Christopher Karim

Name: Christopher Karim

Candidate 3071-046

Title: Ties that bind- Should Singapore continue to purchase water from Malaysia

Word Count 3956

Ties that bind Should Singapore continue to purchase water from Malaysia?

Abstract (204 words)

In this essay, sections in the IB syllabus such as competing demands for water and water scarcity will be touched on. Furthermore, the economical and political reasons for Singapores drive to becoming water-sufficient will be explored. Singapores ability to become water-sufficient will be questioned. Furthermore, I will be analyzing the benefits and the disadvantages of the actions that were taken and will be taken by Singapore. After which, I will be evaluating Singapores plans once she becomes water-sufficient. Some information and ideas were extracted from reliable sites such as the PUB (Public Utility Board) website. However, since the information found in the PUB sites were very limited, I had to go to Singapore National Library to research on Singapore-Malaysia water conflicts. At the end of this essay, although Singapore had plans to stop water imports from Malaysia after becoming water-sufficient, Singapore would still continue to import water from Malaysia. This is because the water treaties formed between Singapore and Malaysia brings both countries closer together. Furthermore, in the future, Singapore will come to realization that maintaining good relations with Malaysia has its benefits. Since it is inevitable for Singapore to rely on her neighbours, it is best to be on good terms with them.

Current Situation

Water plays an important role in our daily lives. Water is needed for drinking, cooking, washing and a myriad of other activities. With abundance rainfall of an average of 2,400mm a year, Singapore should be able to suffice the needs of her people. However, with a population of 4.6 million and a land use area of less than 700km2, Singapore is officially classified as a water-stressed nation having a water availability of less than 1,000m3 a year per person[footnoteRef:1]. Furthermore, with a population target of 6.5 million[footnoteRef:2], Singapore would require more water to meet the needs her people in the future. [1: http://www.water-technology.net/features/feature2026/] [2: http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/singapore/expat_guide/910/singapore_aims_to_achieve_65mil_population.php]

Singapores plans to meet the future needs of her people (Four Taps)

Water shortage is one of the most important, if not the most important issues that Singapore has to face. Without water, Singapore will not be able to sustain herself. The introduction of the four taps is a solution for the water shortage faced by Singapore.

The first tap refers to the local water catchment. Singapore uses a network of drains and rivers to channel the rainwater to the reservoirs. The water from the reservoirs will then be sent to water treatment plants where it gets treated before releasing it to the public. Although Singapore currently has 18 reservoirs, the amount of water harvested is not enough to meet the needs of her people. That is where the other taps come in.

The second tap refers to the production for NEWater. NEWater is high-grade reclaimed water produced from dirty water that is then treated and purified further using advanced membrane technologies, making the water safe to drink. In 2010, the five NEWater treatment plants provide about 30% of the states supply and by 2060.[footnoteRef:3] Six more NEWater treatment plants will be constructed to meet 50% of the future water demands.[footnoteRef:4] The downside of producing NEWater is its cost of production being very pricey. [3: http://www.water-technology.net/features/feature2026/] [4: http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspx]

The third tap refers to the desalination of seawater. The desalination plant in Tuas can produce up to a total of 30 million gallons of water a day. With the second desalination plant with a capacity of 70 million gallons of water daily on its way to completion in 2013, Singapore can produce roughly about 100 million gallons of water through desalination alone. There are also plans to increase the desalination capacity by almost 10 times with the construction of the second desalination plant on its way to completion in 2013. PUB hopes that desalinated water will meet 30% of its water demand in the long term.[footnoteRef:5] Likewise, the downside to desalination is similar to that of producing NEWater, which is its cost of production. The money used to produce and maintain the NEWater and desalination plants has to come from the taxpayers. It is possible that in the future, there will be an increase burden on taxpayers as Singapore will construct more of these plants. [5: ]

Quantity Supplied (million m3/year)

Unit Cost (US$/m3)

2004

2011

Supply from Johor

557.5

195.2

0.15 in 2004

0.19 in 2011

Supply from Riau

----

1642.5

----

Industrial water reuse

513.3

513.3

0.26

Traditional supply

135.5

237.7

0.31

Desalination

----

49.8

0.45

Total

1,206.3

2,639.4

From the above table, we can see that the quantity of water supplied to Singapore by Malaysia had been reduced from 557.5 in 2004 to 195.2 in 2011. This reflects on Singapores success in finding alternate source of water, hence decreasing Singapores reliance on Malaysia for water. Desalination can also be seen as an unreliable source of water due to the amount of water it produces a year and its high cost of production.

