

further streamline the water information managing which is non-existent right now.

This project has been done under the guidance ofProf. M.K. Deshmukh as per the

requirements of the course Computer Project (BITS C331).

Information Management and streamlining various management processes is the first


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to setting up a system which can look after the water problems at a place. There were

only a couple of water meters earlier to monitor the water supply and they were not

enough to give sufficient information. This is the reason that campus distributions

patterns were studied and put in a more legible and comparable form. The distribution

charts and the previous bills showed clearly the major water wasting areas. Those

areas were set up with water meters to regulate the flow. It will give us an idea

immediately when the water usage exceeds the estimated and the problem can be

remedied before it grows any further. The complaints system for the water problems in

the campus is also not maintained very well. Therefore a more clear and objective form

was created along with a database to help maintain the information and also make it

easier for future references.

This project analyses the background of water management, status of watermanagement in campus and provides a system to efficiently manage information for

future references. This will help in effective monitoring of any problem that comes up.

This project has been divided into sections dealing with different aspects of the work

that was done. The first section gives an overview of the importance of water

management and various places that it has been implemented. The second section

studies the estimated and actual water distribution patterns in the campus. Also

included are the various activities that water is used for here. This helps to identify the

major water wasting areas. The third section elaborates on the major wastage areas inthe campus and the extent of it. The fourth section highlights the recommendations for

improving the situation in campus and the measures that have already been

implemented during the course of the project. The fifth section describes the making

and working of the portal created to streamline information management regarding

water consumption in campus. The last section of this report is the Conclusion which

compares the situation before the project and after its completion and gives future

measures to be taken up.


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2. Importance of Water Management

Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing andmanaging the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle

management. In an ideal world, water resource management planning has regard to

all the competing demands for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable

basis to satisfy all uses and demands. This is rarely possible in practice.

Successful management of any resources requires accurate knowledge of theresource available, the uses to which it may be put, the competing demands for the

resource, measures to and processes to evaluate the significance and worth of

competing demands and mechanisms to translate policy decisions into actions on

the ground.

Water is also essential for socio-economic development and for maintaining healthyecosystems. Properly managed water resources are a critical component of growth,

poverty reduction and equity. The livelihoods of the poorest are critically associated

with access to water services.

Water Resources Management aims at optimizing the available natural water flows,including surface water and groundwater, to satisfy these competing needs. Adding

uncertainty, climate change will increase the complexity of managing water resources.

In some parts of the world, there will be more available water but in other parts,

including the developing world, there will be less.

2.1.Uses of Freshwater

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry - Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has

a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees

and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the

cycle of fresh water. As a result more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits

agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most

freshwater, this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the


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destruction of local ecosystems. Wells, increased number of borewells, and canals are

depleting freshwater resources such as groundwater, rivers, lakes, and ponds.

Rearing animals also requires vast amounts of water mainly for their food and washing.

Sanitation

Washing, bathing, etc. comes under sanitation require humungousamounts water and these uses pollute water too through sewage.

Food and DrinkingWater is crucial to all life forms and therefore clean drinking water

is the need of the hour for everyone and the scarcity in freshwater hits this use the

most.

Industrial Water is usually required for various processes of production in the

industries and labs. These uses heavily pollute the water with materials ranging from

bacteria to toxic chemicals.

2.2.Various Supply Sources

Water for various uses is supplied through different sources usually depending on the

activity it is required for. Some of the most common sources and supplying methods

are :

Groundwater through Wells and Borewells. Rivers, Lakes, and Ponds water is collected directly or supplied through canals. Rainwater mostly used directly for agriculture or collected for domestic uses. Recycled water cleaned and treated water is used for various processes, mainly

watering plants, washing, and other industrial processes.

The water from these sources is usually supplied through borewells and Government

pipelines or tanks in the urban areas. But most of the villages are mostly dependent

directly on the local bodies for their water needs.


