Vg 97023 Sw,Potatoes

VG97023 Sweet Potato Variety Improvement

L Loader, S Harper and V Amante Queensland Horticulture Institute

danikah

Stamp

VG97023

This report is published by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry.

The research contained in this report was funded by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation with the financial assistance of the Vegetable Industry.

All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation or any authority of the Australian Government.

The Corporation and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests.

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Final Report Horticultural Research and Development Corporation

Sweet Potato Variety Improvement

Project No. VG97023

Mr L. Loader, Mr S. Harper and Ms V. Amante Department of

Primary Industries, Queensland Queensland Horticulture Institute

Gatton Research Station

September, 2000

Table of contents

1. Media Summary 1 2. Technical Summary 2 3. Introduction 4 4. Methodology 5

4.1. Germplasm Acquisition 5 4.2. Breeding 5 4.3. Preliminary observation and selection 5 4.4. Germplasm Maintenance and increase 6 4.5. Regional trials 6 4.6. Virus Indexing 6

5. Results and Discussion 8 5.1. Gold (desert) varieties 8 5.2. White flesh varieties 10 5.3. Varietal maturity 27 5.4. Virus Indexing 28

6. Conclusions and Recommendations 29 7. Bibliography 30 8. Acknowledgments 31 Appendix 1 Benchmark Site and Agronomic data for trials 32 Appendix 2 Detailed regional trial yield data 41 Appendix 3 Dry matter data 54 Appendix 4 Plant and root characteristics of selected sweet potato varieties 55

1. Media Summary

Several prominent varieties namely Hernandez, Northern Star, WSPF have been introduced, evaluated and commercially released to industry. Hernandez is a high yielding variety with bright orange flesh and sweet flavour. Northern Star is a high yielding variety with a bright purple skin and white flesh whilst WSPF has a white skin and purple marbled flesh. Both these varieties are catering for a new surge in demand for staple type (starchy) sweet potatoes. The development of these new varieties has increased profitability in this market sector.

The project has also introduced and evaluated a new category of sweet potato, that being red/purple skinned orange fleshed varieties. Two lines of Beauregard parentage, namely L86-33Q7 and L86-33Q9, have been developed and evaluated. Both these lines have bold pink/red skins with orange flesh and sweet flavour.

There is still a need for a better white skinned white fleshed variety despite the release of two varieties of this type. Hawaii which was introduced and evaluated in the current program almost fits this market but tends to have small amounts of purpling in the flesh. Kestle is a true white skinned white fleshed variety but has tended to be inconsistent in yield and shape, and is a long maturing variety.

A major outcome of this project has been the removal of feathery mottle virus from Beauregard, the most commonly propagated commercial variety. Material of this line is now available to industry. The maintenance of pathogen free propagules at Queensland DPI Redlands Research Station is providing industry with a ready source of virus free germplasm.

Details of new varieties released will be made available in the Queensland DPI Agri-Link manual on Sweet Potatoes.

The new varieties developed in this project each appear to have specific cultural requirements in order to produce more roots of marketable size. There needs to be a focus on refining the cultural requirements of these varieties to better grow them to a market specification.

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2. Technical Summary

This project has achieved several important outcomes. The varieties evaluated and developed in this project have been readily adopted by industry and are now the dominant commercial varieties.

Several prominent varieties namely Beauregard, Hernandez, Northern Star, WSPF and others have been introduced, evaluated and released to industry. Hernandez is a high yielding variety with bright orange flesh and sweet flavour. Northern Star is an early maturing high yielding variety with a bright purple skin and white flesh whilst WSPF has a white skin and purple marbled flesh. Both these varieties are catering for a new surge in demand for staple type (starchy) sweet potatoes. The development of these new varieties has increased profitability in the industry.

The project has also introduced, bred and evaluated a new category of sweet potato, that being attractive red/purple skinned orange fleshed varieties. The most notable of these is L93-93Q24, although other selections in this cross have also performed well and are discussed in the report. The two lines L86-33Q7 and L86-33Q9 are both Beauregard progeny having bold pink/red skins with orange flesh and good sweet flavour.

Two new white varieties, Hawaii and Kestle, have been developed in the program. However, there is still a need for a better white skinned white fleshed variety. Retailers advise that the supply of this category is highly irregular and unreliable.

A sweet potato gene bank collection was established at Redlands Research Station during 1997. The collection consists of in-ground, potted glasshouse and tissue cultured plant material. It was sourced from North Queensland, Knoxfield and the USA. Plants were established in pots and indexed to determine virus status. The virus free material is being maintained in vitro. Infected lines were tissue cultured to remove virus.

The current collection consists of 27 lines in tissue culture, including several accessions of the same line. Thirty-six lines are held in high health status in the glasshouse and 16 lines in seed beds and these are available for commercial use. There are currently 2 lines in isolation awaiting meristem culture to eliminate virus.

A major outcome of this project has been the release of virus free Beauregard and WSPF two of the most commonly grown commercial varieties. Commercial plantings of Beauregard are rife with virus and the successful removal of virus is a major gain for industry. The maintenance of pathogen free propagules at Queensland DPI Redlands Research Station is providing industry with a ready source of virus free germplasm.

Field days and press releases have been organised to coincide with harvest of district trials where advanced lines were on display. These have been well supported by industry. All details of new varieties released will be made available in the Queensland DPI Agri-Link manual on sweet potatoes. This publication is currently with the publishers.

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The new varieties developed in this project will have specific cultural requirements in order to produce more marketable roots. There is a need to focus on refining the cultural requirements of these varieties; for example, plant and row spacing, time to maturity, nutrition and irrigation so as to maximise marketable yield and quality. Also, a more detailed analysis of post harvest quality and flavour of new varieties is required.

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3. Introduction In Australia sweet potatoes are predominantly grown in Queensland which accounts for about 80% of Australia's production. Fresh sweet potatoes can be sourced from coastal and sub-tropical areas of Queensland all year round. The consumption of sweet potatoes has increased substantially in the last 20 years. However, consumer tastes in sweet potato have changed dramatically in this time and continue to do so.

Product quality, disease and pest management have been identified by the sweet potato industry as priority research areas. The predominance of such features in existing varieties represents an impediment for sweet potato industry growth. At the initiative of the industry the present project was developed to focus on introducing, developing and evaluating germplasm from overseas.

The sweet potato industry has been reliant on growing varieties less suited to consumer preferences and which are sensitive to disease and pest pressures. The traditional varieties such as Beerwah Gold, L70-323, Red Abundance and White Maltese tend to have one or more poor agronomic or quality traits. These include low yield, poor vigour, late maturity, spreading bush type, strong root attachment, weak establishment, pale flesh and skin colour, poor shape and size, deep eyes, short storage life, stringiness and ribbing. Furthermore, traditional sweet potato varieties suffer from severe disease and pest problems, in particular, soil rot, feathery mottle virus and sweet potato weevil.

This project was initiated and financially supported by industry in an endeavour to develop varieties with better agronomic and quality attributes than that of existing varieties. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is normally propagated vegetatively and the species is self sterile and flowers shyly. This presents a challenge to plant breeders and places constraints on using conventional plant breeding techniques. It precludes the development of true breeding from open pollinated varieties, inbreds and hybrids.

This project acquired material from a range of sources both domestically through breeding and other acquisition, and from overseas. Selected lines were evaluated and released and a bank of virus free germplasm established to supply industry with clean material.

The major focus of this project was to select, evaluate and develop more suitable varieties for Queensland growers and establish a long-term storage facility of virus free germplasm that could produce and supply virus free planting material to producers.

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4. Methodology

The project entailed several key activities namely, the breeding, introduction and screening of new germplasm, state wide evaluation of selected lines in replicated trials, and the maintenance of germplasm in a virus free state.

4.1. Germplasm Acquisition Propagules of advanced breeding lines were sourced from Louisiana and Georgia USA, introduced into quarantine for a mandatory 1 year period and indexed for virus. The material was then multiplied for further evaluation via screening trials.

One hundred lines or varieties originating from Pacific island countries, S.E Asia and India were also obtained from a north Queensland grower who purchased the material via an ACIAR project ex Burnley. These represented mostly staple type lines.

True seed introduced from Louisiana or produced in poly crossing plots in North Queensland was also collected and germinated to produce approx 4-5,000 seedlings.

