Table S1. Sites and Demographic Data.

Area/SiteCultureArea

Site date

(A.D) n(5+) 5-19 19+

15P5

e0LTe15LT (+15) Sources

Fremont AreaGreat Salt Lake Wetlands Burials, Period 1a

Fremont 550 7 2.33 4.67 0.333 [1]

Great Salt Lake Wetlands Burials, Period 2a

Fremont 750 4 1 3 0.250 [1]

Great Salt Lake Wetlands Burials, Period 3a

Fremont 850 7 1 6 0.143 [1]

Warren Mounds Fremont 900 7 1 6 0.143 [2]; [1]Median Village Fremont 930 2 0 2 0.000 [3]; [4]Great Salt Lake Wetlands Burials, Period 4a

Fremont 950 7 2 5 0.286 [1]

Great Salt Lake Wetlands Burials, Period 5a

Fremont 1050 12 3.07 8.93 0.256 [1]

Main Ridge Community at Lost City Fremont 1075 21 11 21 0.524 [5]Caldwell Village Fremont 1125 8 0 8 0.000 [6]Coombs Village Site Fremont 1175 7 2 5 0.286 [7]Great Salt Lake Wetlands Burials, Period 6a

Fremont 1200 12 5.33 8.67 0.444 [1]

Virgin Anasazi AreaCave du Pont Pueblo 217 5 0 5 0.000 [8]; [9]Kane Centera Pueblo 230 30.25 6.14 24.11 0.203 [10]Bonanza Dune Pueblo 1050 1.5 0.50 1 0.333 [11]Mesa House Pueblo 1175 4 2 2 0.500 [12]

Kayenta AreaMarsh Passa Pueblo -233 21 2.63 18.37 0.125 [13]Woodchuck Cave Pueblo -50 13 2 11 0.154 [14]; [15]

Sand Dune Cave Kayenta 650 2 1 1 0.500 [16]; [17]Black Mesa, Early Puebloa Pueblo 925 35.43 10.43 25 0.294 25.47 40.58 [18]Black Mesa, Late Puebloa Pueblo 1100 79 23 56 0.291 24.92 40.77 [18]Neskahi Village Pueblo 1135 16 2 14 0.125 [19]Camp Cemetery Pueblo 1180 4 0 4 0.000 [13]Rainbow Bridge Pueblo 1225 49.12 12.12 37 0.247 [20]Pottery Pueblo Pueblo 1270 5.5 1 4.5 0.182 [21]Old Walpi Pueblo Pueblo 1550 74.66 12.66 62 0.170 [22]; [23]

Middle Rio Grande AreaPeña Blanca, Early Developmentala N. Santa

Domingo Bas.650 12.25 3.25 9 0.265 [24]

Peña Blanca, Late Developmental/Coalitiona

N. Santa Domingo Bas.

1150 8.25 3.25 5 0.394 [24]

Galisteo Basin, Late Developmental/Early Coalition

Galisteo Basin 1200 29 3.40 25.60 0.117 [25]

Pecos Pueblo, Forked Lightning Ruin Pueblo 1225 99.71 19.17 80.55 0.192 [26]; [27]North Bank Pueblo 1280 10.26 2.60 7.66 0.253 [28]; [29]Tijeras Pueblo, Early Pueblo 1330 22 1 21 0.045 [30]Pecos Pueblo, Glaze/Black and White Pueblo 1335 43.75 9.20 34.55 0.210 [26]; [27]Paa’ko Galisteo Basin 1375 86.11 30.11 56 0.350 [31]Gran Quivira, Early Pueblo 1375 22 3 19 0.136 [32]Pecos Pueblo, Glaze 1 Pueblo 1400 98 14.82 83.18 0.151 [26]; [27]Tijeras Pueblo, Late Pueblo 1410 12 1 11 0.083 [30]Alfred Herrera, Early Pueblo 1425 46.4 3.73 42.67 0.080 [28]; [29]Pecos Pueblo, Glaze 2 Pueblo 1450 69.86 8.86 61 0.127 [26]; [27]Gran Quivira, Middle Pueblo 1475 49.33 13 36.33 0.264 [32]Alfred Herrera, Middle Pueblo 1500 4 0 4 0.000 [28]; [29]San Cristóbalh Pueblo 1510 183.17 158.86 24.31 0.867 26.8 41.8 [33]Alfred Herrera, Late Pueblo 1510 15.2 5.2 10 0.342 [28]; [29]Pecos Pueblo, Glaze 3 Pueblo 1510 122.71 19.71 103 0.161 [26]; [27]Gran Quivira, Late Pueblo 1599 60.33 10 50.33 0.166 [32]