The fourth tap refers to the importing of raw water. Singapore has been importing raw water from Johor, Malaysia as mentioned above until the year 2061 when the water agreement expires. Water shortage in Singapore started out as earlier as the early 20th century forcing Singapore to sign a water treaty with Malaysia in 1927. The treaty allowed Singapore to rent 2100 acre (8.5km2) of land in Gunong Pulai for the purpose of supplying raw water to Singapore at 30 cents per acre (4,047m2). Furthermore, Malaysia had set aside another 25mi2 (64.7km2) of land and agreed not to touch it for the next 21 years without the consent of the Singapores commissioners. In the event that Singapore wants to rent any part of the preserved land, Singapore has to pay an annual rent of 5 dollars per acre. In exchange, Johor could obtain 800,000 gallons (3,637m3) of treated water from Singapore everyday at a rate of 25 cents per 1,000 gallons (4.55m3). If Johor needed more treated water after 1929, the amount of treated water supplied can be increased up to a limit of 1,200,000 gallons (5,455m3) daily.

Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement

Another treaty called the Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement. It was signed on 2 October 1961 but took effect on 1 September 1961. By then, the 1927 treaty was void and a new agreement was made. The agreement allowed Singapore to draw off all water within the designated land at Gunong Pulai, Sungei Scudai for a period of 50 years up till 2011. In return, Sinagpore had to pay 5 dollar per acre of land rented and 3 cents for every 1000 gallons of water drawn.[footnoteRef:6] Singapore also agreed to provide Johor with a daily supply of treated water up to 12% of raw water Singapore drew at 50 cents per 1000 gallons. However, Singapore must not provide below 4,000,000 gallons (18,184m3) of water every day. If the 12% of water supplied by Singapore is not enough, Malaysia could ask for more water being supplied. [6: http://www.scribd.com/doc/54235270/bs]

Johor River Water Agreement

The following year, another treaty was being formed. In 1962, the Johor River Water Agreement was signed on the 29 of September 1962. Singapore was given the rights of drawing up to a maximum of 250 galllons (1,140,000m3) of water from the Johor River for 99 years till 2061. In exchange, Singapore must provide Johor with 2% of treated water from the raw water it drew from the Johor River. Singapore had to pay rent for the land used. The price of water followed the price in the previous agreement. After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using the same currency, the price of water will be paid in Ringgit.

1990 Water Agreement

The last water agreement between Singapore and Malaysia was signed on the 24 of November 1990. Under this agreement, Singapore was given permission to build a dam across Sungei Linggui to aid the extraction of water from the Johor River. Johor was willing to set aside about 21,600ha (216km2) of land for this project. In return, Singapore agreed to pay 320,000,000 Ringgit for the permanent loss of land, in addition to a premium of 18,000 Ringgit per hectare (10,000m2) and a yearly rent of 30 Ringgit per 92.9m2 of the land. Singapore will provide the cost of building and maintaining the dam.[footnoteRef:7] [7: http://www.scribd.com/doc/54235270/bs]

Water Agreement With Indonesia

The growing tension between Singapore and Malaysia encouraged Singapore to find an alternative source of water. This led to Singapore signing a treaty with Indonesia in 1991. Singapore is entitled to draw a maximum of 1000 million gallons of water daily from the Riau Province, but initially from Bintan Island in Riau Archipelago. In return, Singapore has to pay 1 cent per cubic meter of raw drawn. Securing water treaties with other countries will indubitably boost Singapores water security.[footnoteRef:8] [8: http://pustaka.pu.go.id/files/pdf/pDf_49.pdf]

It is rather interesting to see Singapore signing multiple water treaties one after another even before the previous expires. At that time, Singapore was still a young nation and was very desperate in securing a long-term water treaty. Singapore might have felt that 1961 water treaty was insufficient. Hence, in 1962, they decided to sign another treaty that would last for another 100 years. However, is that the only reason? In 1961 and 1962 water agreements, other than securing the water treaties, Singapore might have use the opportunity to solve some of the bilateral issues with Malaysia as a package, strengthening the ties between the two neighboring countries.