4.2. Breeding

Highly heterozygous varieties, with at least one desirable characteristic were planted in nursery plots at Walkamin and Southedge Research Stations where they were allowed to cross pollinate with the aid of insect vectors. Seed was collected and the maternal parent recorded. The seed was planted into polystyrene trays in a glasshouse. At 4-5 leaf stage the primary shoot was excised and planted into the field as a tip cutting. As each seedling was genetically different each represented a single observation entity and a potential new variety.

Some seed was introduced from the Louisiana sweet potato breeding program. Seed was also collected from some opportunistic situations in commercial crops.

4.3. Preliminary observation and selection Preliminary observation and selection was conducted at Southedge Research Station near Mareeba in North Queensland. Single plants (seedlings) were dug mechanically and subjectively assessed for characteristics such as shape, skin and flesh colour, skin texture, apparent yield, uniformity and attachment. From each selected line approximately five vine cuttings were prepared and planted in unreplicated plots for further evaluation. These plots served as further observation, germplasm maintenance and increase. At harvest, notes were made on root number, yield, skin colour, flesh colour, skin texture, raw flesh texture and flavour and susceptibility to soil borne diseases. Lines having uniform cylindrical roots with a smooth textured skin and evenly coloured deep orange, white or cream flesh were sought although some selections with purple flesh were made.

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4.4. Germplasm Maintenance and increase

Those lines selected from the secondary observation were established as 10-12 plant plots in a nursery at Southedge Research Station for the purpose of germplasm maintenance and increase. This provided tip cuttings for replicated trials in various regions, as well as for virus indexing virus and tissue culturing at Redlands Research Station.

4.5. Regional trials Selected lines were then grown in replicated trials in major growing districts including Mareeba, Bundaberg, Redland Bay, Rockhampton and the Lockyer Valley. The suitability of varieties to particular environments was assessed by recording yield, ability to produce a uniform, acceptable root shape and susceptibility to insect and disease pests. Trial design at each site was a randomised complete block with at least three replicates. Tip cuttings were used as planting material. These were prepared and collected at Southedge and Redlands Research Stations from respective germplasm maintenance nurseries.

Row and plant spacing varied as determined by machinery and equipment available at each site but was the same as that practiced by the majority of growers in each region. The detail of site description and agronomic practices adopted at each site is included in Appendix 1. Tops were removed at least 1 week before harvest at each site to allow skins to harden.

Immediately prior to harvest, a buffer plant was removed from the end of each plot (to negate end effects) and the datum section of row dug mechanically. All roots from each plot were picked up into labelled bins and washed.

Harvested roots were washed before grading and weighing to allow visual assessment of root quality. All replicates were graded according to root weight (0-150g, 150-250g, 250-600g, 600g-lkg and >lkg). Counts of root numbers in each grade range were made with the exception of the 0-150g range. Data was analysed using analysis of variance. For the trial conducted at Rockhampton analysis of covariance was used on root number data using plant establishment as a covariate.

A maturity trial was conducted at Southedge in 1999. Sixteen reps of each variety were planted on 22 March 1999. A total of four harvests were conducted at weekly intervals commencing on 9 August 1999.

4.6. Virus Indexing Cuttings of sweet potatoes were sent to Redlands and propagated in sand until well established. Ipomoea setosa seeds were acid treated and planted in sterilised potting mix. Seedling plants were transferred to individual pots and grown on for 3 week. Fresh shoot tips from the sweet potatoes were grafted onto the apical tips of the Ipomoea setosa and grown under controlled conditions for 6-8 weeks. Ipomoea setosa is sensitive to most viruses infecting sweet potato and plants were inspected for mosaic, mottling, vein clearing and other symptoms associated with viral infection.

Leaf samples of I. Setosa were also collected and sent to Knoxfield for ELISA serological testing for sweet potato feathery mottle virus infection. The biological

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indexing and ELISA gave consistent results. Through 1998 and 1999 more lines were tested and those which performed well in the field trials were added to the collection.

Once virus indexing was completed, young shoot tips with 4-5 axillary buds were removed, surface sterilised, dissected and placed on sterile media in tissue culture jars. The plantlets were grown on a standard media of Vi strength Murashige & Skoog macro and mirco nutrients plus sugar at 20g/l and phytogel at lOg/1 and pH to 6.0. The media was dispensed into 250ml honey jars, before sterilising in an autoclave.

Cultures were maintained on this media and subcultured every 4-5 months. Five separate cultures of each line are maintained and kept at 25°C in a growth room with 16 hr day light and 8 hr dark. Selected material is multiplied and made available to industry via virus free nurseries maintained by Queensland DPI at Redland's and Walkamin Research Stations.

Virus infected material from North Queensland or via Quarantine was also heat treated (6 weeks at 35°C) and then meristem cultured. It was then grown-out and tested via the grafting and ELISA tests, before being cleared for inclusion in the gene bank. It usually required 2 to 3 repetitions of this process to ensure freedom of virus.

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5. Results and Discussion

The summarised data of important yield and yield components is presented in Tables 1-13. The more substantial split up of yield components in terms of graded root yields and root numbers in each grade is presented in Appendix 2.

5.1. Gold (desert) varieties

Hernandez Hernandez has consistently exhibited high yields of marketable roots with deep orange flesh colour and dark copper skin. The marketability of roots is good as it has shallow eyes, smooth skin and has shallow ribbing compared with other traditional gold varieties such as Beerwah Gold, NC-3 and Centennial. However, with a market shift towards Beauregard type roots this variety, in a well supplied market is less well received because of its copper skin.

In general, across most trials it has out-yielded these other traditional varieties. Hernandez tends to be reliable in its yielding as exhibited by its consistent yield across seasons and sites (Table 14). Furthermore, it is adapted to a range of climatic and growing conditions having performed well in northern, central and southern Queensland.

In regional trials it has consistently achieved yields of about 50 tonnes per ha marketable roots (Redlands 1997/8 and 1998/9). Yields in the Gatton trials tended to be lower at about 30-35 tonne per ha for trials in 1998/9 and 1999/0. The average marketable root size for mature crops was about 450-500 g highlighting the fact that Hernandez produces a larger proportion of good sized marketable roots.

The marketable root number per plant was high in Hernandez, in particular at the Redlands and Gatton sites, where marketable root number per plant was consistently about 3.8-3.9.

This variety has now become accepted as an important commercial variety.

L86-33Q siblings

These lines have been bred from Beauregard. The most important of these lines have been L86-33Q5, L86-33Q7, L86-33Q8 and L86-33Q9.

L86-33Q5 The line L86-33Q5 has demonstrated high total and marketable yield capacity, out yielding the other 3 lines in both times it has been trialed at Redlands. Marketable yield in the years 1998/99 and 1999/00 at Redlands was 48.6 and 48.9 tonnes per ha. In both these trials L86-33Q5 also exhibited exceptional marketable root set. The number of marketable roots produced per plant for 1998/99 and 1999/00 at Redlands was 4.6 and 4.8 respectively and this accounts for its high yield capacity.

On a regional basis its yield has been a little inconsistent and low yields were recorded for this line at Bundaberg 1999/00 and Southedge 1997. A part of this

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reduced yield at these sites in these years may have been related to poor seasonal conditions.

L86-33Q5 produces roots with smooth skins of red colour and dark orange flesh. The marketable roots are of medium size and in the order of 360-380 g. In all trials this line has not produced roots greater than 1 kg highlighting the even size root production. It is likely that with further agronomic work this lines performance may be improved in other regions.

L86-33Q9 Of the other 3 lines L86-33Q9 has tended to most consistently produce the highest yields of marketable roots (Rockhampton 1998, Southedge 1998, Southedge 1999 and Redlands 1998/9). In other trials there was no significant difference between yield of L86-33Q7, L86-33Q8 and L86-33Q9. Across seasons and sites L86-33Q9 has been consistent in its yield. With the exception of the Rockhampton trial; marketable yield has been between 25 and 38 tonnes per ha and generally in the order of 30 tonnes per ha (Table 14).

L86-33Q9 has demonstrated high yield capacity, however, produces a considerable proportion of over and under size roots. It is thus variable in maturity and may require reselection to remove this trait. In trials it has tended to produce a high proportion of over 1kg roots and this highlights its capacity for maturing early. This contrasts with that for L86-33Q5, which tends to be of medium maturity.

