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Antebellum Reform Movements
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj5gpfLy8XhAhWMm4MKHSQ_BGcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://mo8ushistory.weebly.com/reform-movements.html&psig=AOvVaw0mFT2WYTEicBfHeqCi8iiD&ust=1554987921536017http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj9o_bYy8XhAhUmjoMKHbHAAwgQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://www.marmorahistory.ca/temperance&psig=AOvVaw0mFT2WYTEicBfHeqCi8iiD&ust=1554987921536017https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj9o_bYy8XhAhUmjoMKHbHAAwgQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://abolitionnc.weebly.com/differing-views-of-slavery.html&psig=AOvVaw0mFT2WYTEicBfHeqCi8iiD&ust=1554987921536017
Antebellum Reform Movements
“Reform”
Positive change
Improve Society
Antebellum Reform Movements
Motives (why)
Types/areas of reform (what)
Social
Religious
Methods of reform (how)
Antebellum Reform Movements
Motives – why here, why now?
Rapid growth
Rapid growth of cities
Changing social order/mobility
Geographic mobility
Need for order in uncertain world
Antebellum Reform Movements
Motives – why here, why now?
Unhappy with present
Need to assess future
Desire to improve society
American “exceptionalism”
Religious Reform
“Second Great Awakening”
http://www.americanyawp.com/text/10-religion-and-reform/
“Camp Meeting”
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjI3oCFz8XhAhUq_4MKHZxqAqAQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tent_revival_during_the_Second_Great_Awakening.jpg&psig=AOvVaw07JJC9pUCIVh3qbXN1gmlz&ust=1554988842978755
Second Great Awakening
North
South
Emphasis on social reform
religious
Social Reforms
What are they reforming?
“Sins”
“Moral and social evils”
Social Reforms
Temperance Movement
“Demon rum”
Train ride to destruction
Social Reforms
Gambling
“Immoral acts” (e.g., prostitution)
Crime
Destruction of the family
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwihhbOx0MXhAhUM9YMKHS7DC5sQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/religious/the-temperance-movement/&psig=AOvVaw16i2M1Bf5k2wdUrMBphV2v&ust=1554989216336336
Social Reforms
Abolition
“Moral evil”
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiM16D40sXhAhVD_oMKHcmmAGQQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/nehsc/reform.htm&psig=AOvVaw0wsrrhZVBWagjsvg5EccMP&ust=1554989835500125https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwinm-Hc0sXhAhWa0YMKHQVfCJgQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://danetteoneal.com/2015/07/04/on-july-4-1854-abolitionists-including-william-lloyd-garrison-sojourner-truth-lucy-stone-and-henry-david-thoreau-addressed-a-rally-sponsored-by-the-massachusetts-anti-slavery-soci/&psig=AOvVaw0wsrrhZVBWagjsvg5EccMP&ust=1554989835500125
Slavery/Abolition
Gradual vs. Immediate
Compensation
Social implications/”disruption”
American Colonization Society “colonizing” African Americans in
Africa
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiGlpy31MXhAhXJ7IMKHebEA0UQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.thoughtco.com/american-colonization-society-1773296&psig=AOvVaw0GicJYG1IRtVfrYNvfgN81&ust=1554990273290092https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjk1azs1MXhAhWwrIMKHTkoBkEQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/content/american-colonization-society-membership-certificate-1833&psig=AOvVaw0GicJYG1IRtVfrYNvfgN81&ust=1554990273290092
American Colonization Society Liberia – est. 1821
Monrovia
http://todayinsocialsciences.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-origins-of-liberia.html
Racial Equality & Emancipation
William Lloyd Garrison
The Liberator
Frederick Douglass
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjF7r-g1cXhAhWDo4MKHVydB4cQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison&psig=AOvVaw1gJVmgQJ99lUXMqvX5B9oL&ust=1554990511584114https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjfyODL1cXhAhVD2oMKHStcA-YQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/frederickdouglass.htm&psig=AOvVaw2wu9T_VRH5S_5lZpWKhNdj&ust=1554990612043637
Women’s Rights
“feme covert”
Legal doctrine
Married woman subservient
to husband
“Coverture”
Could not own property
Could not sign legal document
Could not enter into a contract
Woman suffrage
Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Woman suffrage
Seneca Falls - 1848 a convention “to discuss the social, civil, and
religious condition and rights of woman”
Organized by female Quakers
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiI_dubmsbhAhXgHzQIHejYBVsQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/258394097341093518/&psig=AOvVaw3AcXFVJgZ9byLXsxg02VWG&ust=1555008909085932
Seneca Falls
“Declaration of Sentiments”
“When, in the course of human events, it becomes
necessary for one portion of the family of man to assume
among the people of the earth a position different from that
which they have hitherto occupied, but one to which the laws
of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect
to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare
the causes that impel them to such a course.
