Vocabulary & Spelling G12

8/3/2019 Vocabulary & Spelling G12

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British

Tradition


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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, British Tradition

Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in this book. However, the authors, editors, andpublisher cannot accept responsibility for Web, e-mail, newsgroup, or chat room subject matter or content, or for

consequences from application of the information in this book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, withrespect to its content.

Trademarks: Some of the product names and company names included in this book have been used for identificationpurposes only and may be trademarks or registered trade names of their respective manufacturers and sellers.The authors, editors, and publisher disclaim any affiliation, association, or connection with, or sponsorship orendorsement by, such owners.

Cover Image Credits: Scene, John Kelly/Getty Images; plaque art, Rolin Graphics, Inc.

ISBN 978-0-82194-373-1

2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC

875 Montreal WaySt. Paul, MN 55102E-mail: [email protected] site: www.emcp.com

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedin any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior writtenpermission from the publisher. Teachers usingMirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature, British Tradition mayphotocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale.

Printed in the United States of America

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


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iii EMC Publshg, LLC Br TradiTionExceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling

Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Unit 1: Word Study Skills and Word OriginsLesson 1: Word Study Notebook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Lesson 2: Word Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Lesson 3: PAVEPredict Associate, Verify, Evaluate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Lesson 4: Anglo-Saxon Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Lesson 5: Old English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Time Out for Test Practice: Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin . . . . . . . . . . .11

Unit 2: Word OriginsLesson 6: Middle English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Lesson 7: Greek and Latin Root Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Lesson 8: British English vs. American English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Time Out for Test Practice: Words of French, Latin,

and Greek Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Unit 3: Word Parts and SpellingLesson 9: Word Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Lesson 10: High-Frequency Spelling Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Lesson 11: Pronunciation and Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Time Out for Test Practice: Recognizing Word Parts and

Spelling Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

Unit 4: Context Clues and Syntax

Lesson 12: Inferential Context Clues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Lesson 13: Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Lesson 14: Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

Time Out for Test Practice: Context Clues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Unit 5: Evolution of LanguageLesson 15: Current Events Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Lesson 16: Compound Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38

Lesson 17: Allusions and Eponyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Time Out for Test Practice: Compound Words and Eponyms . . . . . . . .42


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Unit 6: Word UsageLesson 18: Common Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Lesson 19: Clichs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Lesson 20: Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Time Out for Test Practice: Vocabulary Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Unit 7: Determining MeaningLesson 21: Homophones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Lesson 22: Synonyms and Antonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Lesson 23: Connotation and Denotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Lesson 24: Literal versus Figurative Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Time Out for Test Practice: Idioms, Colloquialisms,

and Hyperbolic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Unit 8: Classifying Words and Semantic FamiliesLesson 25: Classifying Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Lesson 26: Civics ConnectionEconomic Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Lesson 27: Political and Historical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Lesson 28: Civics ConnectionLegal Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Time Out for Test Practice: Economic, Political, and Legal Words . . . .66

Unit 9: Semantic Families and Expanding Word KnowledgeLesson 29: Math and Science Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Lesson 30: Technology Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Lesson 31: Weird Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Lesson 32: Expanding Word Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Time Out for Test Practice: Math, Science, and Technology Words

and Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words . . . . . . . . .75

Answer Key. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77


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v EMC Publshg, LLC Br TradiTionExceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling

Introduction

The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrichstudents skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards. Exceeding the Standards:Vocabulary & Spellingoffers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language artsclassroom. Vocabulary & Spellingpresents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad

range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns. These lessons are aligned withthe units of theMirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or assupplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition. Each lesson incorporateswords from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook. By using these lessons inconjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers,speakers, and spellers.

Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spellingincludes the following components:AWord of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that

students may find particularly meaningful or interesting. GrammarinstructionononeormoretopicsisfollowedbyaTry It Yourselfsection that allows

students to practice what they are learning.

Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can befun and interesting.Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and

give helpful suggestions.ATime Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to

assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardizedtest questions in a multiple-choice format.

It is essential that vocabulary instructions include a variety of strategies to develop studentsword-study skills. Lessons in Vocabulary & Spellingprovide many different ways of exploring andstudying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules. Activating studentsprior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associationsbetween new terms and words they already know.

The activities in Vocabulary & Spellingwill help you actively engage students in working withwords. As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasinglyconfident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words.

Related Program ResourcesFor more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, andword roots, refer to theMirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2:Vocabulary & Spelling. Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literatureselections are included in theMeeting the Standards unit resource books and in DifferentiatedInstruction for English Language Learners.

Teaching TipsWord study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language usersemploy to unlock meanings and internalize spellings. Effective instruction in word study gives studentstools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term. The following teachingtips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling.


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Teach Word Attack StrategiesThere are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliarword. These strategies include: usingthecontextasaclue gleaninghintsfrompictures,charts,graphs,andothertextsupport examiningwordparts:prefixes,suffixes,androots combingthroughmemoriesforassociationswiththeword

consultingdictionariesandotherreferencematerials askinganauthority,suchasateacherorotherexpertinthefieldFor many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using

them. To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostlyinternally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may neverwitness them in action. Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies tobecome proficient readers and effective writers. The lessons in Vocabulary & Spellingprovide suchexplicit instruction.

Create a Word-Rich EnvironmentThe essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly

valued. The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom.

Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom toprovide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize. Use itas the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborativestorytelling.

Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied inclass, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for real-world uses of the words.

Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustainedsilent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students vocabularies.

Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built intoword processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses.

Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online wordgames and other technology tools.

Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students attention to interestingwords in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you.

Foster CuriosityThe key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encouragedialogue with your students about how words create meaning. Your own curiosity about languageis infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive word detectives motivated tosolve the mystery of word meanings.

About Spelling RulesSome students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others arefrustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule. To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the termspelling pattern has been used instead ofspelling rule in this resource. In addition to introducingstudents to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the sameteaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, andfostering curiosity.


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1 EMC Pblshg, LLC Br TradiTion, uniT 1Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling

N: Dt:

imploring(im> pl0r i4)v.,begging, pleading

While Jason was imploring hismother to let him go to the Mallof America, he could see hisfriends drive off without him in thdirection of the mall.

Synonyms forimplore includebeg, beseech, plead, entreat,demand, andpress. The word

implore is derived from the Latin

wordimplorare,which means toweep. Note that when adding thsuffix-ing toimplore,the silent eis dropped.

Word of the Week

LEssON 1

Wod study Notebook

Undetand the ConceptWith or thn iion wordnd or ddd vry dyEngihh th rgt vocbury of ny ngug in th word. Mot of uknow ony rcntg of tho word nd u vn fwr ofth in our diy if, o, no ttr how itrt you r, you r boundto run into unfiir word fro ti to ti. King trck of thword nd thir dfinition cn h you nrich your vocbury ndthrfor bco bttr rdr, kr, nd writr.

A good wy to coct nw word i to k word tudy notbook.In it, you cn rcord ch nw word with it dfinition, ronuncition,nd origin, ong with n ntnc or drwing to h yourbr it.

Hr i g fro word tudy notbook.

Aword study notebookhelps you actively increas

the words you use in your dailywriting and speech, making your

communication more preciseand effective. Why say somethingsmelled bad when you could sayit was rank, stinking, rancid, foul,fetid, reeking, or rotten? Why call ashoe a shoe when you could callit a sneaker, loafer, pump, runningshoe, mule, sandal, ballet slipper,or hightop?

Tip

Word: penurious

Pronunciation: \p@ ny1> r7 @s\

Origins: from penury, meaning poverty or extremefrugality; derived from Latin penuria or paenuria,

meaning want

Definition: 1) marked by or suffering from penury, orsevere poverty 2) given to extreme frugality: stingy


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Ty It YouelfFi in thi g of word tudy notbook.

Ski th nwr unti you find word you dont know. Onyour own r, crt word tudy notbook ntry ik th onhown bov. U dictionry to find th corrct ronuncition nddfinition. If thr i or thn on dfinition, u contt cu todcid which dfinition k th ot n in th rtic whr it iud. You ight o incud nothr dfinition if thr i on nd writ conttu ntnc uing th cond ning.

Jut fo FunDo you know wht flibbertigibbeti? Wht do it n to bloviate?Wht i th wirdt word you know? You cn dd trng or unuuword to your word tudy notbook, too. In your word tudy notbook,crt n ntry for th foowing word:

fibbrtigibbtbovitgurningudrkttifogging

word: vacuous

Pronunciation:

Origins:

Definition:

Sentence using the word:

Drawing:

Draw a picture or makeup a catchy saying to help

you remember the meaning of aword.

Tip

The origins of a wordare known as itsetymology. Many words inEnglish come from Latin andGreek. In a good dictionary, youwill find the etymology of eachword along with its meaning andpronunciation.

Tip

To write the pronunciation

of a word, you need to usespecial phonetic symbols such asthe following:

\5\ (as in star)\7\ (as in me)\8\ (as in my)\0\ (as in paw)\1\ (as in foot) and\@\ (as in extra and civil)

You can find these and many

other symbols in a dictionary orglossary.

Tip

Books, newspapers, andmagazines are an obvious

starting point to find new words,but dont stop there! Look for newwords on signs, in directions, andon packaging materials. You mayhear unfamiliar words in songs,

on the radio, in speeches, or ontelevision. Wherever you findthem, add them to your wordstudy notebook.