Mogollon AreaSU Site Cibola 500 27 3 24 0.111 [34]NAN Ranch Ruin, Pithouse Phase Mogollon 600 2 0 2 0.000 [35]Wind Mountain, Early Wind River 740 5.5 0.50 5 0.091 [36]Point of Pines, Circle Prairie Phasea Black River 750 9 1 8 0.111 [37]Galaz Ranch Ruin, Late Pithouse Mimbres 775 64.76 24.42 40.34 0.377 [38]Mattock’s Ruin, Late Pithouse Mogollon 775 5 0 5 0.000 [39]Point of Pines, Nantack Phasea Black River 850 9.57 2.57 7 0.269 [37]NAN Ranch Ruin, 3-Circle Phase Mogollon 875 2 0 2 0.000 [35]Wind Mountain, Middle Wind River 920 6 0 6 0.000 [36]NAN Ranch Ruin, Trans Phase Mogollon 955 25 3 21 0.120 18.19c 37.46c [35]Point of Pines, Reserve Phasea Black River 1000 45.71 3.71 42 0.081 [37]Mattock’s Ruin, Classic Mogollon 1070 52 23.33 29.67 0.449 [39]Galaz Ranch Ruin, Classic Mimbres Mimbres 1075 540.75 161.69 379.06 0.299 [38]NAN Ranch Ruin, Classic Phase Mogollon 1075 93 19 74 0.204 18.19c 37.46c [35]Point of Pines, Tularosa Phasea Black River 1150 182.71 43.71 139 0.239 21.75 [37]Wind Mountain, Late Wind River 1150 2.67 0.67 2 0.251 [36]Carter Ranch Puebloh Hay Hollow 1165 30 2 28 0.067 28.73 35.87 [40]Turkey Creek Pueblo Mogollon 1200 129 19 110 0.147 19.6 [41]Point of Pines, Pinedale Phasea Black River 1250 9.57 2.57 7 0.269 [37]Casas Grandes, Paquimé Chihuahua 1300 550.8 220.32 330.48 0.400 [42]Grasshopper Pueblo Mountain

Mogollon1338 332.38 125.38 207 0.377 14.94 37.26 [43]; [44]

Stafford Basina Mogollon 1375 5 1 4 0.200 [45]Point of Pines, Canyon Creek Phasea

Black River 1450 1.29 0.29 1 0.225 [37]

Point of Pines, Point of Pines Phasea Black River 1500 46.57 9.57 37 0.205 [37]Northern Rio Grande Area

Nambe, Konopak Site, Early Developmental

Pueblo 700 6 2.40 3.60 0.400 [25]

Nambe Falls Reservoir Pueblo 1000 2.88 0.88 2 0.306 [46]

Pojoaque/Tesuque, Late Developmentala

Pueblo 1050 14 5.60 8.40 0.400 [25]

Northern Rio Grandea Pueblo 1150 18.67 2.91 15.77 0.156 [47]Taos Valley, Valdez and Talpa Phasesa,d

Pueblo 1160 66 17 49 0.258 22.95 29.79 [48]

Northern Rio Grandea Pueblo 1250 23.31 8.71 14.60 0.374 [47]Pot Creek Pueblod Pueblo 1275 39 8 31 0.205 24.47 28.97 [48]Arroyo Hondo, Upper, Early Pueblo 1330 56 17.67 38.33 0.316 17.12e 33.99e [29]; [44]Ogapogeh Santa Fe 1350 125 26 99 0.208 25.28 35.66 [49]Arroyo Hondo, Upper, Late Pueblo 1400 6 1 5 0.167 17.12e 33.99e [29]Howiri Chama 1410 13 6 7 0.462 [50]

Northern San Juan AreaWhiskers Draw, Cave 7 Pueblo 30 24.33 11 13.33 0.452 [13]Bernheimer Alcove Pueblo 150 3 1 2 0.333 [51]Los Pinosa Pueblo 200 2.33 1.33 1 0.571 [52]Darkmold Siteh Pueblo 200 14.01 10.71 13.30 0.764 21.59 32.79 [53]; [54]Falls Creek Rock Shelterh Pueblo 200 32.88 13.88 19 0.422 17.25 36.84 [55]; [56]Tamarron Pueblo 300 2 0 2 0.000 [57]Valentine Village Pueblo 310 1 0 1 0.000 [58]; [59]Duna Leyenda Pueblo 600 10 1.50 8.50 0.150 [60]Animas-La Plata, earlya Pueblo 630 80.25 24.25 56 0.302 [61]; [62];

[39]Stevenson Pueblo 660 5 0 5 0.000 [63]Animas-La Plata, middlea Pueblo 725 5 2 3 0.400 [61]; [62];