Existing Tension Between Singapore and Malaysia

Singapore has relied heavily on Malaysia for water. However, the dispute over the supply and price of freshwater between Singapore and Malaysia has been ongoing for several decades, which made Singaporeans question the creditability of Malaysia.

With reference to the books Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks and Water Talks? If only it could, the tension between Singapore and Malaysia can be seen. Water Talks began in 1998 when Malaysia wanted to settle all outstanding bilateral issues with Singapore as a package which includes the future supply of water to Singapore for another 100 years after the 1962 expires at 2061; the use of Malaysias airspace by RSAF and so on However, Dr Mahatir suddenly ended the package on 7 October 2002, without Singapore consent. Dr Mahatir ended the package because Singapore did not agree with the price of water being raised to 6.25 Ringget per thousand gallons. [footnoteRef:9] [9: Ministry of information communications and the arts, Water Talks? If Only It Could (2003) pg 3]

Furthermore, Malaysia claims that Singapore refused to pay a fair price for water In response to the claim, Singapore revealed documents to the public, showing that Malaysia kept altering their negotiating position on the package of items. For instance, Malaysia kept demanding the increase in the price of water. Malaysia increased the price of water from 3 cents per 1000 gallons to 45 cents per 1000 gallons in August 2000 and six months later; the price of water demanded by Malaysia became 60 cents. By September 2002, Malaysia demanded to increase the price of water to 6.25 Ringget per thousand gallons.[footnoteRef:10] [10: Ministry of information communications and the arts, Water Talks? If Only It Could (2003) pg 3]

The tension over the fair price of water escalated as Malaysia claims that Singapore is trying to delay to come to terms. On the 24th of October 2002, Foreign Minister Syed Hamid Albar said that if the water talks ended in stalemate, Malaysia would refer the matter to the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Six week later, he denied. In addition to this, on the 31st of December, He said that if Singapore does not wish to compromise, Malaysia would go to war. In the following year, Malaysias minister denied about talking about war.

Having an idea of what is going on, I shall now move on to the water claims Malaysia had on Singapore. Malaysia said that Singapore is profiting by buying water from Malaysia at 3 cents per 1000 gallons and selling the treated water back to Malaysia at 50 cents per 1000 gallons. Malaysia found it ridiculous and wanted to increase the price of water to be fair on both sides. In response to this claim, Singapore said that Malaysia is the one who profits. Many people would think that 3 cents per 1000 gallons of raw water is considered cheap and that selling Malaysia 50 cents per 1000 gallons per 1000 gallons of treated water is very unreasonable. However, this is not the case. Although 3 cents per 1000 gallons of raw water may looks very cheap, the process of treating the water is very costly. Singapore claimed that she is being generous to Malaysia by selling water to her at 50 cents per 1000 gallons.[footnoteRef:11] [11: Ministry of information communications and the arts, Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks (2003) pg 3]

In fact, Singapore said that real cost of treating the water amounts to about 2.40 Ringgit per 1000 gallons and therefore absorbing 1.90 Ringgit per 1000 gallons of water she sold to Malaysia. Since Malaysia buys an average of 37 million gallons of treated water from Singapore daily, Singapore had to absorb a total of 70,000 Ringgit a day. Malaysia is only entitled to purchase 17 million gallons of treated water daily from Singapore under the Water Agreements. So why is Malaysia buying 37 million gallons of treated water instead of 17 million? Singapore believes that the Malaysian government actually sold the Johor citizens at 3.95 Ringgit per 1000 gallons of water, thereby earning a 700% profit. In short, Singapore claims that she is obviously the one losing out while Malaysian is the profiteer.[footnoteRef:12] [12: Ministry of information communications and the arts, Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks (2003) pg 5]