Tip


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N: Dt:

secular (se kye l@r)adj.,notbound by religious guidelines orinfluence

Although the lawsuit involvedtwo religious groups, the judge

insisted that her decision wouldinvolve a secularinterpretation ofthe law.

Seculardescribes actions or ideasthat are free of the influence ofreligion. For example, in some

countries laws must conform tothe principles and ideals of thedominant religion. In asecularcountry, however, laws maybe passed even if they are notconsistent with the beliefs ofthe dominant religion. Asecularperson is a nonreligious person.

Word of the Week

LEssON 2

Wod study skill

Undetand the ConceptPrt of th buty of itrtur i th wid vrity nd richn ofngug writr cn u. Whn rding, you wi oftn ncountrword tht r nw to you. Th unfiir word houd not to youfro undrtnding nd njoying wht you rd. U th foowingtrtgi to figur out th ning of unknown word.

Ue Context ClueContext clues r othr word or infortion in th g tht hint

t th ning of th word. Look t th foowing g:

The criminal adumbrated his plans in a videotaped report and

sent it to the police. He taunted them to figure out what he was

going to do in time to stop him. The detectives followed up on

every clue they could pick up from his hints.

You y not know th word adumbrated, but, by ooking t o ofth cu in th g, you cn figur out wht th word n. Thword adumbratedi vrb tht dcrib wht th criin did withhi n. Ltr in th g, you rn tht th criin wntd thoic to figur out wht h w going to do, o you know h did not

tt hi n outright. Th nt ntnc rfr to th n hint.Fro th cu, you cn gu tht adumbratedn hintd orrtiy dcribd.

Ty It YouelfE x E r C I s E A

Look t th foowing g. U contt cu to figur out thning of th word chimerical.

Mayor Loretti denounced her opponents chimerical plans,

saying, The programs Mr. Lassiter mentions are lovelydaydreams, but my office must deal with the realities of the

budget. Well never see these programs functioning.

1. Wht word othr thn chimericaldcrib th n? Wht do you rn bout th n?

Try these strategies toattack new words:

Context clues Text support Word parts Dictionary Teacher, adult, or friend

If one strategy doesnt work, try adifferent one.

Tip


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2. Wht do you thinkchimericaln?

Ty It YouelfE x E r C I s E B

U your knowdg of word rt to dfin ch of th foowingword. Rcord your roning on th in rovidd.

1. indftigb

2. otud

3. odorou

4. rg

5. concordnt

Ak fo HelpTry th rcding trtgi firt. Thn, if you r ti unur of word ning, k oon for h. Your tchr, rnt, ibrrin, or nothr knowdgb ron y b b to h you.Whn you dicovr th ning of th word, writ it in your wordtudy notbook.

Record unfamiliar wordsfrom these lessons in your

word study notebook.

Tip

Many words appear in thedictionary as main entries

more than once. Often theseentries represent different parts ofspeech, such asbreak, the noun,andbreak, the verb. Other times,entries have completely unrelatedmeanings. Use context clues todetermine which meaning makesthe most sense.

Tip


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N: Dt:

literal(li t@ r@l)adj.,actualAlthough Paul had used thephrase to describe other days,he believed that the day he wasaccepted to college was the litera

best day of his life.

Literalis derived from the Latinwordlitteralis,which means ofa letter. It is most commonlyused to indicate that somethingmeans exactly what it describes.

Literallyis frequently confusedwith figuratively,which meansmetaphorically. For example, ifJoe says I busted a gut laughing,he is speaking figuratively.If hesaid this phraseliterally, however,it would mean that his stomachand intestines actually explodedfrom laughing!

Word of the Week

LEssON 3

PAVEPedict, Aociate, Veify, Evaluate

Undetand the ConceptPAVE i good wy to h yourf rbr th ning of nwword. PAVE tnd for Prdict, Aocit, Vrify, nd Evut. Whnyou ncountr nw word, try th foowing roc:

Predict Try to rdict th ning of th word bd on conttnd on your rior knowdg of th word or it rt.

Associate Thn, writ ntnc uing th word.

Verify Nt, chck th ning of th word by uing dictionry

or gory. If you find or thn on dfinition, writdown th ot rorit dfinition.

Evaluate Finy, th ntnc you wrot uing th word. Ifncry, rwrit th ntnc to rfct th ning youfound.

Ty It YouelfU PAVE to rn th undrind word in th ntnc bow.

1. Mich took ubrg with Trvor uggtion tht hr id wrunorigin.

Prdict

Aocit

Vrify

Evut

2. Th un hd oorific ffct on Rou, nd h oon found hifdozing.

Prdict

Aocit

Vrify

Evut

Use this process toremember new words:

Predict

Associate

Verify

Evaluate

Tip


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3. Grow u! Ou houtd, ick of Rn uri bhvior.

Prdict

Aocit

Vrify

Evut4. Mny of Luk ttnt r fciou, though thy ound

tru.

Prdict

Aocit

Vrify

Evut

5. Youv got . I fuod, Cr id, ooking uzzd.Prdict

Aocit

Vrify

Evut

Jut fo FunWht i th wirdt word you know? Writ ntnc uing th word.

Switch ntnc with rtnr nd try PAVE on your rtnr word.

Use context clues or yourknowledge of word parts

to predict the meaning of theword. Context clues are wordsand phrases in the surroundingtext that hint at the meaningof a word. Comparison clues

help show the meaning of theword through restatement,apposition (the use of a nounor noun phrase to rename thenoun that comes just before it),and examples. Contrast clueshelp show the meaning of aword through giving its opposite,or antonym. (Hint: Question 4contains a contrast clue.)

Tip

Use your knowledgeof word parts to predict

the meaning of the word.(Hint: fallac is a word rootfrom the Latin fallere, meaningdeceitful.)

Tip


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N: Dt:

temporal(t@m p[@] r@l)adj.,relating to time

In solving crimes, the detectiveuses clues to establish thetemporal relationship betweendifferent events and people; that

is, he produces a timeline.

Temporalis derived from the Latiword for timetempus. Synonymoftemporalinclude chronologicaandsequential. Temporalalso

means of or related to earthlylife, as opposed to life afterdeath. Also, the parts of the skull

just above the ears are called thetemporalbones, and the parts ofthe brain under these bones arecalled the temporal lobes.

Word of the Week

LEssON 4

Anglo-saxon Wod Oigin

Undetand the ConceptMny diffrnt ngug nd cutur hv infuncd Engih, butot Engih word co fro Ango-Son, Grnic ngug,nd Norn Frnch, Ltint ngug.

Th Ango-Son riod in Britin td fro roughy 449,whn Grnic o tht ok Ango-Son invdd Engndnd dointd th Ct iving thr, to 1066. In 1066, th Norninvdd Engnd, ovrtking th Ango-Son o thoroughy tht,unti th id-1200, th ritocrtic c ok Frnch otcuivy.

Th Ango-Son ict on th Engih ngug h td uchongr. Mny of th ot frqunty ud word in Engih co froAngo-Son, or Od Engih, origin.

Words with Anglo-Saxon Origins

bckbodyboncowdogdoor

drinkyfihfoot

foorfygogoodhvh

hihondiv

ovoonunwhit

woodyr


1. How ny yb r in ot of th Ango-Son word itdbov?

2. How woud you dcrib Ango-Son word? Ar thyohitictd or i? Concrt or btrct? Ein whtyou notic.


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Aftr Wii th Conquror, Frnch duk, invdd Engnd in1066 in wht bc known th Norn Conqut, NornFrnch bc th offici ngug of govrnnt, buin, nd thritocrcy. Od Engih, or Ango-Son, rind th vrydyngug of th coon o. In ti, th ngug dd intoMidd Engih nd bc furthr infuncd by Ltin nd Ltin-infuncd ngug, uch Itin, which wr rizd during th

Rninc.Look t th foowing corion of word fro Ango-Son,Frnch, nd Ltin. Th word grou r iir in ning, thoughyou y notic o ight vrition. In ny c, th Ango-Sonword i ir or for thn th Frnch or Ltin word.

Old Englishkguthinhoykingy

ri

Frenchqutioncourgcrdroy

ount

Latinintrrogt

vorficityconcrtdrg

cnd


Writ conttu ntnc uing two of th word t fro th chrt.K in ind th connottion, or otion ocition, of ch word.

1. A.

B.

C.

2. A.

B.

C.

The word diction, whenapplied to writing, refers

to word choice. Choosing wordsof either Latinate or Anglo-Saxonorigin still contributes to highor low diction today. Latinatewords connote a more refined,

intellectual world, indicating statusand education, while Anglo-Saxonwords reflect the physical, basic,common world.

Tip

Use Anglo-Saxonwords when you want

your writing to be plain, direct,and effective. Using many Latinatewords together may soundsophisticated, but it will make yourwriting more complex and lesspowerful.

Use Latinate words to convey

subtle shades of meaning. Forexample, the Latinates confer,discuss, and converse have morespecific meanings than the Anglo-Saxon talk.

Tip


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N: Dt:

blithe (bl8th)adj.,cheerful;carefree

While most of the students still fethe pressure of studying for finalexams, the blithe young woman,who had already completed the

semester, skipped merrily aroundcampus.

Blithe is an Old English word thatis probably of Anglo-Saxon origin.It is used in a positive sense to

describe people who are happy,merry, and dont have a care inthe world. It can also be usednegatively to describe those who,while happy, are selfish, heedlessor careless as to how their actionsaffect others.