[39]Durangoa Pueblo 750 5 0 5 0.000 [64]Animas-La Plata, latea Pueblo 790 138.25 34.92 103.34 0.253 22.13 37.59 [61]; [62];

[39]Northern San Juana Pueblo 850 87 21.60 65.40 0.248 [47]Northern San Juana Pueblo 950 20.68 3.68 17 0.178 [47]Northern San Juana Pueblo 1050 32.35 1.33 31.02 0.041 [47]

Ute Mountain Piedmont, Earlya Pueblo 1075 28.50 6.50 22 0.228 [65]Mesa Verdea,h Pueblo 1080 48.21 11.75 28.46 0.292 27.3 34.78 [66]Northern San Juana Pueblo 1150 66.34 25.54 40.80 0.385 [47]Ute Mountain Piedmont, Latea Pueblo 1150 10 6 4 0.600 [65]Northern San Juana Pueblo 1250 85.02 27.47 57.55 0.323 [47]Mesa Verdea,h Pueblo 1260 71.07 21.21 49.86 0.298 19.08 34.21 [66]

San Juan Basin AreaDog Leg Site Pueblo -290 10.50 4.85 5.65 0.462 [67]El Paso Natural Gas Expansion Project, LA 25061

Pueblo 560 4 1.67 2.33 0.417 [68]

El Paso Natural Gas Expansion Project, Basketmaker IIIa

Pueblo 610 7 1 6 0.143 [68]

San Juan Basina Pueblo 700 44.63 10.23 34.40 0.229 [47]El Paso Natural Gas Expansion Project, Late Basketmaker IIIa

Pueblo 700 11 4.50 6.50 0.409 [68]

San Juan Basina Pueblo 850 43.34 10.09 33.25 0.233 [47]San Juan Basin Burials Pueblo 900 9 1 8 0.111 [69]Three-C Site Pueblo 900 12 1 11 0.083 [70]Upper Puerco River Burialsa Pueblo 945 32.17 9.17 23 0.285 [69]San Juan Basina Pueblo 950 92 38.90 53.10 0.423 [47]East Chuska Mountains Pueblo 1000 8 1.20 6.80 0.150 [68]San Juan Basina Pueblo 1050 141.32 40.27 101.05 0.285 35.43 [47]; [41]Southern Chuska Valley, Pueblo IIa Pueblo 1060 14 2.73 11.26 0.195 [68]La Plata, Totah Regiona Pueblo 1100 50 13 37 0.260 24.5 34.8 [71]Ram Mesaa Pueblo 1120 14.67 4.67 10 0.318 [69]San Juan Basina Pueblo 1150 196.8 102.47 94.33 0.521 [47]Houcka Pueblo 1150 91 24 67 0.264 19.6 [41]San Juan Basina Pueblo 1250 27.33 12.61 14.72 0.461 [47]

SinaguaGrey Fox Ridgei S. Sinagua 1000 22 1 21 0.045 [72]Piper Sitei Sinagua 1095 18.83 3.83 15 0.203 [73]; [74]

Sundown Site Prescott 1150 20 10 10 0.500 [75]Lizard Man Village Sinagua 1170 10.67 3.67 7 0.344 [76]Winona Village and Ridge Ruina Sinagua 1175 31 15 16 0.484 [77]Nalakihu Sinagua 1183 3 1 2 0.333 [78]; [79]Elden Pueblo Sinagua 1210 68 15.40 52.60 0.226 [80]Tuzigoot Sinagua 1350 306 121.14 184.86 0.396 [81]

Sonoran DesertLas Capas, Early Phoenix Basin -1075 11.50 1 10.50 0.087 [82]La Playa, San Pedro Phase Sonora Desert -1000 162.67 17.67 145 0.109 [83]Las Capas, Late Phoenix Basin -850 2.70 0.70 2 0.259 23.84 35.67 [84]; [85];

[82]Clearwater Phoenix Basin -590 15.78 1.78 14 0.113 [86]; [87];