Another claim Malaysia has on Singapore is that Singapore is paying too little to Johor for raw water. The Malaysians backed this claim by stating that Hong Kong buys water from China at about 8 Ringgit per 1000 gallons of treated. Therefore Singapore should pay more for raw water. However, Singapore claims that Malaysia is being unreasonable as unlike Singapore, Hong Kong does not have to bear the infrastructure, operational and maintenance cost in the treatment as well as the services provided. Instead China paid for all of this and in return, China charged Hong Kong at a higher rate. On the other hand, Singapore is the one paying for all of the operational, infrastructure and maintenance cost; hence it is reasonable for the price of raw water to be lower than what Hong Kong is paying for.[footnoteRef:13] [13: Ministry of information communications and the arts, Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks (2003) pg 7]

Malaysias de facto Law Minister Rais Yatim also said that Malaysia would enact a law to make the 1961 and 1962 Water Agreements null and void. If a country can do this, then treaties and agreements between countries will be meaningless. It is like making a promise that does not count. I feel that Malaysias Law Minister Rais Yatim should not be so irrational, as saying this statement can really weaken the ties between Singapore and Malaysia.[footnoteRef:14] [14: Ministry of information communications and the arts, Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks (2003) pg 9]

Malaysias claims

Singapores response

1

Singapore refuses to pay a fair price for water.

Malaysia keeps demanding for more and more.

2

Singapore profiited the most from the water agreement.

Singapore absorbed the cost of treating water.

3

Singapore is paying to little to Johor for raw water.

Singapore is paying a reasonable price.

4

Singapore is not cooperating to find a solution.

Malaysia is the one who is cooperating.

5

Malaysia wants to enact a law to make the 1961 and 1962 agreements null.

Against the international law and feel that Malaysia is not being rational.

Is the information extracted from the two books Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks and Water Talks? If only it could reliable?

The two books are seen to be bias towards Singapore. Especially the book Water Talks? If Only It Could. In the introductory page of the book showed a smart-looking picture of Mr Goh Chok Tong and below it, was a picture of Dr Mahatir with an angry looking face. Even before reading, it gives the idea that the contents in the book would be bias towards Singapore. The two books are so one-sided that it makes one believes that there is something more to it. Perhaps Singapore and Malaysia were negotiating other issues and did not work out as expected. In retaliation, Malaysia increased the price of water. However, it can be Malaysia just wanting to increase the price of water to what she thinks is acceptable. The increase a price of water might have been cause by some land issues Malaysia had with Singapore. During the 1990 water agreement, Singapore was given permission to build a dam across Sungei Linggui to aid the extraction of water from the Johor River. The building of the dam caused permanent loss of land for Malaysia. Although there was compensation given to Malaysia, the land value in Malaysia increased over the years. Malaysia might think that the compensation was not enough, hence, it is understandable to why Malaysia wants to increase the price of water as the

The benefits for pursuing self-sufficiency in water supply

With Singapore being less reliant on Malaysia for water, Malaysia no longer have a grip on Singapore. Hence, they will not be able raise the price of water to their likings as Singapore will have more saying during the future negotiations with Malaysia. However, what drove Singapore to want to achieve self-sufficiency in water supply? Is it just because Singapore wants to be less reliant on Malaysia so that Singapore can ease the water conflict between Malaysia and Singapore? Or is it due to other reasons?

In the quest for self-reliance, PUB- Singapores National Water Agency launched the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme in 2006. By integrating the drains, canals, reservoirs with the surrounding environment in holistic way, the ABC Waters Programme aims to create beautiful and clean streams, rivers, and lakes with postcard-pretty community spaces for all to enjoy.