Word of the Week

LEssON 5

Old Englih

Undetand the ConceptTh Od Engih tht th Ango-Son ud ovr thound yr gobry rb tody Engih. In fct, Od Engih ud diffrnthbt fro our. If you ook coy t Od Engih, you cn oword tht ook fiir bcu thy hv bn borrowd nd dtdin Modrn Engih, but thy now hv diffrnt ning. Looking forfiir word i on wy, howvr, to how th Engih ngugh vovd.

Th chrt bow how o of Od Engih word ndth Modrn Engih word drivd fro th.

Old Englishrcunddrfochigcyningufuonn

yndonittnworchwt

Modern Englishrcoddrfokhoykingovn

inditworkwht


Look t ch of th foowing Od Engih word. For ch word, writwht you think th odrn Engih quivnt i. Look u th word

you gud in dictionry nd if th Od Engih word i rt of ittyoogy.

1. w

2. fyr

3. cid

Notice the similarities

and differences betweenOld English and Modern Englishwords. The influence of Latin andNorman French brought abouthuge changes in the language. Infact, at one time, the Scandinavialanguages (Swedish, Norwegian,Danish, Icelandic) and Englishwere mutually understandable.Scandinavians can still understandeach others languages, but

English has become largelyunrecognizable to them.

Tip


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4. ondwrdrd

5. owr

Mny word in Od Engih u rfi nd uffi. For ,

th word ingangdd th rfi in to th b wordgang, whichn go to crt word ning go in. Coound word ro coon. A compound word i crtd by cobining two wordto k nw word. Th word aeftergengness i coound wordning uccion. You cn th word afternd th wordgeng,which you know n go.

Th word domdgor domesdgi coound word ningjudgnt dy. Th word dom n judgnt nd th word dgn dy. It i o intrting to not tht domesdgound ik thodrn Engih word doody.

Figurtiv coound cd kennings r coon in Od Engih

itrtur. Th word banhus n bon-hou. Thi knning rfrfigurtivy to th hun body. A rg nubr of knning found inOd Engih itrtur d with th . So r seolbaepning bth, hronradning wh rod, nd waeterflodning wtr food.


1. Mk it of tn Modrn Engih coound word.

2. Writ Modrn Engih knning tht coud b ud figurtivy ton sea.

A kenning is a figurative

compound word, suchasswan-roadfor ocean orbattle-flame for sword. In the epic poemBeowulf, the heros name itself isa kenning:bee-wolfis a kenningfor bear.

Tip

Make three kennings using theOld English words in the lesson.Explain what each compoundmeans.

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N: Dt:

1. iddA. criB. id oortunityC. id tingD. idd

2. nughtA. nighttiB. idnight

C. nothingD. fu oon

3. godA. gotB. oitivC. coring r in o gD. to rod

4. othoA. ikbB. ighthrtdC. dttbD. ddy

5. offringA. rivr or wB. chidrnC. n offring to godD. body of wtr nt for

wiing

6. A. drk covringB. tb

C. otbD. orcin

7. ikA. ty of thrd drivd fro

worB. ngr or icC. ro fibr drivd fro ntD. ty or kind

8. quA. ignB. th quit ftr torC. roo in cthdrD. to ubdu

9. hvnA. ty of ndwichB. cod bvrg

C. f cD. rg vig

10. hthnA. gnB. ty of buhC. ty of houD. th r in front of firc

11. thA. to kB. to go to C. to bdD. to boi or churn

12. itA. to rfrncB. to rcinC. octionD. o

13. tdftA. girfrind or boyfrindB. unwvringC. ucur

D. four-ggd too

14. irA. ngrB. frozn wtrC. thodD. town

Time Out fo Tet Pactice

Wod of Anglo-saxon Oigin

U your knowdg of word to ct th corrct dfinition for th foowingEngih word tht hv root in th Ango-Son ngug.


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mortified(m0r t@ f8d)v.,extremely embarrassed; subdued;deadened

Mark was mortified when Vickipublicly rejected his invitation tothe dance; after she walked away

he could barely move or speak.

Mortifyis derived from the Latinwordmort,which means death.Althoughmortifyhas severalmeanings, it is most commonly

used to express extremeembarrassment, as demonstratedin the sample sentence above.When a person ismortified, he orshe can temporarily lose the abilityto function.

Word of the Week

LEssON 6

Middle Englih

Undetand the ConceptFro 1066, th ti of th Norn Conqut, to th id-1200,Frnch w th in ngug of th ruing c of Engnd, whiAngo-Son rind th vrydy ngug of th coon o.Thi w foowd by riod whn ny ritocrt wr biingu,king both Frnch nd Engih, unti th t 1300. During thi trriod, Engih kr borrowd hviy fro Frnch vocbury,ronuncition, nd grr. Bcu of thi, ny Engih wordhv Frnch origin.

Words Borrowed from Frenchccountccugincrrrtutbytttirttorny

uthoritybconybnqutbrginbudgtcthdrconqurconcincconvict

cotucouncicourtoucricrowncutordngroudfndntdignitytt

vngitvidncfhionftfonyfrnkgrntgovrnntgrciou

hronyhirinnocnt

judgntjuryjuticgiuriutnntnob

obyorornntctrycrjuryintiffur

rortyrnorcitrignigovrignuonttournntturrt

tyrntvorvuvnquihvrdictvicvigvirtu

Ty It YouelfE x E r C I s E A Circ ny word in th it bov tht you do not know, or choo fivyou woud ik to know bttr. Writ dfinition nd conttuntnc for ch word. U dictionry if ndd to dtrin thning.

1.


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2.

3.

4.

5.

Compaing OiginFor ny word tht wr incorortd into Engih fro Frnch,thr i ynonyou tr with Od Engih origin. Th foowingchrt how o of th ir. In ny c, th connottion of thFrnch word r or for or ohitictd thn tho of th OdEngih word.

Old English Origins

bgincffrdohinhhidotnch

thft

French Origins

concvibrtyficityidconcrtbfro

burgry


Writ diogu btwn Norn ritocrt nd coonr. In thdiogu, incud th word ch kr woud hv bn ot ikyto u.

Words used to describefarm animals (calf,

ox) have Anglo-Saxon origins,since native English people, notthe aristocrats in that society,tended them. Words describingprepared meats (veal, beef) areFrench, since the French-speaking

Normans were wealthy enough toeat prepared meat.

Tip

Based on what you learned abouword pairs, try to guess a wordwith a French origin that wouldpair with deer, sheep, andpig.Check your guesses by checkingthe etymology for each guess inthe dictionary.

Just for Fun


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N: Dt:


prevarication (pri ver @ k6 m@nt ad v@r> tiz m@ntuinu a l99> mi n@m a lu mi> n7 @mfit fi l6> fil> itgrg g5 r5j> g6r> 5jhrb erb herbiur l7> zh@r le> zh@rrivcy pr8> v5 s7 pri> v5 s7chdu ske> j@l she> j@li se> m8 se> m7

spellingFro ing on, you y b b to t if docunt i writtnin Britih or Aricn Engih. Look t th foowing chrt for o

of diffrnc in Britih nd Aricn ing.American Spelling British Spelling

irn ron chck chquconnction conniondfn dfncdrft drught

ji gogry gry

Words that occur in bothBritish and American

English can differ in pronunciation,spelling, and even meaning.

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American Spelling British Spelling

jwr jwrnuvr nouvrod oudoffn offncryz ryow ough

rogr rogrtrvr trvrtir tyr

So coon diffrnc incud Britih ing tht u oughintd ofow, doubing th lin word nding in ler, uing c intd ofn s in word nding ence, nd uing n s intd of zin word ndingwith n /z/ound.


Chng th ing in th foowing ntnc to tndrd AricnEngih ing.

1. Th trvr w hy to finy b ho ftr th rying trion th ron.

2. Wht kind of dfnc do you n to ount in connion with thothr t occr nouvr?

3. It wi you to know tht you cnt writ chqu for yoururch.

4. Th roo w cod nd drughty, nd h found gry oud in thhowr.

5. Morgn d rtnc of gtting rdy to k to th gor.

Watch a British film or televisionshow and make a list of words

used in British English that arenot commonly used in AmericanEnglish.

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N: Dt:



Wod of Fench, Latin, and Geek Oigin

U your knowdg of word to ct th corrct dfinition for th foowingEngih word tht hv root in Frnch, Grk, or Ltin.