The mean marketable root weight for L86-33Q9 was between 380 and 450 g and most commonly about 420 g thus having good marketable root size. L86-33Q9 has smooth long elliptical roots with shallow eyes, red skin and deep orange flesh.

L86-33Q7 This line also shows potential. The marketable yield has tended to be lower than that for L86-33Q9 but this is likely to be due to the fact that L86-33Q7 is later maturing. With the exception of the Gatton 1998/99, Redlands 99/00 and Rockhampton trial L86-33Q7 consistently produced greater yield in the <250g category. In the greater than 1 kg category L86-33Q7 has tended to have lower yield than L86-33Q9 though the effect was not significant at any site due to the high variability of data in this grade category.

L93-93Q siblings The lines L93-93Q7, L93-93Q9, L93-93Q12, L93-93Q14 and L93-93Q24 have been evaluated and present a new category of sweet potato having bold red/purple skins with deep orange flesh. Of these L93-93Q14 and L93-93Q24 have consistently performed the best in terms of marketable root yield (Table 14). The yield for both these varieties across trials has been similar. L93-93Q9 warrants further evaluation. Its' yield is inconsistent and in general not as high as for L93-93Q14 and L93-93Q24 but it has exceptional red skin colour and orange flesh.

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L87-59 This line has only been evaluated for one season at the Redlands site 1999/00 in which it yielded 39.0 tonne per ha marketable roots. This line has deep red skin and even orange flesh colour and appears to have long storage life. It is an early maturing variety but appears to be less prone to sprouting than other lines. It is particularly uniform in shape and size and warrants further evaluation.

L93-1Q17 This line has exhibited high yield potential ranging from about 33 to 65 tonne per ha, with the exception of the trial at Rockhampton. The skin colour is of less desirable type as it is a brownish copper colour and slightly rough. The root quality is very good having even orange flesh colour which is not sappy.

Other Gold lines Other introductions including Eureka, Garnet and Travis have not performed as well as expected. Yield and quality characteristics were poorer than the standard line Centennial.

5.2. White flesh varieties

Northern star This project has also focussed on the development of white fleshed varieties. One of the notable evaluations has been Northern Star. This variety has consistently produced very high yield of marketable roots. It has a deep purple coloured skin with white flesh, which is not sappy and does not discolour. The skin appearance is very good as Northern Star produces a double skin which results in less visual damage at washing. One major problem with it is its sensitivity to cracking and this problem needs to be addressed through improved agronomy. Its sensitivity to cracking is likely to be related to its exceptionally early maturing nature. The early maturity of this variety is highlighted by its consistent production of high yield in the over 1 kg root category. It has very good agronomic characteristics making it easy to grow and handle.

Northern Star is now well received in the market place and has replaced Red Abundance as the predominant red variety. It could also have potential in processing type and export markets due to its high dry matter content.

Q95-3 This line produces roots with red/purple skin, good even white flesh, which is not sappy and does not discolour after cutting. It has very acceptable eating quality but the skin is rather tender and hence is prone to skinning at harvest.

In trials at Gatton and Redlands this variety has produced high marketable root yields. Indeed marketable yield for this variety has been higher than for Northern Star. This occurs because it is a later maturing variety than Northern Star and also at full maturity it does not produce oversize roots. This is highlighted by the fact that it produces less yield in the greater than 1kg root category. The mean marketable root size for Q95-3 is sound at about 500-520 g compared with about 600 g plus for Northern Star. The skin presentation on this line is not as good as for Northern Star but it does tend to have shallow eyes and is less sensitive to cracking.

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Hawaii This variety produces good sized roots of even shape. The skin is smooth white/cream. Flesh colour is white although does tend to produce small splashes of purple flecking. The yield potential of marketable roots is high and mean marketable root size is good at about 450-550 g depending on maturity.

WSPF This variety has smooth white skins and strongly purpled flesh. It has a high yield capacity (Total yields consistently in the order of 50 tonne per ha) and appeals to a specific market. The reselected line evaluated in this project is being sought by industry. The market segment to which it appeals is growing and little is known of this markets requirements in terms of root quality e.g. size, flavour, colour etc.

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Table 1. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Redlands Research Station 1997-1998. Variety Marketable Total Yield MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld

Yield <250g >lkg (t/ha) (t/ha) (g) (noVplant)

Orange Fleshed Centennial 50.4 f 66.1 484 3.7 15.6 9.5 Eureka 30.3 de 57.6 360 3.1 48.2 0.0 Garnet 24.1 cde 31.9 730 1.4 26.3 0.0 Hernandez 52.4 f 64.0 511 3.8 14.9 2.9 L70-323 61.4 f 121.2 589 3.8 3.7 45.1 L86-33Q7 30.0 de 42.1 485 2.2 28.8 0.0 L86-33Q8 24.5 cde 36.0 428 2.1 32.0 0.0 L86-33Q9 35.6 e 50.4 450 2.6 21.5 7.5 L93-190Q14 H.9abc 18.4 384 1.1 32.8 3.3 L93-1Q17 33.4 de 51.1 493 2.4 19.0 14.7 L93-7Q3 25.8 de 38.1 406 3.0 30.7 1.9 L93-8Q3 8.2 ab 17.4 452 0.7 50.2 0.0 L93-93Q12 7.4 ab 15.6 350 0.8 57.3 0.0 L93-93Q14 20.7 bed 43.4 360 2.1 53.9 0.0 L93-93Q24 26.5 de 43.0 392 2.4 34.4 5.5 L93-93Q9 H.6abc 26.8 321 1.3 59.3 0.0 Travis 6.8 a 21.4 308 0.8 70.9 0.0 White fleshed Kestle 27.4 de 38.3 461 2.2 17.6 9.4 Northern Star 33.8 de 89.1 580 2.0 4.2 57.6 Red Abundance 11.8 abc 20.1 415 0.9 48.6 0.0

Significance ** ** * ** ** ** LSD 13.62 17.63 193 0.9358 15.45 11.54

NS denotes Not significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes significant at P=0.01

Trial summation The new variety Hernandez had a similar marketable yield to old commercial varieties Centennial and L70-323 but has better flesh quality than L70-323 and higher soil rot resistance than Centennial. L70-323 and Northern Star are early maturing and tend to produce excessively large roots. Travis, introduced for its appearance and high soil rot resistance yielded poorly. The yield of other selected seedlings was not impressive.

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Table 2. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Redlands Research Station 1998-1999. Variety Marketable

Yield Total Yield MMRW MktRt %TotYld <

<250g ZoTotYld

>lkg (t/ha) (t/ha) (g) (no./plant)

Orange fleshed Beerwah Gold 25.0 bcde 35.9 443 2.0 28.1 2.6 Hernandez 53.5 klm 64.9 497 3.9 10.1 7.6 HungLoc 54.6 klm 75.1 521 3.8 4.3 21.9 L86-33Q5 48.6 jkl 76.5 379 4.6 36.9 0.0 L86-33Q7 26.9 cdef 49.3 369 2.6 45.7 0.0 L86-33Q9 35.2 efghij 51.7 455 2.8 31.9 0.0 L93-1Q13 9.9 ab 20.6 404 0.9 52.8 0.0 L93-1Q17 65.7 m 94.9 490 4.8 15.1 15.5 L93-1Q18 0.7 a 9.8 295 0.1 93.1 0.0 L93-7Q3 43.7 ghijkl 67.6 400 3.9 35.4 0.0 L93-93Q14 29.1 cdefg 54.5 390 2.7 46.9 0.0 L93-93Q24 32.5 defghi 53.0 415 2.8 31.2 8.2 L93-93Q7 50.9 jklm 70.5 422 4.3 24.1 3.5 L93-93Q9 15.3 abc 30.0 312 1.8 48.7 0.0 L93-9Q16 24.4 bcde 47.2 399 2.2 45.6 2.6 NC-3 31.8defgh 44.5 459 2.5 25.8 2.6

White fleshed Accession 87 42.8 ghijk 114.7 645 2.4 3.4 58.1 Hawaii 46.5 hijkl 63.1 470 3.5 20.5 5.8 Kestle 14.4 abc 26.6 352 1.5 39.4 0.0 Northern Star 48.2 ijkl 94.6 593 2.9 . 5.5 41.5 Q95-14 29.2 cdefg 91.6 571 1.9 4.3 63.0 Q95-17 17.2 bed 28.7 429 1.3 45.7 0.0 Q95-3 59.0 1m 76.0 504 4.3 17.1 5.3 WSPF 41.5 fghijk 55.1 491 3.1 20.0 4.8

Significance ** ** ** ** ** **

LSD 15.91 17.63 75 1.058 13.66 14.27


Trial summation Hernandez had better yield and quality than the commercial varieties NC-3 and Beerwah Gold. A number of the seedlings performed as well as Hernandez, particularly L86-33Q5 (a Beauregard seedling) which had better appearance. The locally bred red skin white fleshed variety Q95-3 yielded well and had better appearance than either Q95-14 or Accession 87.

