Vocabulary, Sentences and Grammar.

VOCABULARY (REVIEW)

Synonyms & Antonyms

• Synonym= a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as one or more other words.

EX: program / curriculum

• Antonym= a word that has the opposite meaning of another word.

EX: black / white

Homonym & Homograph

• Homonym= a word that sounds the same as another but has different spelling and a different meaning.

EX: waist / waste

• Homograph= a word that has the same spelling as another word but a different meaning and sometimes a different pronunciation

EX: batter (for cakes– to abuse)

Prefix & Suffix

• Prefix= a group of letters added to the beginning of a base word that changes the meaning of the word.

EX: unlikely• Suffix= a group of letters added to the end of a

base word that changes the meaning of the word.

EX: courageous

Contractions

• A contraction is a word formed by joining two other words.

• An apostrophe shows where a letter of letters have been omitted.

EX: she will = she’ll

*Exception is won’t (will not)

Compound Words

• A compound word is a word that is made up of two or more words. The meaning of many compound words is related to the meaning of each individual word.

EX: rattlesnake

Connotation & Denotation

• Denotation is the exact meaning of a word as stated in a dictionary.

• Connotation is an added meaning of a word that suggests something positive or negative.

SENTENCES

Types of Sentences

1- Declarative: makes a statement. It is followed by a period.

2- Imperative: expresses a command or request. It is followed by a period.

3-Interrogative: asks a question. It is followed by a question mark (?).

4- Exclamatory: expresses strong emotion. I can also express a command or request that is made with great excitement. It is followed by an exclamation mark (!).

SUBJECTS

• The “do-er” of the action. Every sentence MUST have a subject.

• COMPLETE: includes all the words that tell who or what the sentence is about.

• SIMPLE: the main word in the complete subject.

• COMPOUND: is made up of two or more simple subjects.

PREDICATES

• The action (or verb) itself. Every sentence must have a predicate (as well as a subject).

• COMPLETE: includes all the words that state the action or condition of the subject.

• SIMPLE: a verb within the complete predicate. • COMPOUND: is made up of two or more

simple predicates.

OBJECTS

• DIRECT OBJECT: tells who or what receives the action of the verb. The direct object is a noun, proper noun or pronoun that follows an action verb.

EX: You told the (truth) direct object

• INDIRECT OBJECT: the noun, pronoun or proper noun that tells to whom or for whom an action is done. In order to have an indirect object, a sentence must have a direct object.

EX: Who sold (you)indirect object that fantastic (bike)direct object?

CLAUSES

• A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a predicate.

• There are 2 kinds of clauses.

1- The Independent Clause

2- The Subordinate Clause

Independent Clause

• Can stand alone as a sentence because it expresses a complete thought.

EX: (The students came) in when the bell rang.

Subordinate Clause

• This clause has a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought.

• A subordinate clause must be combined with an independent clause to make a sentence

EX: The stamp (that I bought) was already in my collection.

Types of Subordinate Clauses

1- Adjective Subordinate Clause• A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a

pronoun. It answers the adjective question which one? or what kind?

• It usually modifies the word directly preceding it. • Most adjective clauses begin with a RELATIVE

PRONOUN.

Relative Pronouns

• Relates an adjective clause to the noun or pronoun that the clause modifies.

-Who-Whose-Which-That

EX: The coat (that I bought) was on sale.

Types of Subordinate Clauses (cont.)

2- Adverb Subordinate Clause • A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an

adjective or another adverb. • It answers the adverb question how? under

what condition? or why? • Most adverb clauses begin with a

subordinating conjunction.

Subordinating Conjunctions

• The ‘joining’ words that introduce adverb clauses.

-When -Because-After -Although-Before -Since

Now that we understand clauses, we can begin to understand the different ways to join together clauses to add interest to our writing.

Simple Sentences(ind.)

• Contains only one independent clause. The subject, predicate or both may be compound.

EX:

The courthouse is the oldest building in town.

Gale and Louise are making costumes and dressing up.

Compound Sentences(ind + ind.)

• Consists of two or more independent clauses. Each independent clause in a compound sentence can stand alone as a separate sentence.

• The independent clauses are usually joined by conjunctions :– and - or – but - for– so - yet

• Sometimes a semicolon (;) is used to join two independent clauses in a compound sentence

Compound Sentences (cont.)

• Pay attention to how commas are used in these sentences!

EX:Jack brought the chairs, but Mary forgot the

extra table.

The music started; the dance had begun.

We can wait for Jesper, or we can go on ahead.

Complex Sentences(ind. + sub.)

• Contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

EX: The person (who helps me carry these) gets

some dessert.

The shadows (that had fallen between the trees) were a deep purple.

Complex-Compound Sentences(ind. + ind. + sub.)

• Consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

EX:

Magda stayed at my house because she lost her keys, and her parents were not home.