Fench-deived wod

1. nuincA. citntB. ngtivityC. dicrncyD. nnoync

2. orouA. urB. rbC. kinnyD. undrrivigd

3. jrgonA. rg jrB. fid of grC. thick brnchD. ng

4. iionA. g tb

B. intrdiryC. bnk onD. hocky yr

5. ozngA. tbtB. ork dinnrC. goo fthrD. ink to

6. onooguA. ty of vir diB. ty of urgryC. ty of chD. ing ic of firwood

7. ugA. ubr tooB. iwyC. tthD. fthr

8. tnntA. ior

B. grou of tnC. rntrD. cing tnt

Latin-deived wod

9. vhntA. cr or truckB. toch ucC. iontD. rt of cthdr

10. viriA. di cud by viruB. grn vgtbC. odrn couniction trtgyD. cuin

11. hbitutA. to bco ccutodB. to t hthiyC. br dnD. rt of fort

12. hoicA. cndyB. hndgunC. c to rtD. rionr


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13. grruouA. tktivB. ugyC. fncyD. trong

14. grdintA. high tt cor

B. incind urfcC. hric objctD. irn otor

15. chintionA. nginB. rching bnd fortionC. chwing otionD. vi ch or ot

16. coodiouA. outhou

B. oudC. ciouD. rtty

Geek-deived wod

17. ntgonizA. fdB. ingC. dncD. rovok

18. onA. ubtoic rticB. digtiv juicC. ong riod of tiD. nwr dition

19. utonoyA. tudy of th bodyB. indndncC. oitic chD. ty of wk

20. kinticA. nrgticB. biinguC. kindD. itur

21. thiA. thtr dignB. rigiou bifC. ccounting rcticD. buin trtgy

22. diA. two rforrB. ir of rodntC. rdicntD. oution

23. onoithicA. ivB. unrridC. boringD. i

24. hoognouA. vry intigntB. tinct; irrvntC. unifor; w-idD. vry rg; ignificnt


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N: Dt:


LEssON 9

Wod Pat

Undetand the ConceptMny word conit of cntr rt, cd ithr word rootor baseword, nd rfi or uffi (or both rfi nd uffi). If you rfiir with coon root, rfi, nd uffi, it wi b uchir to figur out th ning of word tht r nw to you.

Th word root or base word i grou of ttr to which rfior uffi i ttchd. A prefixi ttr or grou of ttr ddd toth bginning of word root or b word, whr suffixi ttror grou of ttr ddd to th nd. Adding rfi or uffi otwy chng th ning of word.

Ty It YouelfU dictionry to idntify th rfi, root, nd uffi in ch ofth foowing word. Not tht word do not hv both rfi nd uffi, nd o word hv or thn on rfi or uffi.

1. conttion

2. covtoun

3. couniction

4. iortiz

5. rrov

6. trngr

7. tribution

8. undicrning

abdication (ab< di k6 sh@n)n.,a formal relinquishing of power

The abdication of Englands KingEdward VIII in 1936 occurred

because he insisted on marryinga woman who was not of royal

blood.

The word abdication comesfrom the Latin root dicare, toproclaim, the prefix ab-,awayfrom, and-tion,the result of.

Although abdication is generallyused in reference to a monarch orsomeone who has formal power,it can also be used informally.

For example, a person mightabdicate his or her responsibilityin organizing a birthday party orround of golf.

Word of the Week

Most English wordsconsist of a word root or

base word and a prefix, suffix, orboth a prefix and a suffix.

Tip


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N: Dt:


righteousness (r8 ch@s n@s)nthe state of being morally right

Outraged at the skimpy newoutfits the schools cheerleaderswore, members of the church

group marched into theprincipals office with a sense ofrighteousness.

The adjectiverighteous,theadverbrighteously, and the noun

righteousness imply thought or

action based on higher morality,perhaps derived from divine law.These words all present difficultiein spelling. In the first syllable, the

gh is silent. In the second syllablethe tdoes not make a tsound;rather it combines with eou toproduce a ch sound.

Word of the Week

LEssON 10

High-Fequency spelling rule

Undetand the ConceptSing nd vocbury r coy connctd. To u nw wordin your writing, you nd to know how to th. Lrning thfoowing ing ttrn wi h you irov your ing ndyour biity to roofrd for ing rror.

Adding AffixeAdding ffi, or rfi nd uffi, oftn cu ing rror.Whn dding rfi, do not chng th ing of th word itf.

examples un- + ntur = unnturr- + ct = rct

Th ing of ot word i not chngd whn th uffi -ment,-ness, or -ly i ddd.

examples bt + -nt = btntuddn + -n = uddnnun + -y = uny

If you r dding uffi to word tht nd withy, nd thty foow vow, you houd uuy v thy in c. If thy foow

cononnt, you houd chng thy to i.examples coy + -y = coyy

giddy + -n = giddin

If you r dding uffi tht bgin with vow to word tht ndwith int e, you houd uuy dro th e. If you r dding uffitht bgin with cononnt to word tht nd with int e, youhoud uuy v th e in c.

examples ot + -iv = otivtrit + -y = trity


Rwrit ch ntnc, corrcting ny ing rror.

1. Igor ighd oroy.

2. Ty rrk wnt unoticd by th rt of th c.

Do not change the

spelling of the word itselfwhen you add a prefix.

Tip

The spelling of mostwords is not changed

when the suffix-ment,-ness, or-lis added.

Tip

Every rule has exceptionsbut knowing the rules

will help you spellmostwordscorrectly.

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28/94


3. I incry ho you k for h if you nd it.

4. Mh w hvyy fvord to win.

5. Our id wr uryy diid.

Moe spelling Patten

IBefoe EWhn word i d with th ttr i nd e nd h th ong e ound,it i d ie ct ftr th ttr c.

example chif, chiv, fidrciv, dcit, ciing

Unfortunty, thr r ny ction to thi ru. A fw of thr th word seize, either, neither, weird, nd height. Howvr, th ru

do hod tru for ot word tht hv th ong e ound, in shrieknd ceiling.

seed WodSupersede i th ony word in th Engih ngug tht nd in -sede.Thr word nd in -ceed: exceed, proceed, nd succeed. Evry othrword tht nd with th d ound i d -cede.


Corrct ny ing rror in th ntnc bow.

1. Th tid co in nd rcd.

2. You cdd y cttion.

3. Put down your hid nd dit dft.

4. A hort crony wi rd th rty.

5. Wht rif!

The following rhyme mayhelp you remember when

to spell words eiand when tospell themie.

Write I before EExcept after COr when it sounds like anA as in

neighborand weigh.

Tip


29/94


Common EoBow i it of o word tht high choo tudnt oftn i.Studying th word cn h you void coon rror.

Commonly Misspelled Words

bnccdicy

ccibccidntycknowdgntnonyounwrbutifubginningbuincndrcttrohchngb

coittconcintiouditroudiciinfficincybrr

nvironntfcinting

finyhyocritindndntinfuntiirrvntirritib

judgntiuricnngbdiocr

inniuichivouiniv (o nv)ncitynoticb

nuincocciony

occurrncrtiritntrivigrcitrfrrdrivchdurtuccd

toorrowundoubtdyvngncwithhod

Thr r robby o word tht you coony i. K it of th word in your word tudy notbook. Prctic th wordunti you know how to th corrcty. You y o wih to ku dvic to h you rbr corrct ing. For , yPg th ntit ti for th gnt to h you rbr how to

pageant.

Ty It YouelfE x E r C I s E C

Choo tn word fro th it bov or fro your own it of difficuting word. Mk u ying or ig to h you rbr thcorrct ing. Writ or drw your id in th c bow. Continuon your own r if ncry.


30/94

N: Dt:


obliquely(9 bl7k l7)adj.,neither perpendicular nor parallelin nature; indirectly

The track coach explained thatunlike a pole vaulter, who runsdirectly at the pit, a high jumperapproaches the bar obliquelythat is, at an intermediate angle.

In a geometric or spatial sense,oblique refers to the relationshipbetween two items that are

neither parallel nor perpendicularto one another. For example,ocean waves almost alwaysapproach a shoreline obliquely.In everyday speech, an indirect,secretive, or underhanded actionby a person can be called oblique.

Word of the Week

LEssON 11

Ponunciation and spelling

Undetand the ConceptA you rn nw word, you wi wnt to know thir ning, thiring, nd o thir ronuncition. If you ick u nw word froitning to tviion, ctur, or othr ourc, you wi know thronuncition right wy. If you rn nw word fro rding, youwi wnt to k ur you chck th ronuncition bfor you ddth word to your king vocbury. U th foowing yt todtrin th ronuncition of nw word.

Ue Ponunciation ruleFirt, u ru of ronuncition to co u with ronb gubout how to ronounc th word. Sound out th word uing whtyou know bout ttr ound. Rbr thr r ction to vryru, o o word y not b ronouncd th wy thy ook. K inind th foowing troub ot.

ghTh ttrgh r oftn int, in sigh ndfraught.Soti thi cobintion h nfound, in cough.

ough

Word tht contin th Ango-Son cobintion ough r tricky. Inch of th foowing , th ough cobintion i ronouncddiffrnty.

through rhy with threwbought rhy with taughtdrought rhy with outdough rhy with showtough rhy with stuffcough rhy with off

You cn tht in o of th word thgh i int, whi in othrit h thfound.Th ou cn hv vr diffrnt ound.

ate/iteTh uffi cn b ronouncd with ong vow or hort vowound. In o c, th ronuncition indict diffrnc inrt of ch. For , th word duplicate i ronouncd with ong a whn it i ud vrb. It i ronouncd with chwound(hort u dnotd by th @ ybo) whn it i ud n djctiv.

Othr word y vry in ronuncition, incuding which yb itrd, bd on how th word i bing ud.

For effectivecommunication, the

words of a language need to bepronounced consistently. Earlyin the Medieval Period, MiddleEnglish was spoken with manydifferent dialects, making it hardfor people in different regions tounderstand each other. Towardthe end of the Medieval Period,a London dialect became widely

used while other regional dialectswere seen as inferior, reflecting alack of education and social status.

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Ue a DictionayAftr you hv titd th ronuncition, u dictionry to vrifyit. U th ronuncition ky in th dictionry nd y ttntion towhich yb r trd. Hr i ronuncition ky.