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Table 3. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Redlands Research Station 1999-2000. Variety Marketable Total Yield MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld

Yield <250g >lkg (t/ha) (t/ha) (g) (no./plant)

Orange fleshed

Beauregard 35.2 cdefg 52.3 524 2.4 10.9 20.6

Beerwah Gold 37.7 cdefghi 50.7 538 2.6 21.1 4.4

Eureka 45.1 Qhij 51.9 476 3.4 12.8 0.0

Hernandez 36.3 cdefgh 48.3 425 3.1 19.4 5.6

Hung Loc 28.5 bcde 36.5 471 2.3 15.4 5.8

L86-33Q5 48.9 hij 64.1 365 4.8 23.7 0.0

L86-33Q7 41.4efghi 47.8 383 3.9 13.4 0.0

L86-33Q9 29.8 bcdef 43.1 377 2.8 28.0 4.5

L87-59 39.0 defghi 78.9 520 2.7 10.1 39.2

L93-1Q17 63.0 k 76.3 503 4.5 8.8 8.4

L93-1Q18 26.6 abed 39.8 386 2.5 29.7 3.6

L93-7Q3 40.7 efghi 56.6 390 3.8 28.3 0.0

L93-93Q24 30.2 bcdef 50.2 427 2.5 30.2 9.7

L93-93Q9 30.3 bcdef 45.9 332 3.2 36.6 0.0

L93-9Q16 50.4 ijk 57.6 694 3.3 16.3 3.5

L93-9Q7 54.7 jk 68.2 - 456 4.3 12.5 0.0

NC-3 35.5 cdefg 52.7 493 2.6 19.7 13.1

White fleshed Accession 87 21.0 ab 58.8 615 1.4 1.9 59.0

Hawaii 25.5 abc 35.3 454 2.0 15.6 10.2

Kestle 20.0 ab 31.7 424 1.7 36.7 0.0

L95-17 15.4 a 26.7 425 1.3 38.6 3.8

Northern Star 38.3 cdefghi 73.9 619 2.2 2.6 45.4

Q95-3 • 42.1 fghij 56.0 520 2.9 13.0 12.1

WSPF 39.7 efghi 45.4 438 3.3 12.8 0.0

C-j CTTII tiOJiTiPf* * * •¥•¥ SK'F ypyp J I S ! F !ie:t!

LSD(P=0.05) 13.02 17.66 135 1.101 13.47 13.71


Trial summation Most test lines had a similar marketable yield to the varieties Hernandez, Beauregard, Beerwah Gold, Northern Star and WSPF. The orange fleshed seedling L93-1Q17 again yielded particularly well but lacked the appearance of some others such as L86-33 and L93-93 siblings. An introduced orange fleshed line L87-59 was impressive in yield, uniformity, shape and appearance. Most white fleshed types had a high yield of excessively large roots, however, Kestle yielded poorly.

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Table 4. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Gatton Research Station 1998-1999. Variety Marketable Total MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld

Yield Yield <250g >lkg (t/ha) (t/ha) (g) (no./plant)

Orange fleshed Beauregard 46.8 > 84.6 524 5.0 9.4 35.8 Beerwah Gold 16.9 bed 27.3 484 2.8 32.7 5.6

Centennial 40.0 Qhi 65.6 483 4.6 18.4 20.5 Garnet 0.5 a 2.3 370 0.1 73.8 0.0 Hernandez 33.4 fghi 48.7 484 3.9 15.1 16.7 L86-33Q7 28.3 cdefgh 51.5 399 3.9 40.6 5.4 L86-33Q8 41.4 hi 59.9 437 5.1 21.1 7.5

L86-33Q9 25.2 cdefg 45.3 438 3.2 33.7 11.3 L93-190Q14 32.6 efghi 59.0 451 4.1 24.5 20.3 L93-7Q3 22.7 cdef 35.6 409 3.1 32.1 3.6 L93-8Q3 26.0 cdefg 45.7 455 3.0 30.6 10.0 L93-93Q14 31.6defgh 54.7 425 4.3 32.6 5.6 L93-93Q24 30.2 defgh 52.4 334 4.9 42.4 0.6 L93-93Q9 13.6 abc 29.8 380 1.8 50.8 1.2 Travis 7.2 ab 27.7 364 1.1 70.0 1.8

White fleshed Accession 87 29.6 defgh 67.4 506 3.3 8.8 47.3 Hawaii 18.5 bedef 29.0 571 1.7 10.4 27.6 Kestle 42.4 hi 59.4 428 5.2 19.7 9.5 Northern Star 30.2 defgh 51.5 512 3.7 13.1 27.5 Q95-14 22.4 cdef 35.3 506 2.3 19.8 16.8 Q95-17 14.3 abc 23.7 468 1.6 29.3 7.9 Q95-3 31.1 defgh 48.5 472 3.4 13.3 23.1 Red Abundance 18.4 bede 32.6 445 2.1 28.2 13.2


LSD(P=0.05) 14.95 24.49 103 1.99 17.54 16.12


Trial summation Hernandez, Beauregard and Centennial had similar marketable yield but were higher than Beerwah Gold. They were also similar to most of the new seedling test lines. The attractive siblings L93-93Q14 and L93-93Q24 show promise but appear to be later maturing. Beauregard had an unusually heavy yield of excessively large roots. Garnet was extremely disappointing.

15

Table 5. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Gatton Research Station 1999-2000. Variety Marketable Total MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld


Orange fleshed Beauregard 24.0 abed 44.8 507 2.1 18.9 27.5

Beerwah Gold 31.9 bedefg 61.3 535 2.7 19.0 29.4

Hernandez 36.7 defgh 58.3 468 3.6 24.7 11.7 Hung Loc 47.6 h 63.4 495 4.3 13.7 11.4

L86-33Q7 36.6 defgh 55.5 476 3.7 23.2 10.1

L86-33Q9 37.6 efgh 58.4 416 4.0 34.4 2.3 L93-1Q13 10.8 a 15.2 489 1.0 14.5 14.1

L93-1Q17 41.0 fgh 64.4 384 4.9 36.2 0.0

L93-7Q3 23.6 abed 48.1 439 2.4 49.5 1.2 L93-93Q16 35.8 defgh 57.2 476 3.3 28.7 10.9

L93-93Q24 31.7 bedefg 48.1 514 2.9 23.9 8.9

L93-93Q7 31.3 bedefg 51.9 491 3.1 26.2 13.8

NC-3 32.7 cdefg 58.4 511 2.9 22.1 23.0

White fleshed Accession 87 20.9 abc 60.7 530 1.8 12.2 53.8 Hawaii 26.5 abede 50.5 538 2.3 25.9 23.0

Kestle 19.1 ab 44.1 346 2.5 50.2 6.9

Northern Star 39.6 efgh 84.3 562 3.2 11.1 42.4

Q95-3 42.6 gh 64.7 516 3.7 10.7 22.7 WSPF 28.4 bedef 49.6 484 2.7 29.6 11.1


LSD(P=0.05) 13.40 15.50 98 1.15 13.76 14.42


Trial summation Hernandez had a similar marketable yield to most other lines. The white fleshed lines Northern Star and Accession 87 were early maturing and had a significant yield of excessively large roots. Kestle however had lower total yield and smaller roots. Beauregard and Beerwah Gold performed quite differently from the previous year.

