VIII. Early Reform Movements

In the 1820’s a Second Great Awakening arose in America. One of the effects of the movement was a

desire by Christians to attack perceived social ills in 19th century America:

MOVEMENT ISSUE IMPACT KEY PEOPLE/GROUPS

Temperance People should drink less alcohol, or alcohol should be outlawed altogether

Increased the size of Protestant religious organizations & their influence Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement

American Temperance Society

Abolition Slavery should be abolished and it should not be allowed in new states

Made slavery and its expansion an important political issue Women played an important role, which laid the foundation for the women’s movement

American Colonization Society called for the emancipation and transportation of freed slaves back to Africa William Lloyd Garrison The American Antislavery Society, led by William Lloyd Garrison called for immediate emancipation by any means necessary William Lloyd Garrison- white RADICAL abolitionist, editor of The Liberator, called for immediate emancipation Frederick Douglass- former slave, editor of The North Star, called for gradual emancipation

Public School

All children should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained teachers

Established education as a right for all children Improved the quality of schools by requiring trained teachers

Horace Mann believed that democracy could only be effective with an educated population

Women’s Suffrage

Women’s equality & suffrage (voting rights)

Eventually led to the 19th amendment, granting women the right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Lucretia Mott

Grimke Sisters All of these became involved after being denied access to the London World Anti-Slavery Convention

Seneca Falls Convention Women’s rights convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia

Mott

The Declaration of Sentiments (modeled after Declaration of

Independence)- called for an end to unequal treatment of women and for

women’s suffrage

***Marked beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement

IX. Manifest Destiny & Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny: It was the American “Destiny” to

stretch from the Atlantic to Pacific

The term was first coined by newspaper editor

John O’Sullivan in 1845

Was used to gain public support for American territorial expansion in Texas, Oregon and Mexican

territory

Northwest Land Ordinance: Blue prints for orderly westward expansion and settlement

Outlined how western territories would be divided/sold and settled

Procedures for how these territories would become states

Banned slavery in the Northwest Territory

Louisiana Purchase: (1803) President Jefferson purchased the

territory from France for $15 million

Doubled the size of the U.S.

Secured critical lands for future expansion

Gave the U.S. a secure port at New Orleans to export

American goods abroad

The Corps of Discovery/ Lewis and Clark: Explored the

Louisiana Territory from St. Louis to the Pacific

Chartered western trails, mapped rivers/mountains,

recorded plants/animals

Sacajawea served as their guide and translator.

Monroe Doctrine: (1823) Europe should stay out of the Western

Hemisphere (NO NEW COLONIES); U.S. won’t interfere in Europe

Issued in response to European countries that had made plans to

help one another recapture American colonies that had gained

independence

A key aspect of U.S. foreign policy that STILL EXISTS TODAY

By making this deal, Jefferson

greatly expanded the power of the

Presidency as the Constitution

made no provision for this type

of Presidential action

There were three primary motivations for America’s westward growth:

1. the desire of most Americans to own their own land/ make a fresh start

2. the discovery of gold and other valuable resources

3. the belief that the United States was destined to stretch across North America

Oregon: “Fifty-four Forty or Fight”

Texas Annexation (1845):

Sam Houston encouraged and helped

Americans settle Texas when it was part of Mexico

Settlers rebelled against the Mexican government when it abolished slavery and tried to force settlers to convert to Catholicism.

Despite a total loss at the Battle of the Alamo, Americans won Texan independence

and formed the Republic of Texas

Texas wasn’t admitted to the Union until 1845, because Americans were divided over the issue of admitting another slave state into the Union

Mexican Cession: Began as a dispute over the U.S.-Mexican border: When the

U.S. sent troops south of the Nueces to the Rio Grande, the

Mexican Army attacked

The U.S. attacked on 2 fronts: through California & through

Texas

Key Generals: Zachary Taylor & Winfield

Scott

But this new territory would further DIVIDE the

nation as the question of SLAVERY had to be

decided as the territories prepared to apply for statehood…EX: WILMOT PROVISO

James K. Polk’s presidential campaign

slogan to take all of the Oregon Territory under dispute between the U.S. and

Britain

Compromise: boundary of Oregon = 49th parallel

U.S. said border = Rio Grande

Mexico said border= Nueces River

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended war

U.S. gained California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado & Wyoming

