Vocabulary1. Monosaccharide2. Active site3. DNA 4. Carbohydrate5. Polypeptide6. Functional Group7. Organic Compound8. Monomer9. RNA10. ATP11. Steroid12. Nucleic acid13. Polymer14. Disaccharide15. Substrate

16. Lipid

17. Nucleotide

18. Wax

19. Phospholipid

20. Macromolecule

21. Hydrolysis

22. Protein23. Amino Acid24. Enzyme25. Polysaccharide26. Peptide bond27. Condensation Reaction

Carbon

Four electrons in its outermost energy level

Very stable

Can form four covalent bond with other atoms

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Organic Compounds

Most organic compounds have functional groups.

Hydroxyl group of the butanol molecule

Functional Groups

Functional groups attached to Carbon and influence the properties of the molecule and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.

LARGE CARBON MOLECULES

Monomer Polymer x 5 MacromoleculeMonomers link to form polymers through condensation reaction.

Hydrolysis

Chemical process in which polymers are broken down into monomers with the addition of water

Molecules of Life

Four main classes of organic compounds are essential to life processes of all living things:

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

STRUCTURAL COMPARISONCarbohydrate

1:2:1 Ratio

Lipids

Polar – carboxyl headNonpolar – hydrocarbon tail

Steroids

Carbon fused rings

Nucleic Acids

Monomers = Nucleotides

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

Five carbon sugar

Proteins – Amino Acids (monomers)

Carboxyl groupAmino groupR group – distinguishesOne from another

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.

Exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Primary source of energy in living things

Chemically tested by use of Benedict’s Reagent (monosaccharides) and Iodine Test (polysaccharides)

MonosaccharideSimple Sugar, monomer of carbohydratesBond together to form Disaccharides and PolysaccharidesGlucose, Fructose, Galactose

Disaccharide Double SugarFormed through Condensation Synthesis of two monosaccharidesSucrose = Glucose+ Fructose Lactose = Galactose + GlucoseMaltose = Glucose + Glucose

PolysaccharideStarchFormed through Condensation Synthesis of three or more monosaccharides

Starch

Two basic formsGlycogen

• Long coil

• Storage polysaccharide in animals

Cellulose• Highly branched

• Storage polysaccharide in plants

Cellulose

ProteinsComposed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.Composed of many monomers called amino acids to form polypeptide chainsMost enzymes are proteinsChemically tested by Biuret’s test.

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LipidsLarge nonpolar organic molecules that do not dissolve in water.Have a higher ration of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms.Store energyChemically tested using Sudan III or spot testComposed of long fatty acid chains linked to glycerol

Saturated = single bondsUnsaturated = double bondPolyunsaturated = all double or triple bonds

Fatty acids have a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end

Complex lipids

Phospholipid - make up the cell membrane

Wax - a structural lipid which forms a protective coat oncells

Steroids - composed of four fused carbon rings; make up hormones, cholesterol

Nucleic Acids

Very large complex molecules that store important information in the cell

Composed of chains of nucleotidesPhosphate group

Sugar

Nitrogenous base

DNA or RNA

EnzymesRNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts

Are essential for the functioning of any cell

Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate (the reactant being catalyzed)

Lock and keyfit

The change in the enzymes shape weakens some chemical bonds in Substrate and reduces the activation energy of the reaction so reactants can become products.

The enzyme is unchanged and is available to be used again.

Enzymes are temperature and pH specificOutside of optimal numbers and the enzyme

changes shape, substrate will not fit.

Biological reactions + EnzymesIn living things, chemical reactions occur between large, complex biomolecules.

Many of these reactions require large activation energies, the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur.

Many of these reactions would not occur quickly enough to sustain life without the help of enzymes.

ACTIVATION ENERGY

2 reaction types

Exergonic – release more energy than they absorb

Endergonic – Absorb more energy then they

release

Controlling EnzymesCofactors- enhance enzyme activity

Non-protein component of an enzyme

Coenzyme (organic molecule)

Inorganic molecule

Inhibitors- deactivate enzyme either temporarily or permanently

Reversible

• Competitive-temporarily molecule block active site

• Noncompetitive-molecule binds at another location and slow down the rate of reaction.

• Allosteric-Block active site and stop its functioning

Irreversible-inhibit substrate binding (poisons)