16

Table 6. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Bundaberg Research Station 1999-2000. Variety Marketable Total MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld


Orange fleshed Beauregard 17.0 f 24.0 428 1.8 30.0 0.0 Centennial 7.8 cde 15.8 382 0.9 51.6 0.0 Hernandez 6.9 cd 16.5 326 1.0 59.1 0.0 L86-33Q5 6.7 cd 24.3 320 1.0 72.1 0.0 L86-33Q7 11.8e 26.0 349 1.5 55.6 0.0 L86-33Q9 11.8e 18.9 413 1.3 38.5 0.0 L93-93Q24 1.9 ab 12.1 301 0.3 70.0 0.0 L93-93Q7 5.7 bed 18.6 325 0.8 84.4 0.0 Travis 0.0 a 5.4 nil 0.0 100.0 0.0

White fleshed Accession 87 11.4 e 17.8 382 1.4 35.9 0.0 Kestle 8.1 cde 14.1 404 0.9 42.6 0.0 Northern Star 27.6 9 40.1 482 2.6 16.0 15.5 Q95-14 4.4 be 13.8 439 0.6 30.6 6.8 Q95-3 9.4 de 14.9 328 1.0 68.4 0.0

LSD(P=0.05) 4.287 4.26 64 0.429 13.42 . 6.26


Trial summation Low yields in this trial may be attributed to biotic and abiotic stress. The Beauregard siblings L86-33Q5 and L86-33Q7 had a similar marketable yield to Hernandez but a higher total yield indicating potential for greater yield. L93-93Q24 did not perform as well as it has in other trials.

17

Table 7. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 1997. Variety Marketable Total MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld


Orange fleshed Centennial 10.9 ab 25.7 403 1.2 59.9 0.0 L86-33Q5 8.6 a 28.8 383 1.0 69.6 0.0 L86-33Q7 44.5 e 68.6 482 4.1 24.7 12.1

L86-33Q8 37.9 de 61.9 510 3.3 9.7 28.3 L93-7Q3 35.6 cde 57.8 463 3.5 31.1 6.9 L93-8Q3 24.7 bed 42.2 422 2.6 37.9 3.4 L93-93Q12 21.8 abc 35.8 411 2.0 51.2 0.0 L93-93Q14 35.9 cde 60.7 387 4.2 38.2 3.0 L93-93Q24 18.3 ab 36.1 443 1.9 40.1 8.8 L93-93Q9 14.5 ab 33.8 368 1.8 57.1 0.0 L93-9Q7 10.0 ab 21.4 441 1.0 50.7 3.3

Significance ** ** NS ** ** ** LSD(P=0.05) 15.85 15.36 1.39 22.59 14.03


Trial summation Lines L86-33Q7, L88-33Q8, L93-7Q3 and L93-93Q14 were the outstanding lines in this trial being better than Centennial. L86-33Q7 and L93-93Q14 had the most attractive roots. L86-33Q8 has thin vine tips less suitable for taking tip cuttings.

18

Table 8. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 1998. Variety Marketable Total MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld


Orange fleshed Centennial 26.3 def 48.8 506 2.5 24.3 22.1 Eureka 15.0 abc 36.3 483 1.9 49.9 8.2 Garnet 10.7 a 22.1 525 1.1 45.0 7.1 Hernandez 18.0 abcde 36.4 519 1.5 37.8 17.4 L86-33Q7 20.7 abcde 36.7 416 2.3 34.4 9.1 L86-33Q8 21.7 bcde 32.7 542 2.0 24.7 8.4 L86-33Q9 28.4 ef 47.2 533 2.6 17.4 21.8 L93-190Q14 25.6 cdef 55.6 494 2.4 32.4 20.7 L93-1Q17 35.6 f 61.8 528 3.0 23.4 18.8 L93-7Q3 21.8 bcde 45.1 480 2.3 34.3 17.9 L93-8Q3 13.8 ab 33.7 517 1.5 63.0 0.0 L93-93Q12 10.4 a 17.4 446 1.2 37.7 3.7 L93-93Q14 17.3 abed 40.6 416 2.2 57.2 0.0 L93-93Q24 15.5 abc 32.7 455 1.5 42.8 11.6 L93-93Q9 12.8 ab 26.6 401 1.7 48.1 2.7

Significance ** ** NS ** NS NS LSD(P=0.05) 10.63 16.83 0.91

NS denotes Not significant at P=

significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes 0.01

Trial summation While L93-1Q17 had the highest yield of marketable roots it was not statistically greater to that of Centennial or Hernandez. L86-33Q7, L86-33Q8, L86-33Q9, L93-190-Q14, L93-7Q3 and L93-93-Q14 all had similar yield to both Hernandez and Centennial.

19

Table 9. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 1999 first harvest. Variety Marketable Yield MMRW MktRt %TotYld %Yield

Yield >250g <250ga >lkg (t/ha) (t/ha) (g) (no./plant)

Orange fleshed Centennial 24.3 bcde 25.2 440 2.5 2.6 Hernandez 25.5 de 28.9 420 2.7 9.6 L86-33Q7 16.4 abc 16.4 384 1.9 0.0 L86-33Q9 27.4 de 29.7 426 2.9 8.7 L93-1Q17 41.8 f 45.9 491 3.8 9.2 L93-7Q3 14.4 a 14.4 426 1.6 0.0 L93-93Q12 24.3 bcde 26.6 494 2.2 9.3 L93-93Q14 15.8 ab 15.8 380 1.9 0.0 L93-93Q24 24.9 cde 24.9 409 2.8 0.0 L93-93Q9 20.7 abed 21.6 390 2.3 3.3 L93-9Q7 14.8 a 15.6 388 1.7 4.8

White fleshed Accession 87 22.2 abed 36.3 530 2.0 33.3 Kestle 28.5 de 28.5 448 2.9 0.0 Northern Star 31.6 e 58.2 523 2.7 40.2 Q95-14 25.2 de 30.2 431 2.6 16.3 Q95-3 25.3 de 30.7 * 480 2.3 16.5

Significance ** ** ** . ** **

LSD(P=0.05) 8.81 12.33 80 0.82 16.44

NS denotes Not significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes significant at P=0.01 a data in this category not determined

Trial summation L93-1Q17 was the heaviest yielding orange fleshed line and this highlighted its capacity for early maturity. Hernandez and L86-33Q9 also exhibited high yield. Northern Star, Q95-14 and Q95-3 had similar marketable yield.

20

Table 10. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 1999 second harvest. Variety Marketable Total MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld


Orange fleshed Centennial 22.5 abcde 38.1 446 2.3 30.7 9.5 Hernandez 29.1 cde 42.1 437 3.0 27.1 3.9 L86-33Q7 16.5 a 37.5 421 1.8 54.8 1.7 L86-33Q9 30.6 de 42.5 443 3.1 24.8 3.7 L93-1Q17 42.0 f 63.4 484 3.9 16.4 17.3 L93-7Q3 20.4 abc 44.2 425 2.3 54.4 0.0 L93-93Q12 20.5 abed 31.4 518 1.8 31.6 5.8 L93-93Q14 15.7 a 39.0 384 1.8 59.9 0.0 L93-93Q24 22.6 abcde 39.8 418 2.4 43.2 0.0 L93-93Q9 27.9 bede 45.5 437 2.3 35.7 3.5 L93-9Q7 14.6 a 25.8 455 1.5 44.5 0.0

White fleshed Accession 87 24.3 abcde 50.5 524 2.1 11.2 40.1 Kestle 18.1 ab 34.4 409 2.4 47.5 1.8 Northern Star 31.2 e 68.2 597 2.4 6.5 46.7 Q95-14 30.3 cde 51.8 481 2.8 33.9 6.8 Q95-3 27.5 bede 41.3 413 3.0 21.8 11.2


LSD(P=0.05) 10.14 11.58 70 1.01 13.51 14.03

NS denotes Not significant at P=i

significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes 0.01

Trial summation L93-1Q17 was the heaviest yielding orange fleshed line and had higher yield than either Centennial and Hernandez which had similar marketable yield. All other seedlings had similar marketable yield to that of Centennial with L86-33Q9 being the heaviest yielding of these.Q95-3 had similar marketable yield to other white fleshed lines.