Rio Grande was made the official border

X. CAUSES & EVENTS LEADING TO CIVIL WAR

Sectionalism- the key economic differences between the North & South- would:

Fuel conflicts over the expansion of slavery as the U.S. spread westward…

Reignite disagreements over who has the ultimate authority- the Fed or the States (STATES’ RIGHTS)

Conflict & Compromise over Slavery ALL OF THE FOLLOWING CONTRIBUTED TO THE ULTIMATE SPLIT OF THE NATION…

Missouri Compromise 1820: 1st major 19th century conflict over the expansion of slavery

Maine entered as free state

Missouri entered as slave state

Territory above the 36 30 line closed to slavery

Putting the interests of your own region ahead of the interests of the whole nation- looking out for you and your own versus

thinking about the COMMON

GOOD

Economy based on INDUSTRY/

MANUFACTURING

Opposed expansion of slavery Supported

TARIFFS- taxes on foreign goods- because this made their own manufactured goods cheaper for people to buy!

Economy based on AGRICULTURE/

Plantations

Dependent on slavery Opposed TARIFFS- b/c the South had few factories, meaning they relied on foreign manufactured goods! Tariffs made these goods too expensive

This MAINTAINED THE

BALANCE OF POWER

between free and slave

states in Congress

“I got an idea…Let’s compromise!”

Henry Clay- THE GREAT COMPROMISER

THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS (Jackson/Fed gov’t vs. Calhoun/South Carolina) over the Tariff of Abominations is a key example of the differences between the North & the South, and how this sectionalism would continue to divide the nation (this info is found in cram packet #2)

Wilmot Proviso:

Proposed no slavery in the new territories acquired in the war with Mexico

IT WAS NOT PASSED- the issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained

unresolved.

Compromise of 1850: The issue came up again when California applied for

statehood as a FREE STATE This made slave states mad b/c It would violate the Missouri

Compromise (most of California was SOUTH of the 36 30 LINE) It would upset the balance in Congress between free and slave states

Concerned the nation was on the brink of RUIN, another compromise was reached:

1. California admitted as a free state

2. Popular Sovereignty for the rest of the new territories from Mexico

3. Ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C.

4. Fugitive Slave Act was established requiring runaway slaves to be returned

ONLY CALMED THINGS DOWN TEMPORARILY

Kansas-Nebraska Act Proposed by Stephen Douglas:

Kansas & Nebraska territories created

Popular Sovereignty would determine the question of slavery in these territories

Repealed the Missouri Compromise & the Compromise of 1850 by allowing settlers in ALL new territories to decide on slavery

Popular Sovereignty: Stephen Douglas= leading supporter

Settlers of a given territory would have the sole right to decide whether slavery would be permitted

“Hey guys, here’s a new idea- LET’s

COMPROMISE!” Henry Clay (again)

Each side raised an army Violence between the 2 sides created warlike conditions

BLEEDING

KANSAS

Proslavery voters set up a proslavery government Abolitionists elected a rival government

Pro- and antislavery groups hurried into Kansas in an attempt to create voting majorities there.

The Dred Scott Decision A slave named Dred Scott claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free states and SUED FOR HIS FREEDOM

The ruling:

Dred Scott was a slave and thus could not sue in federal court

Under the Constitution, slaves were private property and thus could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery

Slaves could not be taken away from their masters, regardless of a territory’s free or slave status

John Brown’s Raid

Radical white abolitionist who believed he had been chosen by God to end slavery 1859: he led a group of white and black men in a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in hopes of arming slaves for a rebellion. The raid failed and Brown was captured.

IMPACT:

Southern states began building up their militias…

THE FINAL STRAW……………………….

Election of 1860

He became a martyr to abolitionists in the North

He became a symbol to the South of the willingness of extreme abolitionists to use violence to end slavery

Effect on Slavery THIS WAS HUGE because it basically MADE SLAVERY OK EVERYWHERE!! Invalidated the Northwest Ordinance, the

Missouri Compromise & the Compromise of 1850 Gave slavery the protection of the U.S.