Vowel Sounds

a an, a

6 y, i5 ot, tara1 out, cowe bet, e

7 bee, dee

i kit, i8 y, ic9 grow, bot0 aw, raw

0i boy, coi

u u, crub2 crew, bue1 oot, foot@ tra, uer

b but, cubch chid, tchd do, codf f, cuffg gir, hugh ho, hj j, fudg

k kid, ick

l li, ullm mn, mbn not, cn4 ing, wrongp pu, upr r, cors si, iss

sh shi, ush

t ti, cutth thnk, forthth thr, thtv vry, covw wt, twiny your,yrdz zi, uzz

So word wi hv or thn on ronuncition. Chck to if th ronuncition vri bd on ug. If not, u th rfrrdronuncition. Rcogniz tht o ronuncition vry by rgion.

Ak fo HelpIf you r ti unur bout how to ronounc word, k obody toy th word for you.

Ty it YouelfE x E r C I s E A

Writ hontic ing to how how ch of th foowing wordi ronouncd. Chck your nwr uing dictionry. Thn rcticronouncing th word with rtnr.

1. furough

2. cthdr

3. nchoy

4. hyrbo

5. uri

If you know anotherlanguage, you might

have noticed that vowels inother European languages arepronounced differently fromvowels in English. Vowels inMiddle English were much

more like the vowels in otherlanguages. As Middle Englishevolved into Modern Englishbetween 1400 and 1600,however, it underwent whatlinguists call the Great VowelShift. With this phenomenon,many of the long vowel soundswere pronounced higher in themouth than they had been beforeThus the wordname, which waspronounced in Chaucers day as

/n5 m@/ became, in ModernEnglish, /n6m/. The wordbete,pronounced /b7 t@/, became /b7t/. The sound that used tobe pronounced like the long e in

beetbecame a longilike insign.The longisound combines twosounds: /5/ and /7/. Thus,blind,which once rhymed with cleanedis now /bl8nd/. The wordmus,once pronounced /m99s/,becamemouse, pronounced /mous/. The vowel sound in

mouse combines /5 /with /99/.Notice that in bothname and

bete, as in many other words,the finale was pronounced inMiddle English but became silentor was dropped altogether inModern English.

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recognizing Wod Pat

U your knowdg of word rt to choo th word tht bt cot ch ntnc.

1. Th city of Bin i cbrting it, or on hundrd nd fiftithnnivrry.A. cntnniB. bicntnniC. quicntnniD. icntnni

2. Myrn i uuy outgoing, but tyh h bn .

A. trovrtdB. introctivC. rvrtdD. divrtd

3. Ar you ft-hndd, right-hndd, or?A. onodtrouB. bidtrouC. idtrouD. ntidtrou

4. r rr; vn bbi i ot tohv t onc.A. qudrutB. quintutC. tutD. tut

5. Fng i for th dog, whoiy wg hi ti nd ick nyonwho ntr th hou.A. rnorB. inor

C. utinorD. rnor

6. Th tid u fw oo ndnd ind wht hnd to th chrctr in th futur.A. rudB. introductionC. otudD. intrud

7. Th choo h rcnty bnvutd, nd it t th tndrdfor .A. dicrditingB. ccrdittionC. crditionD. undrcrdittion

8. Unfortunty, th tuor i .A. inorb

B. bnignC. coortivD. unnoticb

9. Bfor ying th rqut, w utdown .A. urfoorB. trnfoorC. ubfoorD. ovrfoor

10. Th onc buy r i now .A. doutdB. routdC. ourD. ouou

11. Th rut wr ; thy didntf into th uu rng.A. tyicB. ityicC. urtyicD. oytyic

12. Th rob w o difficut it

d .A. undrwhingB. inurountbC. iuffrbD. trnint

13. A dog i .A. bidB. tridC. qudrudD. bivv


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1. Do not infortion; t uvrything you know.A. withodB. withhod

C. whithodD. with hod

2. Our t th four-tr rturntw ony .A. diocrB. docrC. diocrD. diocr

3. I th rk on y fc ?A. noticbB. noticibC. noticibD. notib

4. W wtchd th tid .A. rdB. rcdC. rdD. rcd

5. Cud f bhind t th ofth rc.A. bgining

B. bgginningC. bgginingD. bginning

6. Th wi vot on th nw rutoorrow.A. coittyB. coittC. coittD. coit

7. Dont b .

A. hiocritB. hyocritC. hiocritD. hyocryt

8. Li grn hir i .A. unturB. unnturC. unntur

D. untur 9. If you brk th ru, your

wi b rvokd.A. rivdgB. rivigC. rivgD. rividg

10. Miy w by hr rror.A. brdB. brrdC. brrdD. ibrrd

11. Dr didnt hr invittion yt.A. rivB. rcivC. rcivD. rv

12. Whn you dit your writing, cut outny infortion.A. irrvntB. irvnt

C. irrvntD. irrvnt

13. I try to t right, but I urg .A. occionyB. occionnyC. ocionyD. ociony

14. Did you ny word on th tt?A. iB. i

C. iD. i

spelling PattenWrit th ttr of th corrcty d word on th in.


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harbinger (h5r b@n j@r)n.,indication of what is to come inthe future

Mrs. Jones knew that Samanthasability to easily solve the firstquestion on the calculus examwas a harbinger of a good test

performance.

Harbingercan be traced to theMiddle English wordherbergere,which means host. Originally,

harbingerreferred to someonewho was sent ahead to establishlodgings with a host. Othersynonyms ofharbingerincludeforerunner, omen,indication,

portent, andherald.

Word of the Week

LEssON 12

Infeential Context Clue

Undetand the ConceptIf you co cro n unfiir word in your rding, you cn oftnu context clues to figur out th ning of th word. Contt curovid hint bout unfiir word.

So contt cu r quit dirct. Thy iy rtt th wordin diffrnt tr. Uing restatement or apposition, th uthor yt you th ning of th word you do not knowithr in th ntnc or in th foowing ntnc.

examples Th thr rvr did bcu of thir cuidity,orgreed.

Sto tht niggring! You r laughingt !

Othr ti you wi hv to infr th ning of word fro thurrounding tt. Soti you wi not gt n ct dfinition, butyou wi know nough bout th ning of th word to continurding. You y infr th ning fro or fro othrinfortion in th tt. Whn you do thi, you r uing inferentialcontext clues.

Examples ud in ntnc cn h iutrt tr you do notknow.

example Pouting or throwing tntru to gt your wy i

uri bhvior.

Wht kind of bhvior i outing or throwing tntru? It chidihbhvior. Fro th , you cn infr thtpuerile nchidih.

Soti you wi hv to ook byond th ntnc in which word i found to tit it ning. Rd th foowing g:

My neighbor and I had been involved in a bitter feud for several

months. My husband Lawrence counseled me to forgive her.

He said that my hatred hurt me more than it did her. He warned

that my rancor would eventually poison my own happiness. He

was right; I spent most of my waking hours fuming or plotting.

If you did not know th word rancor, wht woud you rn bout itfro thi rgrh? You cn t it i ngtiv fing. It i rtdto bittr fud nd to htrd, nd it h th owr to oionhin. Fro th cu, you coud infr tht rancornothing ik bittrn or i wi.

Context clues oftencompare or contrast the

word you do not know to otherwords you do know.

Tip

First look for context cluesin the sentence in which

the word appears. Then considerclues in the surrounding text.

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Whn you r rding, you dont wy nd to know th ctdictionry dfinition of word. It i oftn nough to gt gnr nof th ning. Of cour, if th word cruci to th g,you ight wnt to chck your infrnc by ooking th word u in dictionry.

Ty It Youelf

Th foowing g contin nubr of word tht you robbydont know. Rd th g, nd if you cn nwr th qutiontht foow.

Jorgen used to have some self-respect, but since the movie

company came to town, hes turned into a spineless sycophant.

At first, his interest seemed innocuous. I mean, a lot of people

are starstruck, right? Then he met the director and became her

lackey. He agrees with and praises everything she says. If she

asks for something, he runs to get it. His only interest is in the

movie. Everything he has to do off the set is done perfunctorily.

When I complain that hes not paying attention to our life, he

says Im just jealous, but really I just want him to go back to

being himself instead of the obsequious toady hes become.

1. How hd Jorgn chngd?

2. How do h bhv on th t? Off th t?

3. How do th nrrtor f bout th chng in Jorgn?


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surmise (s@r m8z)v.,infer;guess

When Jennifer noticed thatseveral of her books had beenmoved off her desk, she surmisedthat her little brother had been

poking around in her room again.

Surmise refers to drawingconclusions that are not based ondirect observation or an abundanceof facts.Surmise can also be a

noun that means conjecture, asin Hissurmise turned out to bewrong.Surmise is derived froma conjugation of the Old Frenchverbsurmettre, which comes from

sur, meaning upon, andmettre,meaning to put.

Word of the Week

LEssON 13

Uing Context Clue in You Own Witing

Undetand the ConceptA you know, context clue i infortion in tt tht t youothing bout n unknown word. You u contt cu whn youwrit conttu ntnc in your word tudy notbookothingin your ntnc hint t th ning of th word. You cn u iircu in othr writing to h your rdr undrtnd your ning.

Contt cu ow you to cor or contrt n unfiir wordto othing fiir. Corion cu h how iiriti btwnthing. Thr ty of corion cu r restatement, apposition,nd examples.Contrast clues how diffrnc btwn thing. S ifyou cn gu th ning of ch of th undrind word bow.

examples

restatement Th tnion in th roo w b. You coudf it in vry cornr.

apposition I in th ood for wknd junt, tri tht iboth quick nd fun.

examples Th highwyn nggd in robbry, ut, r,nd othr rniciou bhvior.

contrast At firt gnc, th rgunt d ogic, but itturnd out to b ciou.