21

Table 11. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 1999 third harvest. Variety Marketable Total Yield MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld


Orange fleshed Centennial 27.8 bcdef 41.3 459 2.7 29.0 3.8 Hernandez 28.0 cdef 40.2 477 2.6 32.2 1.5 L86-33Q7 17.2 ab 34.3 418 1.9 50.0 0.0 L86-33Q9 36.9 f 49.8 459 3.6 21.4 4.2 L93-1Q17 36.4 f 58.2 416 4.0 26.0 12.7 L93-7Q3 15.3 a 39.7 383 1.8 61.2 1.4 L93-93Q12 27.8 bcdef 45.4 530 2.4 30.2 9.7 L93-93Q14 15.9 a 40.1 362 2.0 63.4 0.0 L93-93Q24 23.1 abed 42.0 401 2.6 43.8 0.0 L93-93Q9 19.5 abc 42.8 432 2.1 49.8 5.2 L93-9Q7 19.6 abc 29.5 411 2.1 34.6 0.0

White fleshed Accession 87 35.7 f 55.0 604 2.7 11.4 22.4 Kestle 27.0 bcdef 44.5 442 2.7 37.3 3.3 Northern Star 30.6 def 68.6 580 2.4 6.8 46.0 Q95-14 23.8 abede 44.1 473 2.3 32.2 13.4 Q95-3 33.9 ef 46.8 505 3.0 16.9 9.5


LSD(P=0.05) 10.61 13.47 75 1.03 16.61 12.05


Trial summation L93-1Q17 and L86-33-9 were the heaviest yielding orange fleshed lines and had higher yield than either Centennial or Hernandez, though not being significant at p= 0.05. All other seedlings had similar marketable yield to that of Centennial.

22

Table 12. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 1999 fourth harvest. Variety Marketable Yield >250g MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld

Yield <250ga >lkg (t/ha) (t/ha) (g) (no./plant)

16.3 14.8 3.6 10.5 28.3

0.0 13.0 0.0 14.9 11.9 3.1

43.1 22.7 55.3 9.5 14.1

Orange fleshed Centennial 30.8 bcdefg 37.8 482 2.9 Hernandez 31.0 bcdefg 36.6 498 2.8 L86-33Q7 22.3 abc 23.1 394 2.5 L86-33Q9 41.2 9 46.5 510 3.6 L93-1Q17 54.9 h 76.3 558 4.4 L93-7Q3 15.7 a 15.7 390 1.8 L93-93Q12 32.3 cdefg 39.5 510 2.9 L93-93Q14 18.2 ab 18.2 379 2.2 L93-93Q24 27.7 abcdef 32.7 446 2.8 L93-93Q9 23.7 abed 27.4 473 2.3 L93-9Q7 27.0 abede 27.8 443 2.7

White fleshed Accession 87 36.3 defg 65.5 579 3.0 Kestle 35.5 defg 45.4 475 3.4 Northern Star 34.3 cdefg 74.8 506 3.0 Q95-14 40.1 fg 45.5 469 3.9 Q95-3 37.0 efg 43.9 471 3.6

Significance LSD(P=0.05) 12.9 14.54 77

**

1.20 19.23

NS denotes Not significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes significant at P=0.01. a data in this category not determined

Trial summation Accession 87, L93-1Q17 and Northern Star were heavy yielding early maturing varieties producing an excessively large proportion of oversized roots when harvested after their optimal crop maturity.

23

Table 13. Mean marketable yield, total yield, mean marketable root weight (MMRW), Marketable root number per plant (MktRt), mean yield of roots less than 250g and mean yield of roots greater than 1 kg of sweet potato varietal trial grown at Rockhampton harvested June 8 1998. Variety Marketable Total Yield MMRW MktRt %TotYld %TotYld


Orange fleshed Centennial 17.1 c 28.5 415 2.9 50.9 13.6 Eureka 14.9 be 34.7 459 2.5 20.2 0.0 Garnet 12.3 abc 23.1 437 3.7 32.3 3.8 Hernandez 15.3 be 29.1 450 1.8 15.9 2.5 Travis 4.8 abc 18.1 337 1.0 55.0 0.0 L86-33-Q7 10.5 abc 19.3 408 1.7 41.7 16.1 L86-33-Q8 13.4 c 20.1 355 3.1 66.9 0.0 L86-33-Q9 18.8 ab 28.9 390 1.9 36.2 11.9 L93-190-Q14 6.7 c 13.4 482 1.8 50.0 12.1 L93-1-Q17 18.8 abc 31.1 450 1.5 32.7 13.5 L93-7-Q3 11.1 a 19.0 396 1.1 54.8 4.7 L93-8-Q3 4.9 abc 13.3 369 1.8 80.2 0.0 L93-93-Q12 12.9 a 21.0 358 3.1 68.7 9.2 L93-93-Q14 4.4 abc 18.4 461 2.9 30.2 0.0 L93-93-Q24 10.0 ab 19.0 465 1.8 30.7 4.9 L93-93-Q9 7.6 a 14.8 377 1.9 92.6 0.0

Significance * * NS NS NS ** LSD(P=0.05) 9.26 1L9 9^1


Trial summation No test lines were superior to Centennial or Hernandez, which were similar. Heat at planting reduced emergence and vigour and subsequently yield.

Table 14. Summary ol r marketab e yield (tonnes ha") across trials for selected lines under evaluation Variety3 Redands

1997/98 Redands 1998/99

Redands 1999/00

Gatton 1998/99

Gatton 1999/00

Bundaberg 99/00

Southedge 1997

Southedge 1998

S 1

L86-33Q5 - 48.6 48.9 - - 6.8 8.6 - -L86-33Q7 30.0 26.9 41.4 28.3 36.6 11.8 44.5 20.7 -L86-33Q8 24.5 - - 41.4 - 11.8 37.9 21.7 -L86-33Q9 28.5 35.2 29.8 25.2 37.6 - - 28.4 -

L93-93-Q7 50.9 31.3 5.6 L93-93-Q9 11.6 15.3 30.3 13.6 14.5 12.8 2 L93-93Q12 7.4 21.8 10.4 2 L93-93Q14 20.7 29.1 31.6 35.9 17.3 1 L93-93Q24 26.5 32.5 30.19 30.2 31.7 1.9 18.3 15.5 2

L87-59 39.0 Northern Star

33.8 48.2 38.3 30.2 39.6 27.6 3

WSPF 41.5 39.7 28.4 Kestle 27.0 14.4 20.0 42.4 19.1 8.1 Hawaii 46.5 25.5 18.5 26.5 Q95-3 59.0 42.1 31.1 42.6 9.4 2 L93-1Q17 33.4 65.7 63.0 41.0 35.6 4

Hernandez 52.4 53.5 36.3 33.4 36.7 6.9 18.0 2 Centennial 40.0 7.8 26.3 2 Beerwah Gold

25.0 37.6 16.9 31.9

Beauregard 35.2 24.0 17.0

Data is only statistically comparable within each column. LSD values are presented in tables 2-14.

26

5.3. Varietal maturity

Varietal maturity data is presented in table 15. The table includes marketable yield as well as yield of roots greater than 1kg. The table highlights Northern Star, L93-1Q17, Q95-14, Q95-3 and L86-33Q9 as early maturing varieties. These varieties not only produced the highest yields at Harvest 1 but had at least some yield component in the >lkg root class at this harvest. The yields for Northern Star in this class were exceptionally high (26.6 tonne/ha) highlighting the particularly early maturing nature of this variety.

Table 15. Comparison of marketable yield and oversize roots for sweet potato trial across four harvest dates (HI, H2, H3 and H4) at Southedge Research Station 1999.