We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and
women are created equal; that they are endowed by their
Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these
rights governments are instituted, deriving their powers from
the consent of the governed.”
Methods of Reform
Collective action
Voluntary associations
Benevolent organizations
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjqkJDNo8bhAhW1HTQIHfwVBcUQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=/url?sa%3Di%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%26esrc%3Ds%26source%3Dimages%26cd%3D%26ved%3D%26url%3Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman's_Christian_Temperance_Union%26psig%3DAOvVaw3OdAZY8vd-vjzDd6PiMsJF%26ust%3D1555011546355499&psig=AOvVaw3OdAZY8vd-vjzDd6PiMsJF&ust=1555011546355499http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjqkJDNo8bhAhW1HTQIHfwVBcUQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=/url?sa%3Di%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%26esrc%3Ds%26source%3Dimages%26cd%3D%26ved%3D%26url%3Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman's_Christian_Temperance_Union%26psig%3DAOvVaw3OdAZY8vd-vjzDd6PiMsJF%26ust%3D1555011546355499&psig=AOvVaw3OdAZY8vd-vjzDd6PiMsJF&ust=1555011546355499https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Wctu_logo.png
Methods of Reform
Education/schools
Universal
Non-sectarian
Free
Horace Mann
“Common school”
(public school) movement
Catharine Beecher
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjqkJDNo8bhAhW1HTQIHfwVBcUQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=/url?sa%3Di%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%26esrc%3Ds%26source%3Dimages%26cd%3D%26ved%3D%26url%3Dhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman's_Christian_Temperance_Union%26psig%3DAOvVaw3OdAZY8vd-vjzDd6PiMsJF%26ust%3D1555011546355499&psig=AOvVaw3OdAZY8vd-vjzDd6PiMsJF&ust=1555011546355499
Methods of Reform
In the home
Role of women
“Cult of True Womanhood”
“Cult of Domesticity”
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi_5vXymNLhAhUP2qwKHb8jBKkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://apprend.io/apush/period-4/cult-of-domesticity/&psig=AOvVaw1tUsMtTwNGFaAneQf_Xy9m&ust=1555420996433701https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiMjf2AmdLhAhVGSq0KHa2JC-IQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https://csivc.csi.cuny.edu/history/files/lavender/386/truewoman.pdf&psig=AOvVaw1tUsMtTwNGFaAneQf_Xy9m&ust=1555420996433701https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiAqciNmdLhAhUJSq0KHRw4DLwQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://mstartzman.pbworks.com/Cult-of-Domesticity-(5)&psig=AOvVaw1tUsMtTwNGFaAneQf_Xy9m&ust=1555420996433701
Methods of Reform
Utopias
Communal living
Seeking perfection
Oneida Community
Brook Farm
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiywt73p8bhAhV2HDQIHc5IAtIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://fineartamerica.com/featured/brook-farm-19th-century-granger.html&psig=AOvVaw0wwFbKa5xIqmeo9oYGG05K&ust=1555012696851492
Methods of Reform
Spiritualism
Seeking knowledge from spirits
8 million followers
by 1900
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjWj8jZqMbhAhXrFzQIHWIpDN8QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://goldenageofgaia.com/2016/11/13/history-spiritualist-movement/&psig=AOvVaw3fPhYT5olvSlkRGnC-buo1&ust=1555012870548833