The newly built Marina Barrage is a huge, spiral-shaped structure, which is one of the flagships of the ABC plan. The building has three important functions: as a freshwater collection, a recreational urban place and to prevent floods in Singapores low-lying areas. With an area collection of 10,000 ha, the Marina Barrage is Singapores largest water reservoir and an important addition to our water supply. The vastness of the Marina Barrage allows many water-based activities to be conducted. Activities such as the dragon boat race and kayaking can be taken place. Furthermore, across the 350m mouth of the marina channel, stands nine steel gates, capable of lowering itself to release surplus rain water into the sea.[footnoteRef:15] [15: http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/singapore-active-living-with-clean-water]

The ABC Waters programme comprises of over 100 ABC Waters projects, which will be implemented over a period f 10-15 years. 18 of the projects were already completed and 20 more by 2012.[footnoteRef:16] In 2011, Singapore is being hailed the Asias greenest city after achieving the highest Asian Green City Index.[footnoteRef:17] The Asian Green City Index seeks to measure and assess the environmental performance of 22 majorAsian cities across a range of criteria, Singapore being one of them. By having good water sustainability and increasing green spaces, the ABC Water plan helped to contribute under the Water and Land Use category in the Asian Green City Index, which might be one of the reasons to Singapores success.[footnoteRef:18] [16: http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/abcwatermasterplan/Pages/default.aspx] [17: http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/2011/corporate_communication/axx20110240.htm] [18: http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/de/pdf/report_asia.pdf]

It is arguable that the ABC Water programme is one of the factors that cause an increase in number of tourists in Singapore. By transforming water catchment areas into nature parks and recreational grounds, these places can serve as tourist attractions. With more things to do in Singapore, tourists coming to Singapore might have a longer stay. This in turn increases the revenue generated by tourist expenditures, contributing to Singapores economy.

Year

2009

2010

2011

Hotel Room Revenue ($ Million)

1559.7

1888.2

--------

Total tourists in thousand

9,682.7

11,641.7

--------

Furthermore, Singapore gaining the title of Asias greenest city makes Singapore an ideal place to live in. This helps to draw in foreign talents, which can aid Singapores development. In addition, Singapore being a sustainable city and a place spared of natural disasters may attract foreign investors who seek for long-term investments.

Will Singapore continuing purchase water even after self-sufficient in water supply were to be achieved?

On the 30th of June 2010, Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew said that Singapore should be able to become water self-sufficient in the future.[footnoteRef:19] So will there still be a need for Singapore to purchase water from Malaysia and Indonesia? Although there are hints that that Singapore will cut water imports from Malaysia and pursue self-sufficiency[footnoteRef:20], I feel that Singapore will still continue to purchase water from Malaysia. Although, the water treaty is the sources of conflict, it is also one that bonds Malaysia and Singapore closely. If Singapore were to stop purchasing water from Malaysia, the bond between Singapore and Malaysia will be broken. It is very important to know that Malaysia contributes a lot to Singapores economy. From the data in the book Economic Survey of Singapore 2010 we can see that Malaysia plays a part in contributing about 19% of Singapores total trade in Asia. Conflicts can be solved over the time, but when bonds are broken, it will be very hard to restore it to its original form. Furthermore, buying raw water from Malaysia and then treating it proves to be more cost efficient compared to using desalination. Maintaining good relations with Malaysia will also benefit Singapore, as there will also be less trade barriers imposed on Singapore. In my opinion, this is a win-win situation. [19: http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient ] [20: http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/singapore-will-cut-water-imports-from-malaysia-pursue-self-sufficiency/]

However, we cannot assume that everything will go as according to planned and that Singapore will succeed in becoming water sufficient. As mentioned earlier, Singapore has a population target of 6.5 million. The total water consumption of Singapore will definitely increase in the future. Even though the government introduces water policies to reduce consumption per capita, there is also a limit to it. For example, Singapores domestic water consumption in 2009 is about 155 litres per day. By 2030, Singapore hopes to reduce the domestic water consumption to 140 litres per day. Lets assume that by 2030, Singapore reaches it population target of 6.5 million.