Marketable yield (tonne ha"1) Yield roots >1 kg Maturity (tonnes ha"1)

Variety H I H 2 H 3 H 4 H I H 2 H 3 H 4 *

Orange fleshed Centennial 24.3 22.5 27.8 30.8 0.9 4.5 2.3 7.0 M Hernandez 25.5 29.1 28.0 31.0 3.4 1.8 0.9 5.6 M L86-33Q7 16.4 16.5 17.2 22.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.8 L L86-33Q9 27.4 30.6 36.9 41.2 2.3 1.7 2.3 5.3 M L93-1Q17 41.8 42.0 36.4 54.9 4.1 11.1 8.2 21.4 E L93-7Q3 14.4 20.4 15.3 15.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 L L93-93Q12 24.3 20.5 27.8 32.3 2.3 1.5 4.5 7.2 M L93-93Q14 15.8 15.7 15.9 18.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 L L93-93Q24 24.9 22.6 23.1 27.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 M L93-93Q9 20.7 27.9 19.5 23.7 0.9 1.7 2.5 3.7 L L93-9Q7 14.8 14.6 19.6 27.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 L White fleshed Accession87 22.2 24.3 35.7 36.3 14.2 20.6 13.4 29.2 E Kestle 28.5 18.1 27.0 35.5 0.0 0.7 1.7 9.9 M Northern Star 31.6 31.2 30.6 34.3 26.6 32.8 33.7 40.5 E Q95-14 25.2 30.3 23.8 40.1 5.0 4.1 6.1 5.4 M Q95-3 25.3 27.5 33.9 37.0 5.4 4.9 5.5 6.9 M

*E denotes ear iy M denotes medium L denotes late

For most varieties the trend was for marketable yield to increase over the 4 harvests with the exception of those very early maturing varieties such as Northern Star, Hernandez, L86-33Q9, L93-1Q17. With these varieties marketable yield tended to peak at the first or second harvest as in subsequent harvest much of the yield was in the greater than 1kg and hence unmarketable range. Some varieties only achieved their maximum marketable yield at harvest 4 viz. L93-9Q7, Q95-14, L86-33Q7 and Kestle. This highlighted these varieties need to be grown for longer periods in order to achieve greater yields of marketable roots. The table highlights that one of the great advantages of Hernandez, Q95-14 and Q95-3 are their early maturity but low propensity for producing oversize roots when mature. Some varieties, particulalrly Northern Star L93-1Q17 and Accession 87, produce too many oversize roots when mature.

27

5.4. Virus Indexing

Evaluated lines are currently held at various stages of development as per Table 16.

Table 16. Sweet potato lines virus indexed, maintained and evaluated under varietal evaluation project and maintenance status for each line.

In Glasshouse In Seed Bed Mother Plants Tissue Culture

Garnet Northern Star WSPF Kestle L87-59 Beerwah Gold Centennial Garnet L93-93Q7 WSPF Kestle Beerwah Gold L93-1Q17 Kestle L70-323 NC-3 L86-33Q5 Hawaii Travis Rojo Blanco L93-93Q24 Beauregard NC-3 L70-323 L93-1Q18 L93-9Q16 Coleambally Red Abundance L86-33Q9 L86-33Q7 Hung Loc Centennial Q95-17 L93-93Q14 Beerwah Gold Coleambally L93-1Q13 L93-93Q9 Beauregard Resisto L86-33Q7 L87-59 Hawaii Hernandez Accession 87 Hung Loc 4 Northern Star Hung Loc 4 L93-9Q16 Centennial Rojo Blanco WSPF One Moon Q95-3 Eureka Northern Star Q95-3 L86-33Q9 Resisto Hawaii L93-93Q9 Hernandez Red Abundance Beauregard L93-7Q3 Centennial L87-59 L93-93Q14 Q95-3 Beauregard One Moon

19 Lines 161ines 171ines 191ines

Over the last 5-10 years Beauregard has become the dominant commercial variety. The features of this variety are its pink smooth skin, shallow eyes and deep orange flesh colour. Commercial plantings are not true to type and are rife with feathery mottle virus. This project has successfully reintroduced Beauregard and made virus free planting material available to industry.

28

6. Conclusions and Recommendations The Queensland DPI in conjunction with QFVG and HRDC has developed a suite of new sweet potato varieties which are now tailored for different consumer preferences. This project has evaluated and facilitated the commercial release of many pathogen free varieties including, Northern Star, Hernandez, Hawaii, WSPF, Beauregard, Eureka, Garnet and Hung Loc. As well as these varieties that have been released there will be several new varieties released in the near future. These will include Q95-3, L93-93Q24, L93-93Q14, L86-33Q7, L86-33Q9 and L87-59. Material of these varieties will be made available in small quantities to commercial growers over the next season.

To this point in time the sweet potato industry has been reliant on growing varieties less suited to changed consumer preferences. With these changing consumer trends the sweet potato has become increasingly popular in the market place.

The development of these new varieties has increased profitability in some market sectors. For example, Northern Star and WSPF have met specific and growing market niches for white fleshed and white skinned varieties, respectively. However, these new varieties each appear to have specific cultural requirements in order to produce more roots of marketable size. For example, Northern Star although being exceptionally well received in the market place tends to produce very large roots that are prone to cracking.

In general, roots tend to be over or undersize and shape within a varietal selection can be uneven. There is also some variation in flesh and skin colour, which restricts the growers ability to produce a consistent line of produce. The expression of shape, size, colour, number of roots and cracking is not only a function of genetic traits but is equally related to agronomic practices.

Further research is required to investigate improved agronomic practices in new sweet potato varieties that will enable growers to produce more roots of marketable size and quality. The reselection of genetic material on current sweetpotato varieties is also required to improve quality traits, as these varieties are likely to have suffered genetic drift.

Agronomic practices such as timing and rate of fertiliser application, timing of irrigation in relation to root initiation and plant spacing all dramatically influence the quality of roots.

29

7. Bibliography

Harper, T.W. (1990). Sweet potato agronomy in Queensland. A review of experiments conducted between 1974 and 1989. Queensland Department of Primary industries.

Huaman Z. (1991). Descriptors for Sweet Potato. International Potato Center.

30

8. Acknowledgments

The financial assistance of the peak industry bodies HRDC, QFVG and AusVeg is gratefully acknowledged. The assistance of the following people is also acknowledged.

The farm managers, Stuart Scott (Redlands), Andrew Dati (Southedge), David Schofield (Gatton) and David Lack (Bundaberg) and their farm management staff, who helped grow and harvest trials. Ms. Gaye Biddle, Ms Jenny Moisander and Mr. Denis Persley for their work on tissue culture and virus indexing. Mr. Jerry Lovatt for his assistance in field day organisation and trial evaluation. Mr. George Bollen a sweet potato grower who provided some material in the program. Mr. Rodney Wolfenden grower who grew the field evaluation trial at Rockhampton. Mr. Enore Querin who also grew preliminary trials in the Mareeba district. Mr Bill O'Donnell for his assistance in planting and harvesting trials at Gatton, Rockhampton and Bundaberg. Ms. Jill Ferguson for her assistance in planting and harvesting the trial at Rockhampton. Dr. Ken Jackson who was project leader in year 1 of this project.

31

Appendix 1 Benchmark Site and Agronomic data for trials

Benchmark Data for the Gatton Research Station

1. Location of Trials Longitude: 152°20' East; Latitude : 27°33' South Altitude : 95 m Field: flat, open, irrigated

2. General soil data Texture : clay loam to light clay pH neutral Organic matter : medium Total Nitrogen : medium-high Phosphorous : high to very high Potassium : medium

A. Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1998-1999

3. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : 21 December 1998 Harvesting Date : 27 May 1999 Age of Crop to harvest : 22.57 weeks

4. Meteorological data

Month Mean Air T° Mean Ground T° Rainfall (mm) %RH

December 26.0 18.4 17.0 72.0 January 24.9 18.0 157.0 75.4 February 24.1 17.6 176.2 79.3 March 24.1 17.0 97.0 78.4 April 19.6 10.9 10.9 69.8 May 18.0 9.4 42.7 81.4

5. Abiotic Stresses Nil

6. Biotic Stresses Nil

7. Agronomic practices • Spacing in row 300 mm, inter-row 1.5 m

Plot size : 20 plants/plot, 1 plot/rep; 3 replicates

• Fertiliser management Nil

32

• Pest Management Dual= 3 1/ha Lorsban = 700 ml/ha

• Water management Irrigation = 327 kl

B. Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1999-2000

3. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : 29 November 1999 Harvesting Date : 12 May 2000 Age of Crop to harvest : 23.71 weeks



December 21.8 14.3 153.8 67.6 January 24.3 16.8 84.1 71.0 February 23.2 15.5 19.7 74.0 March 23.7 15.6 23.8 77.3 April 21.4 14.0 17.7 74.8 May 19.6 12.1 24.1 79.0



7. Agronomic practices • Spacing : in row 300 mm inter-row 1.5 m

Plot size : 10 plants/row; 1 row/rep; 4 replicates

• Fertiliser management Potassium nitrate at 100 kg per ha at 5 weeks after planting Zinctrac = 11/ha Bortrac = 21/ha