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3. Water Management in Campus

BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, established in 2004, is located in the state of Goa

with co-ordinates 1539 N and 7387 E. It is spread over an area of approximately 180acres. The campus is similar to a small self-sufficient community. The campus

accommodates approximately 3500 people.

Fig: Satellite image of the campus

With so many people living in the campus, providing proper water facilities and

managing it becomes imperative. Water is supplied to the campus through two means,namely the Public Works Department supply and supply from 6 borewells located at

various locations inside the campus.


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3.1. Estimations

The following estimations were made on per capita per day basis and at various

locations in the campus. The estimations have been divided on the basis of their supply

sources too.

Legend

ES Establishment (includes the commercial centre)

EI Educational Institute (all the buildings excluding the commercial centre)

PWD Public Works Department (the Govt. body which supplies water)


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The supply for the Chiller plant is not included under the Main Building supply.The Chiller Plant gets its supply separately from Borewell 2.


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Therefore,

Total Estimated Consumption per day - Educational Institute 537 m3

Establishment 6.8 m3

The total estimated consumption has been clubbed together in two groups, namely EIand ES, because of the lack of water meters. These two groups are billed for their

consumption together.

3.2. Actual Consumption

The actual consumption is obtained from the bills provided by the PWD. The bills are

not regularly received, therefore the time period of billing varies. Also, due to very lessmeters in the campus, billing is done in two groups, namely EI and ES.

Following is the consumption during some of the time periods:


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3.3. Analysis of Data recorded

With reference to the consumption patterns in the campus, a comparison was made

between the estimated and the actual quantity of water consumed. The quantities

taken are per day and plotted over the period of time for which the billing has been

done as shown under the previous heading.

0.000

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

900.000

1000.000

1 2 3 4 5

Consumptionperda

y

Comparison - Actual vs Estimated

(Institute)

Actual

Estimated

0.000

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

1 2 3 4 5

Consump

tionperday

Comparison- Actual vs Estimated

(Establishment)

Actual

estimated


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It is seen from these graphs that consumption in the EI region fluctuates over time and

it is necessary to find the exact source of wastage.

A breakup in the supply sources for the campus was done to find out the division

between water from borewell and the PWD.

Further breakup was done for various establishments which are grouped under the

Main building region.

20%

80%

Borewell vs PWDblue - borewell

red - pwd

1

2

MAIN

BUILDING

38%

External Lab

12%

VGH

15%

SAC

3%

"C"

DINING

18%

Moginis

1%

Nescafe

1%

ICE and spice

3%

Cafeteria

6%

STP

3%

Location wise breakup (main building nd related)


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Finally, a total breakup was done between all the major categories of buildings in the

campus.

From the above graphs we can see that the major consumers of water in the campusare the hostels consuming almost 55% of the total water supplied to the campus.

The dining halls are some of the least monitored locations considering their waterconsumption is quite high. They might be even consuming more water than

stipulated amount which may be the reason for total high water consumption for the

Educational Institute (EI) region.

The use of water decreases and stays within limits during the stipulated vacations.This indicates that major wastage can be occurring in Hostels and the Dining Halls as

population decreases drastically for these buildings during the holidays.

Problem also occurs in the ES region, where the actual consumption is consistentlyabove the estimated value.

CONSUMPTION(Lit/day)HOSTEL

30100055%

CONSUMPTION(Lit/day),

RESIDENCE, 155040,28%

CONSUMPTION(Lit/day), MAIN

BUILDING, 68100,13%

CONSUMPTION(Lit/day),

COMMERCIAL, 6800,

1%

STOCK(Lit/DAY)

200004%

Consumption Breakup total

HOSTEL

RESIDENCE

MAIN BUILDING

COMMERCIAL

STOCK/DAY


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3.4. Existing Procedures in Campus

In a college campus, every activity is done through a particular procedure to develop a

standard and also encourage in continuity and efficiency of work.

Water billing is a very important task which requires care to be taken during therecording from meters, tallying of the values, and coordinating the various officials. The

following procedure is being used currently for the billing process.