Anothr ty of contt cu invov cause and effect.

example

Bcu Dni bhvior w o incorrigib, th tchr coud notd with hr in c nd nt hr to th rinci offic.

Why houd you u contt cu in your writing? Contt cu hyour udinc undrtnd your ning. Whn you u rcntycoind word, ic of jrgon, or nothr tr you think y buncr, contt cu r ciy iortnt.

Ty It YouelfWrit ntnc uing contt cu for ch of th foowing word.U dictionry if ncry to undrtnd th ning of th word.

1. fctitiou

Restatement,

apposition, examples,contrast, and cause and effectare five common types of contextclues.

Tip

When speaking, useelements of verbal

communication, suchas volume, pitch, pace, and

tone, and elements of nonverbalcommunication, such as gesturesand facial expressions, to helpconvey your meaning.

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2. hirk

3. bndih

4. coicit

5. ignoiniou

Choo fiv word fro your word tudy notbook. U th word in

contt w.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Make up four or five wordsand use them in sentences.Use context clues to show themeaning of your made-up words.

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palpable(pal p@ b@l)adj.,capable of being felt

This was the first family functionsince the divorce and the tensionin the room was palpable.

Palpable is derived from the Latinwordpalpare,which means tostroke or caress. Palpable refersto something that is capableof being felt, either literally orfiguratively. For example, if you fall

and scrape your knee, your painispalpable. In contrast, emotionscan be figurativelypalpable, aswith the tension in the samplesentence above.

Word of the Week

LEssON 14

syntax

Undetand the ConceptSyntaxrfr to th ordr of word in ntnc. Th Engih ngugh ru rgrding th corrct or rfrrd ynt. Whn word r notrntd in th right ordr, th ruting ntnc cn b wkwrdor biguou. It i iortnt to undrtnd th ru of ynt o thtyour writing wi b cr nd conci oib.

In gnr, Engih ntnc u th ttrn subject-verb-object. Inothr word, th ntnc firt in who th ubjct i nd thn twhattht ubjct i doing.

The lion (subject) is chasing (verb) the young zebra (object).

George Washington (subject) crossed (verb) the Delaware River

(object).

Chnging th ordr of th word cn roduc vry diffrntning.

The young zebra is chasing the lion.


Rwrit th foowing ntnc, tring th ynt of ch to crt diffrnt ning.

1. Th cibr wkd u th ountin.

2. Whn th ot w cd ovr th fir, th wtr bgn to boi.

3. Th food fid th bnt of th hou.

Sometimes writers usestrange, awkward, or

unclear syntax on purpose. This is

common in poetry, where it maybe used to maintain rhythm orcreate a rhyme.

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4. Th thr dog brkd oudy th joggr rn t th.

5. W t th tb ftr w finihd cooking th chickn.

Avoiding AmbiguitieSoti, rrrnging th ynt of ntnc cn k it ningcrr. Cor th foowing ntnc:

Leave a note if you want to play volleyball in my mailbox.

If you want to play volleyball, leave a note in my mailbox.

You cn robby figur out tht th kr in both of th ntncbov i ttting to t tho intrtd in ying voyb to v not in hi or hr ibo. Howvr, bcu of th ynt of th firtntnc, it to uggt th oibiity of ying voyb withinth confin of ibo! Th ynt of th cond ntnc k itning uch crr.


In ch of th foowing ir of ntnc, on ntnc h crning nd th othr i biguou. Choo th cr ntnc ndwrit th corronding ttr on th in rovidd.

1. A. H gv hr ct food.B. H gv food to hr ct.

2. A. Sh hit th n crrying th ubr.B. Sh hit th n with th ubr.

3. A. I think tht kid k nutritiou nck.B. I think tht kid rr nutritiou nck.

4. A. Aftr th ccidnt, I w found in ditch by o trycow.

B. Aftr th ccidnt, I w found in ditch nr o trycow.

5. A. I id I woud hv dinnr with you on Tudy.B. I id on Tudy tht I woud hv dinnr with you.


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Context Clue

U contt cu to dtrin th bt ynony for th undrind word.Writ th ttr of th corrct nwr on th in rovidd.

1. Th diffrnt fction owycocd into cohiv grou.A. foughtB. unitdC. truggdD. workd

2. Tho foowd th intructioncrfuy, whi Ivn took dutory

roch.A. dtidB. untifctoryC. hhzrdD. yttic

3. No ttr wht if throw tShi, h rin nguin ndunrturbd.A. boodyB. cvrC. worrid

D. otiitic

4. Th ou hd trict th ionfro th nt.A. trB. vC. frD. ntng

5. Aftr Lon ft, w uzzd ovr hinigtic cont.A. inicb

B. wittyC. dightfuD. outrgou

6. Fight of fncy nvr ntr Ugthrgtic ind.A. ingniouB. dryC. intctuD. rctic

7. Evr tiorou, Yv bry rid hivoic bov whir whn h hd tok in ubic.A. oudB. hrdyC. oitD. tiid

8. Th voub kr hd no troub

ngging th udinc nd fiingin g in th rogr with wittyncdot.A. oudB. nnoyingC. rivD. gib

9. Cibing Mt. Evrt i n rduound iriv ft.A. worthB. njoyb

C. difficutD. zing

10. Jorg hd ruttion for riony;nobody knw h gv thound ofdor to chrity ch yr.A. gnroityB. hrtnC. tinginD. kindn

11. I dont think Bn i cb of

uing off ch of thi dgr;Iv wy found hi to b rthringnuou.A. cvrB. dctivC. nvD. iciou


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12. Dit th chid rontrnc,hr othr initd h go to bd onti.A. codingB. rottC. rtitionD. dontrtion

13. Oh, t-cocting i jut dinc for Midrd; Mb i uch or coittd coctor.A. hobby; voctionB. firttion; trifC. crrD. dnc

14. Joh i uch tunch dvoctof gun contro tht nothing coudchng hi ind on th toic.A. trong

B. tdyC. tiffD. bivnt

15. Mr. Huntr i known for hr trictcroo oici; in contrt, Mr.Jckon i known for nity.A. dndB. hontyC. idnD. tringncy

16. Th tudnt of Buddhi, rigiontht rvr tr, vnrt hi orhr tchr nd th nctor frowhich th tchr dcndd.A. qutionB. rctC. rb gintD. chng

17. Thi ubtitut i ony trnitory;oon, nothr rnnt tchr witk ovr th c.A. inorB. torryC. tiyD. trnorting

18. On ttr to th ditor h rdyrd on thi toic, but dditionttr wi jut ify th oint; itdont hurt to rinforc our oitionon th iu.A. contrdictB. turn uC. incrD. ditort

19. Th t thing Srn wnt to do iit t coutr t ho ftr bing

fttrd to dk dy t work.A. fungB. hckdC. trokdD. rducd

20. Do you think hving ink fingoin th yrd dd to or dtrct froth viu of our hou?A. tk wyB. incr

C. chngD. ndr


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prudent (pr2 d?nt)adj., practicalJordan wanted to take anothercourse in Italian, but because hewas a chemistry major he knew

it was prudent to devote his timeto additional science and mathcourses.

Prudence (the noun form ofprudent) refers to being sensible,practical, careful, cautious, oreven wise. It implies an ability

to think ahead and considerconsequences, as opposedto simply acting on impulses.Prudentis derived from the Latinwordprudens,which is a form ofthe wordprovidere,meaning toforesee.

Word of the Week

LEssON 15

Cuent Event Wod

Undetand the ConceptNw word r coined, or crtd, th ti. Th nwy crtdword r cd neologisms.

Noogi origint in ny wy, but thy r oftn rdthrough th di. Wht word do th di u? Thi wi dnd onwht i hning t th ont. So high-rofi word r rtdto rcnt invntion, dic brkthrough, currnt vnt, ndcutur dvont. Othr focu on nvironnt or oci iutht r gining ttntion.

Around th yr 2000, word uch Y2K, chad, informationsuperhighway, millennium bug, dotcom, clicks-and-mortar, nd SARSro to roinnc. So hv rind rt of our coon

vocbury, but ny hv fn into rtiv diu inc thn.A of th foowing word hv ntrd th ngug in th t fifty

yr:

ATMbr codcur honcodndntdbit crd

diinfortiondocudrty-ntrgziion

gridockhoohobiintrrnurkovrtdown

ntiznoitic corrctnqurkrity chck

occr oound bytin doctortrktingtritht

voiciyui

Fddih or trndy word or hr tht r our for ti roti cd buzz words. Addition incud downsize,synergy, nd outsource. If th word r ovrud for ong ti, thybco clichs, word or hr tht hv ot thir owr.

Ty It Youelf

E x E r C I s E A Wht word hv bn dointing th di ty? With rtnror grou, brintor it of word you hv hrd or rdfrqunty in th t fw onth.

Neologismsare newlycreated words. Some

of these will be popular briefly;others will last.

Tip

Buzz words are faddishor trendy words or

phrases that are popular for atime.