Constitution- meaning it would take a constitutional amendment to end slavery

Impact The ruling widened the gap between the North & South Many free states said they were going to

ignore the decision The new REPUBLICAN PARTY said that if it

won the presidential election in 1860, it would make sure that the Dred Scott decision was reversed!!!

This is why the South was SOOOOO ticked WHEN REPUBLICAN ABE LINCOLN WAS ELECTED IN 1860

The Republicans opposed

the expansion of slavery

and had already made it

well known that they

would stop its spread if

their candidate- ABRAHAM

LINCOLN- won the election

RESULTS: Lincoln won the electoral vote,

but received less than 2% of the popular

vote- this showed the South that they no

longer had any political voice

EFFECT: South Carolina,

soon followed by 7 states,

seceded from the Union

citizenship

Voting rights

Impeached for: the full pardon of

Lincoln’s 1st Priority= TO PRESERVE THE

UNION (NOT to end slavery)

Key Leaders What happened? Significance

Fort Sumter April 1861 Charleston, S.C.

− Pres. Lincoln − Pres. Davis

− Confederate forces attacked and seized Fort Sumter, one of the last federal forts in the C.S.A.

− The fort fell to the Confederacy

− As a result, Lincoln declared war

− First shots that started the war

Bull Run July 1861

. − Conf. General “Stonewall” Jackson

− Union troops headed to Confederate capitol at Richmond, VA

− Stonewall Jackson led his troops to victory

− First battle of the war

− First victory for the South

After Bull Run, Union forces in the West began the fight for control of the Mississippi River (part 2 of the Anaconda Plan)

Shiloh small Tennessee church close to the Mississippi border rch

1862

− Union General Ulysses S. Grant

− early-morning surprise attack against Union forces camped out at Shiloh Church, killing many Union soldiers in their sleep

− Union General Grant organized a successful counterattack the next day, forcing the Confederates to retreat

− Demonstrated how bloody the war might become

− The Confederate failure to hold on to its frontier showed that at least part of the Union’s Anaconda Plan to split the Confederacy might succeed

As the campaign in the West progressed, the Union pursued part 3 of the Anaconda Plan- taking Richmond

Antietam Sept. 1862

− Conf. General Robert E. Lee

− General Lee marched his forces to Antietam where he fought the war’s 1st major battle on northern soil

− First major battle in Union territory

− Deadliest one-day battle in American history

DOWNFALL OF THE SOUTH Lee’s failure to win at Antietam encouraged Lincoln to issue the Emancipation

Proclamation, which, in turn, gave the Union Army the momentum needed to wear down the Confederacy

Gettysburg July 1863

− Conf. General Robert E. Lee

− General Lee hoped that an invasion of Union territory would significantly weaken Northern support for the war effort.

− As they marched towards Gettysburg, they ran into Union forces, beginning a 3-day “see-saw” battle

− Ended in a Confederate retreat back to Virginia

− Deadliest battle of the Civil War (51,000 killed)

− Considered the turning point of the war

− Marked the beginning of the end for the Confederate forces in the east

− Convinced Lee to give up attempts to invade the Union

That November, a ceremony was held to dedicate a cemetery in Gettysburg. It was here that Lincoln delivered his famous “Gettysburg Address”

Vicksburg May-July 1863

− Union General Ulysses S. Grant

− Grant laid siege to Vicksburg because the army that controlled its high ground that overlooked a curve in the Mississippi River would be able to control traffic on the whole river

− The Union controlled the Mississippi River and the Confederacy was split in two

− Confederate troops and supplies in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas were cut off from the Confederacy.

Emancipation Proclamation: Freed slaves ONLY IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES-

it did NOT END SLAVERY EVERYWHERE b/c Lincoln didn’t want to tick off the border states- those states in the Union

that were slave states

Punish the South

Occupy with military

Guarantee civil rights to former slaves (had to accept

Lincoln’s Plan

“With malice toward none, charity for all”

Welcome back the South quickly/ BE LENIENT/ punishing South will only make things worse

Andrew Johnson

Impeachment

Abolished slavery

Citizenship

Voting Rights

Reasons for Impeachment:

Full pardon of former Confederate citizens

Resistance to the passage of the

Fourteenth Amendment

The removal of a cabinet member without the

approval of Congress (violated TENURE OFFICE

ACT)