1 Readingtaken

Water meter reading taken at pumphouse and shopping centre by thepump operator in the presence of a campus official on a pre-decided

date. The reading is noted for future reference to avoid any descrepancies.

2 Bill Received

PWD Bill for water for ES (establishment) and EI (educational institute)received at the project office.

The bill is checked, cross-referenced with the details with the pumpoperator and acknowledged by the project office.

3 Bill Payment

The bill details are entered in computer and the valued verified byProject Engineer.

The bill is sent to the Accounts Office for payment and the customercopy of the receipt is filed at the accounts office.


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Another of the important procedures which is followed is the reporting and

rectifications of water problems.

3.5. Implementations

The analysis revealed various shortcomings in the ways water is being currently on

campus. Therefore, few steps were taken to start the water management system on

campus.

Regular monitoring of the existing water meters started to keep a check on thecurrent water consumption.

Water quality testing kit purchased from TARA (Technology and Action for RuralAdvancement) Environment Monitoring Facility. The details of it are as follows:

Jal-TARA Water Testing Kit 14 parameters (Rs. 8475/-)

1Detection

A problem is detected and reported to the Superitendent or the

Hostel Assistant

2Reporting

The complaints is filled out in the proper format and submittedwith the project office.

3Inspection

The concerned officials inspect the particular problem as soon aspossible and verify the complaint.

4Rectification

The problem, if found, is rectified.

The details of the complaint and the rectification are entered intoa database for future reference.


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3.6. Recommendations

Based on the analysis of the data obtained, the following recommendations were made:

To increase awareness about water conservation on campus To install more water meters so as to aid more comprehensive analysis of water

consumption in campus.

Atleast one water meter should be fitted for each dining hall. One meter should be there just before branching for hostels, to monitor the

consumption specifically for hostels.

To conduct a water quality check

To keep a check on the supply from borewell

To streamline the procedure of reporting of water complaints and make it moreefficient. The following Complaint form was recommended to regulate any

ambiguity in the language used and thus enable better communication various

people who are a part of the hierarchy.

The complaints system right now is mostly ambiguous paper-work with entriesmade into a register. This leads to problems for future referencing. Therefore,


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the entries for the complaints should be entered into a database on computer

which has all the details regarding the complaint, namely location, problem, the

attending person, the reporting date, and the attending date.

Even the billing procedure is paperwork with bill receipts filed away. The detailsof the bill need to be entered in a database which can be handled by the person

responsible for keeping the receipts. This will make the billing process more

efficient and make it easier for future referencing and make water management

more effective.

To include an effective rain harvesting system to trap the large amount of waterwhich goes to waste during the heavy monsoons of Goa

3.7. Database Portal


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4. Conclusion

Water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink.

This is a very common saying when talking about water conservation and may soon be

very true. Goa is flanked on one side by sea and is riddled with small rivers, rivulets,

and lakes. But the enormous amount of sea water cannot be used for most of the

human purposes. Therefore, the water for daily domestic and industrial purposes is

drawn from these other freshwater bodies and also ground water. The increasing

pressure due to increasing population and industrialization has left the water supply

scarce. Therefore, the need of the hour is effective Water Management.

This project aimed at setting up a Water Management system for BITS Pilani K.K. Birla

Goa Campus. This system is capable of keeping a check on regular water consumption

and also reducing water consumption by considerable amounts.

This system also takes into account the recycling of water. Various procedures for

effective managing of paperwork were also recommended. Regular water quality

checks were introduced.


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These measures helped in taking a positive step towards a positive water balance in the

campus.

List of References

www.wwf.org www.teri.org www.water.worldbank.org www.switchurbanwater.eu/ http://www.wikipedia.org/
http://www.wwf.org/http://www.wwf.org/http://www.teri.org/http://www.teri.org/http://www.water.worldbank.org/http://www.water.worldbank.org/http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.switchurbanwater.eu/http://www.water.worldbank.org/http://www.teri.org/http://www.wwf.org/

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