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Euphemim and DoublepeakEuphemisms r inoffniv word or hr tht r ubtitutd forword or hr tht y b conidrd offniv. Mny uhiit for dth, body rt nd function, nd bnoriti. Th wordmisspeak i uhi for lie; thi tr i oftn ud by o ingovrnnt or othr oition of uthority whn thy dont wnt todit thy hv id.

Th u of uhi to obcur ning, rotct onf, orid o i cd doublespeak. Doubk i ngug thtdo not ry counict, k th ngtiv oitiv, ndvoid ronibiity. Rcing th word casualties with th hrcollateral damage i n of doubk. Othr incud regime change to rfr to ovrthrow of govrnnt ndconflictor operation to rfr to wr.

Govrnnt nd corortion u doubk in n ffortto void ronibiity. A you rd or itn to nw rort,dvrtint, nd oitic ch, wtch for ofdoubk. Tk ti to intrrt wht i ry bing id.


Ski nwr nd Intrnt g or itn to nw rort ndch. In th ft coun bow, k it of doubk tryou find. In th right coun, trnt th doubk into ordirct ngug.


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redress(ri dr@s)v.,to remedyor compensate

In order to redress the shopowners financial losses, the

judge ordered the boys to pay toreplace the window that they hadbroken.

Redress is a Middle Englishword of French origin. Its originalmeaning, to set upright orrestore, is similar to its meaning

today. Synonyms ofredressinclude avenge,rectify, andequalize. Redress is commonlyused in the legal senseforexample, citizens with grievancescan seekredress through the courtsystem.

Word of the Week

LEssON 16

Compound Wod

Undetand the ConceptA th Engih ngug vov, nw cobintion of word r fordnd bco coon in vrydy ch. Soti th cobintionr fory joind togthr nw tr, or compound words. For, in th ry dy of th Intrnt, on coud go on in. A thitr w ud or frqunty, it w hyhntd on-in. Now iti cctb to oit th hyhn nd iy writ onin. Knowing thcorrct wy to writ coound word ( two word, with hyhn, orcobind into on word) cn b confuing rt of writing. A rcntdition of dictionry houd b ud to chck th corrct for of

coound word. A ty guid uch The Chicago Manual of Style cno rovid hfu guidin for word you cnnot find in th dictionry.

For ny coound word, th ning of th cobind word iiir to th ning of th rt word. For , somethingntiy n th th word some nd thing. Anothr i th word toothpaste, which i paste for teeth.With othrcoound word, howvr, th dfinition h chngd ovr ti ton othing ditinct fro th word tht cori it. For ,th word cupboardh diffrnt ning thn th cobintion of thword cup nd board.A or coictd i bootstrap, whichitry n tr or c for boot, but o h nothr or

figurtiv ning: unidd or indndnt ffort. Thi ning iuuy ud in th hr by on own boottr.

Ty It YouelfFor ch of th foowing coound word, indict if th ningi iir to or diffrnt fro tht of th two rt word. Brifyin ch of your ron.

1. godfih iir diffrnt

2. howork iir diffrnt

3. urrkt iir diffrnt

4. without iir diffrnt

5. bckbon iir diffrnt

6. ocorn iir diffrnt

7. tonw iir diffrnt

8. brinwh iir diffrnt

9. hokr iir diffrnt

10. tndrfoot iir diffrnt

Compound nouns andadjectives that are written

as one word, such asbaseballand waterproof, are called closedcompounds.

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vex (veks)v., to annoy; baffleAlthough Mrs. Witherspoonadored her husband, she found

his habit of chewing with hismouth open most vexing.

Vexis derived from the Latin wordvexare,which means to agitate.Other synonyms ofvexincludedisplease,irk,irritate, aggravate,and exasperate.

Word of the Week

LEssON 17

Alluion and Eponym

Undetand the ConceptAn allusion i figur of ch in which rfrnc i d to ron, vnt, objct, or work fro hitory, itrtur, or rt. Auionforg connction tht nrich nd iuint th contt in which thyoccur. For , if you c your nighbor croog, you r kingn uion to Chr DicknA Christmas Carol. You r o yingothing bout your nighbor ronity, tht h or h i tingy,iry, or grouchy bout hoidy.

Auion r coon in itrtur. Look t th foowing infro Su Hny o A C, which i bout hring thticking of cock in th bckground h wit for hi fthr to co toth thon:

And found myself then thinking: if it were nowadays,

This is how Death would summon Everyman.

Th uion i to th div dr Everyman, in which chrctrnd Evryn i forcd to fc th nd of hi if. Th uion howtht th kr i thinking bout hi fthr ortity.

If you hv rd Everyman or r fiir with th ubjct ofth y, you wi rcogniz nd undrtnd th uion. If you wr

not fiir with Everyman, wht woud you do? You ight iynotic th word Death nd undrtnd tht th cock r rindingth kr of ortity. You ight conut footnot, if on ivib. Dictionri nd itrry guid ight o b hfu. Byooking u Everyman in on of th rourc, you woud gin bttrundrtnding of th ignificnc of th uion.


Rd ch of th foowing ntnc, nd try to dtrin th ning

of th undrind uion. Ao not th ourc of th uion, if youknow it. You ight wnt to work with rtnr to oo your knowdg.

1. Drk roo to b n rion of gnroity ndfrindhi, but I frid it ight b Trojn hor.

2. Joh h nvr id tht uch ttntion to gir, but tingBridgt h turnd hi into r Roo!

An allusion is a figureof speech in which a

reference is made to a person,event, object, or work from historyor literature.

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3. Sktic cor our ttt to find workb oution to highhth-cr cot to knight out rching for nonitnt gri.

4. A of th cttroh t onc k f ik Job.

5. Whn hi itt brothr idd with hi rnt, Chri crid, Et tu,Brut?

EponymWord tht r ford fro ror n r cd eponyms.Whthr or not you riz it, you r robby fiir with nyony. Hr r o of ony, thir ning, ndthir ourc.

Eponym Meaning Source

Cinderella one lifted from obscurity to honor fairy tale characterscrooge stingy person character from DickenssA

Christmas Carol

sherlock detective Sherlock Holmes, detective createdby Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

nemesis formidable opponent Greek goddess of revenge

odyssey long voyage marked by manychanges in fortune

Homers epic the Odyssey

spartan marked by simplicity or self-denial Sparta, ancient Greek city-stateknown for its rejection of comforts

maverick independent individual Samuel Maverick, a pioneer whobroke with convention by notbranding his cattle

pasteurize partial sterilization of food usingradiation

Louis Pasteur, inventor of thepasteurization process

Thr r ny ourc of ony. Fro th it bov, you cn tht ony co fro th n of chrctr in itrturnd ythoogy, ncint c or o, nd o fro hitory.Invntor oftn giv thir n to invntion, nd botnit oftn givthir n to nt, fowr, or fruit.

If you know othing bout th ourc of n ony, it wi h

you dtrin th ning of th ony. Othrwi, ry on wordtudy ki you hv rdy rnd, uch uing contt cu or dictionry.

An eponym is a wordformed from the name of

a person, character, or place.

Tip

In your study ofliterature, you might

have encountered the termalexandrine, which refers to aline containing six metrical feetor twelve syllables. This poeticalterm is an eponym based on theFrench poet Alexandre de Bernaiwho wrote a popular verse aboutAlexander the Great. The poemwas written in lines of six feet.

Tip

A proprietary eponym

is a brand name thathas evolved into a more widelyused term. For example, the wordKleenexis often used to refer toany tissue, and a moving staircaseis called an escalator whetheror not it is manufactured by theEscalator company.

Tip

A malapropism is the

opposite of an eponym; itis an inappropriate name given tosomething.

Tip

Think about a character youhave read about recently. Ifthis characters name were aneponym, what would it mean?

Imagine your name is an eponym.Write a definition for the word.

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U dictionry to find th ning of th foowing ony. Thnu ch word in conttu ntnc.

1. drconin

2. tntiz

3. Rubicon

4. Wtroo

5. quiing

6. bowdriz

7. tntorin

8. Ugy Aricn

9. hctor

10. Pndor bo

11. boycott

12. Pyrrhic victory

13. rti

14. nrciitic

15. tonic


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1. chuviniA. n intn nd to b cctdB. n civ n of uriorityC. dir for th finr thingD. th bif tht won r qu to

n

2. whoutA. wthrroof hd

B. n unhthy chidC. cning outionD. fiur

3. undrbyA. inttinB. rry n rC. roductiv ctionD. thif

4. hrcunA. hiryB. good iritdC. crfuD. ction

5. tntorinA. try oudB. y to undrtndC. initrD. ntry

6. whitcA. bond wonB. n dry nC. th crt of brking wvD. th dg of now-covrd trt

7. ritzyA. wnkyB. dirty

C. ridD. oving

8. fihntA. ty of dockB. ty of fbricC. ty of ocnic hbittD. ty of rturnt

9. titnicA. untrutworthyB. nivC. ticD. in

10. quioticA. quitB. ountinouC. iditicD. binding


Compound Wod and Eponym

Choo th bt dfinition for ch of th foowing word. Writ thcorronding ttr on th bnk rovidd.


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LEssON 18

Common Aconym

Undetand the ConceptAn acronym i word d fro th initi ttr of th in rt of coound tr. For , th crony PINtnd for pronidntifiction nubr. Initialisms r ik crony, but ch ttri ronouncd ttr. TVi n of n initii. Soinitii nd crony, uch RSVPnd radar, r w knownnd cn tnd on thir own. Othr, uch NHTSA r not o cr.Whn uing n crony or initii tht y not b rcognizd byyour udinc, out th word nd writ th crony or initii inrnthi th firt ti you u it. Look t th foowing :

Information about child safety seats is available from the

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).