[83]Matty Washa Tucson Basin -443 15 2 13 0.133 [88]San Augustin Tucson Basin -385 12.78 1.78 11 0.139 [83]; [85]Cienegaa Tucson Basin -125 55 13 42 0.236 28.98 36.59 [89]La Playa, Cienega Phase Sonora Desert -125 102.22 11.22 91 0.110 [83]Finch Camp Phoenix Basin 1 8 1 7 0.125 [90]; [91]Coffee Camp Phoenix Basin 100 5 1 4 0.200 [83]; [88]Finch Camp Phoenix Basin 250 3 0 3 0.000 [90]; [91]Houghton Road Tucson Basin 325 6 2 5 0.333 [92]Donaldson Phoenix Basin 400 5 0 5 0.000 [83]; [88]Los Ojitos Phoenix Basin 500 24.33 11 13.33 0.452 [83]La Ciudad, Gila Butte Phasei Phoenix Basin 775 17 4 13 0.235 [93]Grewe Sitei Phoenix Basin 850 97.17 20.17 77 0.208 [94]La Ciudad, Santa Cruz Phasei Phoenix Basin 913 15 3 12 0.200 [93]Santa Cruz, Preclassica Phoenix Basin 975 33 23 10 0.697 [95]; [96]Palo Verde Ruinsi Phoenix Basin 1000 64.67 16.67 48 0.258 [97]; [98]Snaketownb,i Phoenix Basin 1000 68.91 65.75 3.16 0.954 [99]; [100];

[101]La Ciudad, Sacaton Phasei Phoenix Basin 1050 40.5 9.50 31 0.235 [93]

Area B Phoenix Basin 1200 9 7 2 0.778 [102]Pueblo Grande, Early Classic Phoenix Basin 1210 250 32.54 217.46 0.130 16.6 39.1 [103]Escalante Ruin Group, Soho Phasea Phoenix Basin 1250 6 0 6 0.000 [104]Grand Canal Ruinsa,i Phoenix Basin 1250 99.81 8.14 91.67 0.082 33.52 35.92 [105];

[106]Casa Buena Phoenix Basin 1250 47.75 5.75 42 0.120 30.73 38.09 [107]Horvarth Sitei Phoenix Basin 1250 8 1 7 0.125 [94]Pueblo Grande, Late Classic Phoenix Basin 1260 144 14.31 129.69 0.099 14.5 37.7 [103]Santa Cruz Flatsa,i Phoenix Basin 1325 51 10 41 0.196 [108];

[109]; [110]; [111]

Las Colinasi Phoenix Basin 1375 16 6 10 0.375 [112]Escalante Ruin Group, Civano Phase Phoenix Basin 1375 13 8 5 0.615 [104]Babocamari Village Phoenix Basin 1375 95 22 73 0.232 [42]; [113]El Polvorón Phoenix Basin 1400 2 0 2 0.000 [95]; [96]

Tonto Basin/Verde Valley AreasCerro Flojoi Tonto 800 7.25 1.25 6 0.172 [114]Las Tortugas, Early Tonto 1025 53.38 6.38 47 0.120 28.53 39.2 [114]; [44]Hodgepodge Ridge Tonto 1040 11 0 11 0.000 [114]Las Tortugas, Late Tonto 1075 31 9 22 0.290 23.49 40.43 [114]; [44]Tres Huerfanos Tonto 1075 9 0 9 0.000 [114]Roosevelt Community, Othera Tonto 1175 37 1 36 0.027 [115];

[116]Roosevelt Community, Meddler Pointi

Tonto 1175 41.5 5.5 36 0.133 [115]

Tonto Creek, Compositea Tonto 1200 6 1.38 4.625 0.229 [114]Granary Row Tonto 1200 34.25 6.25 28 0.182 20.48 43.24 [114]Los Hermanos Tonto 1250 79 10 69 0.127 29.15 37.14 [114]; [44]Schoolhouse Point Mounda Tonto 1375 102.5 18.50 84 0.180 20.38 36.78 [43]; [44]Schoolhouse Point Mesa Tonto 1375 61 13 48 0.213 25.41 38.36 [43]; [117]

Zuni Area (included with SJB)Hawikku, Pre-Matsakii Pueblo 1300 30.56 8.56 22 0.280 17.09f 31.01f [118]Hawikku, Matsakii Pueblo 1470 190.44 71.44 119 0.375 17.09f 31.01f [118]Kechipawan Pueblo 1470 144.50 40.50 104 0.280 [119]Hawikku, Historici Pueblo 1599 48.11 20.11 28 0.418 17.09f 31.01f [118]

aComposite samples. See Table S2 for additional information.bExcluded from analyses reported in Figs. 2 and 3 as a high outlier; see SI. cThese two components were pooled for the e15 calculation at A.D. 1045, with a sample size of 121 and an e15 of 22.46.dData points eliminated from e15 calculations as biologically implausible.eThese two components were pooled for the e15 calculation at A.D. 1360, with a sample size of 62 and an e15 of 18.99.fFor the e15 calculation, we used one data point at A.D. 1540 with a sample size of 142 and an e15 of 16.01 (Stodder 1990).gThese two components were pooled for the e15 calculation at 900 B.C., with a sample size of 31 and an e15 of 20.67 based on burial forms from Vint (2011) and data in McClelland (2005, 2008).he15 computed using ArchLT()iAssemblages used in SI Text, Cremation Analysis.

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