There is a 30% increase in Singapores population in comparison to only 9.6% of decrease in the domestic water consumption per day. The increase in the total domestic water consumption per day from 2009 to 2030 is 135 million litres of water per day. Now that is a huge amount of water Singapore has to overcome to become water sufficient.[footnoteRef:21] [21: http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/1386/5.%20Factsheet%20-%20Water%20Demand%20%5Bweb%5D.pdf]

In Indonesias case, it will benefit Singapore if Singapore continues to purchase water from Indonesia. On the 30th of June 2010, Mr Lee Kuan Yew also mentioned that even though Singapore is able to become water-sufficient, it is impossible for Singapore to be energy-sufficient.[footnoteRef:22] Furthermore, Mr Lee also stated the importance of energy. Without energy, everyone in Singapore would die. Singapore utilises natural gas to produce 80% of Singapores electricity. These natural gases come from Indonesia. In short, Singapore is dependent on Indonesia for its electricity. To make things worse, on the 10th of April 2012, Hatta Rajasa, the coordinating minister for Economic Affair Republic of Indonesia mentioned that Indonesian will stop selling raw natural resources by 2014 as he said that the exporting of natural resources has disadvantaged Indonesia and had hampered the development of the downstream domestic industry.[footnoteRef:23] This means that by 2014, Indonesia might stop the export of natural gas to Singapore, leaving Singapore energy-less. According to Mr Lee, Singapore see nuclear energy as a solution to this, however due to the recent nuclear crisis in Japan, nuclear energy seems to be a very riskless solution. If anything were to go wrong, the whole entire Singapore will be wiped out.[footnoteRef:24] Hence, keeping good relations with Indonesia is very important in the long run. Maintaining the water treaty with Indonesia is no doubt a good way to maintain good relations with Indonesia. [22: http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient ] [23: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/10/ri-will-not-sell-raw-natural-resources-after-2014-govt.html] [24: http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient]

Singapores decision

From the above, we can see that the importance of Singapore maintaining good relations with her neighbours. There is absolutely nothing wrong with Singapore becoming totally water-sufficient as she can ultimately serve as an example to the water strained countries like Israel and Africa and motivate them to work toward self-sufficiency too. However it does not mean that Singapore needs to discontinue her water treaties with Indonesia and Malaysia, as it will be disastrous to Singapore in the long run. Singapore must acknowledge that it requires two hands to clap - some things cannot be accomplished if done alone. It is inevitable for Singapore to rely on her neighbours, hence its best to be on good terms with them. I am sure that Singapore will continue to renew the water treaties she has with Indonesia and Malaysia in hopes of maintaining good relations.

Bibliography

Books

Ministry of information communications and the arts, Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks (2003)

Ministry of information communications and the arts, Water Talks? If Only It Could (2003)

Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore 2010

Sources

Asian Green City Index (Siemens)

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/de/pdf/report_asia.pdf

Sustainable Cities- (Singapore: Active and living with clean water)

http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/singapore-active-living-with-clean-water

Singapore Public Utility Board

http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/singaporewaterstory.aspx#a1

ICE Case Study (Singapores quest for water self-reliance)

http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/singapore.htm

Singapores Self Reliance

http://www.water-technology.net/features/feature2026/

Singapore Aims to Achieve 6.5 million population

http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/singapore/expat_guide/910/singapore_aims_to_achieve_65mil_population.php

Singapore Water Target

http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/1342/2.Water.pdf

Water supply from Indonesia to Singapore

http://pustaka.pu.go.id/files/pdf/pDf_49.pdf

Singapore Public Utility Board

http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspx

Department of Statistic of Singapore (Tourism)

http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/tourism.html

Top News Singapore (Singapore goes water sufficient)

http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient

Managing Water Demand

http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/1386/5.%20Factsheet%20-%20Water%20Demand%20[web].pdf

Circle of Blue (Singapore Will Cut Water Imports from Malaysia, Pursue Self-Sufficiency)

http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/singapore-will-cut-water-imports-from-malaysia-pursue-self-sufficiency/

The Jakarta Post RI will not sell raw natural resources after 2014: Govt

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/10/ri-will-not-sell-raw-natural-resources-after-2014-govt.html

Singapore-Malaysia water agreements

http://www.scribd.com/doc/54235270/bs

Siemens (Megacity Singapore is Asia's greenest city)

http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/2011/corporate_communication/axx20110240.htm

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