Th nt ti you wnt to rfrnc th gncy in your docunt, youcn jut u th crony.


You y b fiir with th ning of ny of th foowingcrony. Try to gu wht ch tnd for. Thn in wht tht i.

example VIPStnd for: vry iortnt ronMning: oon who i conidrd by ny to biortnt

1. TBA

Stnd for:

Mning:

2. TLC

Stnd for:Mning:

3. DOB

Stnd for:

Mning:

posh (p5sh)adj.,elegant;intended for the upper class

At the ball, Cinderella noticedthe fine drapery, the ornatechandeliers, and all the expensive

gowns and jewel-encrustednecklacesit was quite a poshaffair.

The origin ofposh is unknown,although it is commonly believedto be an acronym for port-out,

starboard home, which referredto the ocean-liner cabins givento high paying customers as theysailed from Britain to India andback during the days of the BritishEmpire. Posh may also be derivedfrom the British street slang for alarge sum of money. Either way,

posh refers to things associatedwith an elegant, expensive, orlavish lifestyle.

Word of the Week

An acronym is a wordmade from the initial

letters of the main parts of acompound term.

Tip

Initialisms are likeacronyms, but each letter

is pronounced as a letter.

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4. FEMA

Stnd for:

Mning:

5. NASCAR

Stnd for:

Mning:6. FAQ

Stnd for:

Mning:

7. DPI

Stnd for:

Mning:

8. UFO

Stnd for:

Mning:


U dictionry or th Intrnt to find th ning of ch of thfoowing crony.

1. START ( Unitd Stt/USSR trty)

2. NATO

3. EPCOT

4. rdr

5. cub

LOL is a very common chat roomacronym that stands for laughingout loud. Other chat roomacronyms include TYfor thank youand WB for welcome back. Makeyour own glossary of chat roomacronyms. You may wish to includesmileys or emoticons, too. : -)

Just for Fun


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LEssON 19

Clich

Undetand the ConceptIf your frind i coining bout othing you conidr uniort-nt, do you t hi h king ountin out of ohi? If youritt brothr cnnot it ti, do you k if h h nt in hi nt?Or r you or origin in your ngug? Th fiir hr bovr known clichs. Originy, th ttnt wr thor thtiknd o itution to fiir ction or rinc. Howvr, thyhv bn ud o frqunty tht thy hv bco tiro nd trit,o thy r cd cich.


In ch of th foowing ntnc, dtrin th ning of thiticizd cich. Thn rwrit th ntnc o tht it rtin th ning but do not u cich.

1. Whn Jo w th cony nwy dignd ogo, h id it w ahorse of a different color.

Mning:

Rwrit:

2. Accoihing vrything ncry to cot dic chooi long row to hoe.

Mning:

Rwrit:

3. Th wrting coch gv th firt-yr trtr r tongue-lashingfor urrndring th oing tkdown with fiv cond riningin th tch.

Mning:

Rwrit:

4. When all is said and done,Chif Jutic Robrt ury ho thtno on wi rbr hi bubing of th ridnti oth ofoffic.

Mning:

Rwrit:

puerile(py1r @l)adj., immaturWhen Jakes father heard about

Jakes childish prank, he proudlyproclaimed that Jake was a chipoff the old block, which prompted

his mother to scold Jake for hispuerile behavior and her husbandfor use of a foolish clich.

Puerile is derived from the Latinword for boy,puer.It refers to sillychildish behavior. Synonyms of

puerile includejuvenile,infantile,andbabyish.

Word of the Week

Watch for clichs whenyou are reading for schoo

or for pleasure. Notice how thesephrases make the writing sound,and try to think of ways to revisethem to make the writing moreoriginal and interesting.

Tip

In good writing, one shoulavoid clichs and try to be

more originalafter all, variety isthe spice of life!

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5. Th invtigtor found tht th wrning hd bn swept under therugby th fir ngnt t.

Mning:

Rwrit:

6. Th rt intructor hd uch bd tr tht hr tudnt hdto walk on eggshells round hr.

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7. Now tht h w fou, th ctr coind tht hr if wunder a microscope.

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8. Aftr wtching Morgn do vr fooih thing, th boy dcidd tht h w not playing with a full deck.

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spot MetaphoSort thor r rh th ot ovrud ty of cich. How nyti hv you hrd n occurrnc or ccoihnt dcribd slam dunk, home run, orgrand slam? Whi th vnt r citing ndintrting whn thy occur in bb or bktb g, uing th todcrib outid vnt uuy nd u ounding tiro nd ckutr.


In ch of th foowing ntnc, dtrin th ning of thiticizd ort thor. Thn rwrit th ntnc o tht it rtinth ning but do not u ort thor.

1. Th judg ruing i r knockout blow to nvironnt grou,who r trying to ht contruction of th d cro th CoubiRivr.

Mning:

Rwrit:

2. Now tht M. Hting h cught Congrn Jon in th o,thi cign h bco a real ballgame.

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3. Whn kd bout th ikihood tht Irq w hiding won of dtruction, th hd of th CIA nwrd tht it w slam dunk.

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Rwrit:

In formal writing, such asschool papers or work

reports, one should take extra careto avoid using clichs. In general,the more direct and specific yourwriting, the greater the chanceyour audience will understand

what you are saying and remaininterested in your topic.

Tip

Sports metaphors areoften overused by

politicians. The next time you arereading a newspaper or magazinearticle about politics, look forexamples of this. Why do youthink politicians might choose touse this type of clich?

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LEssON 20

Contaction

Undetand the ConceptIn Engih, w othr ngug, word or grou of wordr coony hortnd, ithr in ch, in writing, or both.Contractions r word ford by th cobintion of two word, thiintion of on or or ttr, nd th inrtion of n otroh.For , did noti oftn okn nd writtn didnt.Contrctionr coon in okn Engih w in infor writtn Engih.In gnr, contrction houd b voidd in for writtn Engih,uch in choo r or buin rort.

Common ContactionMny coony ud contrction r ford fro th ronounI,you, we, he, she, nd they with th vrb have, will, nd are. Thincud:

I (I )Iv (I hv)I (I wi)Id (I woud)your (you r)youv (you hv)

you (you wi)wr (w r)

wv (w hv)w (w wi)h (h wi)h (h wi)thyr (thy r)thyv (thy hv)

thy (thy wi)

Othr coon contrction tht r ford fro vrb hr nd notincud:

int (i not)wnt (w not)wont (wi not)dont (do not)

didnt (did not)dont (do not)cnt (cn not or cnnot)houdnt (houd not)


Rwrit th foowing ntnc o tht thy do not incud contrction.

1. I wont hv ti to viit hr nd I ho tht h not b toodiointd.

2. You hv of th too wv hd.

impetuous(im pech w@s orim pe ch2 w@s)adj., marked byimpulsive, passionate behavior

Georgiana loved shoes and wasmost impetuous at mallsshe waalways buying new pairs, whether

she could afford them or not.

Impetuous is derived directly fromthe Latin wordimpetus,whichmeans to attack or rush, andis closely related to the English

wordimpetus,which means acompelling force. People who ac

impetuouslyoften have difficultycontrolling their urges and maygive into their desires regardless othe consequences.

Word of the Week

Contractions arewords formed by the

combination of two words, theelimination of one or moreletters, and the insertion of anapostrophe.

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3. I ur tht thyr fin grou of ccountnt.

4. W cnt fi th rockt hi un wr givn th right too.

5. Thi rut dont n tht your going to hv to tk urchoo.

Contaction veu PoeiveContrction r oti itkny ud oiv to howownrhi. Look t th foowing two ntnc nd conidr which onu oiv corrcty.

example Th hor rod in its fvorit fid of covr.Th hor rod in its fvorit fid of covr.

Whn in doubt, brk th contrction into it rt word. If you do

thi for th ntnc bov, you wi dicovr tht th firt indo not k n. Th cond ntnc i corrct. Othr coonyconfud contrction nd oiv incud:

Possessive Form Contraction

it it (it i)thir thyr (thy r)your your (you r)who who (who i)

Ty It Youelf

E x E r C I s E BIn ch of th foowing ntnc, circ th corrct for of th word.

1. P hnd your/your book.2. Evryon gr tht your/your th bt dncr in th c.3. I tod hi it/it going to b cod whn w gt to Minnot.4. Th dog drnk fro it/it wtr dih.5. Dit th ong cib, thr/thir/thyr wking u to th to of

th Eir Stt Buiding.6. Ar thr/thir/thyr ny rcrtion oortuniti for botr

in th ur?7. Th frightnd chidrn rn to thr/thir/thyr rnt.

8. If you r uncrtin, k who/who turn it i.9. I wnt to know who/who th wi guy tht ut gu on y

chir!10. It/It rud not to c your othr bck.

Many different kinds ofcontractions that were

once considered acceptableare now considered archaicor obsolete. For example,Shakespeare often formed thepast tense of verbs by adding d,as in the phrase For Banquosissues have I fild my mind.

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vapid (va p@d)adj.,dullThe politicians vapid responsesto questions at the town hall

meeting were further evidencethat he did not interact well with

people.

Vapidis derived from the Latinword vapidus,which was used todescribe flat-tasting wine. Vapidis used to descri

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Vocabulary & Spelling G12