• Pest Management Fusilade = 1 1/ha Lorsban = 700 ml/ha Thiodan = 2.11/ha

• Water management Irrigation = 493 kl

33

Benchmark Data for the Redlands Research Station

1. Location of Trial Longitude: 153°14' East; Latitude : 27°31' South Altitude : 24 m Field: flat, open, irrigated

2. Soil data Texture pH Organic matter (%) Available P (ppm)

: red brown Clay Loam :5.3 2.7%

Exchangeable K (me/lOOg soil) : -

A. Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1998

3. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : 3/11/1997 Harvesting Date : 23/3/98 Age of Crop to harvest : 20 weeks

B. Meteorological data

Month Mean Air T° Mean Ground T° Rainfall (mm) MeanRH

November 26.5 16.3 131 87 December 29.0 20.2 116 69 January 29.6 19.7 71 66 February 30.1 16.3 162 72 March 29.1 101 65


6. Biotic Stresses Sweet potato white fly strain B caused minor damage Sweet potato weevil

7. Agronomic practices

• Spacing : Rows= 1.3 m apart; Plants= 0.3 m apart Plot size : 10 plants/row; 1 row/rep; 3 replicates

: Data obtained from 8 plants

Fertiliser management 3/11/97 Pre-plant application: Muriate of Potash at 360 kg/ha 13/11/97 Foliar spray Boron 20/11/97 Foliar spray molybdenum 28/11/97 Urea 135 kg/ha

34

• Pest Management Confidor® = sprayed February - May Lorsban® = sprayed April

B. Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1999

3. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : 15 January 1999 Harvesting Date : 16 June 1999 Age of Crop to harvest : 21 weeks



January 29.0 18.8 135 68 February 28.1 18.8 244 80 March 27.9 18.6 169 86 April 24.7 11.8 73 79 May 23.3 13.5 126 86 June 20.5 9.5 120 80

Total 867


6. Biotic Stresses Sweet potato white fly Strain B

7. Agronomic practices • Spacing : Rows= 1.3 m apart; Plants= 0.3 m apart

Plot size : 10 plants/row; 1 row/rep; 3 replicates : Data obtained from 8 plants

• Fertiliser management Pre-plant application: Muriate of Potash at 640 kg/ha Foliar spray : Zinc sulphate and Solubor

• Pest Management Confidor® = sprayed February - May Lorsban® = sprayed April

• Water management Irrigation : total of 254 mm from January to April

C. Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1999- 2000

4. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : 08 December 1999 Harvesting Date : 03 May 2000 Age of Crop to harvest : 21 weeks

35



December 26.0 14.1 74 64 January 27.98 18.1 150 65.4 February 27.1 17.2 133 67 March 27.9 18.1 63 73 April 25.4 15.9 64 61

Total 484



7. Agronomic practices

• Spacing : Rows= 1.3 m apart; Plants= 0.3 m apart Plot size : 10 plants/row; 1 row/rep; 3 replicates

: Data obtained from 8 plants

• Fertiliser management Pre-plant application Dolomite at 600 kg/ha Side Dress Muriate of potash at 270 kg K/ha

• Pest Management Lorsban® = sprayed in December, March and April

• Water management Irrigation : total of 240 mm from December to March

36

Benchmark Data for the Southedge Research Station

5. Location of Trial Longitude: 145°20' East Latitude Altitude : 450 m

6. Soil data Texture : sandy loam PH : 6.2 Organic matter (%) : low Available P (ppm) Exchangeable K (me/lOOg soil) :

A. Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1997

7. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : April 1997 Harvesting Date : August 1997 Age of Crop to harvest : 21 weeks


Month Mean Air T° Mean Soil T° (20 cm)

Rainfall (mm) %RH

April 19.85 24.2 24 86 May 18.35 22.7 49 85 June 17.1 21.9 9 85 July 16.7 20.0 9 85 August 16.45 20.5 12 82





• Fertiliser management Pre-plant application: Incitec Tobacco 6 Mg Foliar spray : Zn

• Pest Management : Carbaryl

• Water management Irrigation : 184 mm

37

B. Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1999

4. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : 22 March 1999 Harvesting Date : Harvest 1

Harvest 2 Harvest 3 Harvest 4

Age of Crop to harvest : 21 weeks


Month Mean Air T° Mean Soil T° (20 cm)

Rainfall (mm) %RH

February 26.3 26.9 170 78 March 24.6 25.2 55 75 April 25.35 26.0 11 76 May 23.15 24.5 23 74 June 21.25 22.9 3 74





• Fertiliser management Pre-plant application: Incitec Tobacco 6 Mg (1.2 kg/20 m row)

• Pest Management Dual at 1 1/ha Carbaryl

• Water management Irrigation : A total of 184 mm for the whole crop duration

Benchmark Data for the Bundaberg Research Station

Sweetpotato Variety Trial 1999-2000

1. Location of Trial Longitude: 152° 20'East Latitude :24°52 ' Altitude : approx 30m Field : flat, open, irrigated

2. Soil data

38

9 August 1999 16 August 1999 23 August 1999 30 August 1999

Texture : light clay pH : 6.5 Organic Carbon mg/kg : 1.1 Nitrate nitrogen mg/kg : 4.1 Sulfur mg/kg : 7.0 Phosphorus (colwell) mg/kg: 185 Potassium meq/1 OOg : 0.69 Calcium meq/1 OOg : 7.75 Magnesium meq/1 OOg 2.09 Sodium meq/lOOg : 0.12 Chlorine mg/kg : 5.0 Electrical conductivity dS.m 0.05 copper mg/kg 9.2 Zinc mg/kg : 5.3 manganese mg/kg : 81.0 Iron mg/kg : 12.0 Boron mg/kg : 2.4

3. Trial/cropping Period Planting Date : 17 November 1999 Harvesting Date : 04 April 2000 Age of Crop to harvest : 20 weeks


Month Mean Air T° Mean Soil T° Total Rainfall (mm)

November 21.70 23.49 93.0 December 22.61 26.82 152.6 January 24.35 26.49 114.0 February 24.26 28.02 144.2 March 24.12 27.59 75.2 April 21.96 25.64 46.8


6. Biotic Stresses whitefly = severe during the root development stage


Plot size : 10 plants/row; 1 row/rep; 4 replicates

• Fertiliser management Pre-plant application:

Nitrogen 42kg/ha Phosphorus 56kg/ha Potassium 150kg/ha Nitrogen was broadcast at 20kg/ha at both 6 and 10 weeks after planting. (Prior to irrigation)

39

• Pest Management Confidor - applied through trickle irrigation in March against whitefly

• Water management Irrigation : overhead - 225 mm from November to February

Trickle -101 mm/m of row (6x in March) w/ Confidor against whitefly

40

Appendix 2 Detailed regional trial yield data. Appendix 2a.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (Mk number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Redlands Research Station 199

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld <250g 250- 600g-lkg >lkg MktRt

250g-lkg 600g 250g-lkg Centennial 66.05 50.43 9.74 24.88 25.55 5.89 3.69

Eureka 57.57 30.33 27.24 25.94 4.39 0.00 3.09 Garnet 31.93 24.13 7.80 15.62 8.52 0.00 1.37

Hernandez 63.97 52.40 9.52 29.62 22.79 2.04 3.75

Kestle 38.34 27.43 5.81 18.83 8.60 5.10 2.19 L70-323 121.24 61.42 4.55 19.96 41.47 55.27 3.78 L86-33Q7 42.09 29.98 12.11 16.74 13.25 0.00 2.22 L86-33Q8 35.95 24.48 11.48 16.95 7.53 0.00 2.09 L86-33Q9 50.38 35.56 10.62 26.14 9.42 4.21 2.62 L93-190Q14 18.44 11.90 5.58 8.78 3.13 0.95 1.12 L93-1Q17 51.10 33.38 9.37 16.76 16.62 8.35 2.44 L93-7Q3 38.06 25.83 11.36 20.48 5.35 0.87 3.01 L93-8Q3 17.36 8.16 9.20 6.11 2.05 0.00 0.69 L93-93Q12 15.65 7.37 8.27 6.85 0.53 0.00 0.75 L93-93Q14 43.39 20.73 22.66 17.20 3.53 0.00 2.06 L93-93Q24 43.03 26.54 13.65 19.62 6.92 2.85 2.41 L93-93Q9 26.80 11.61 15.19 11.04 0.56 0.00 1.28 Northern Star 89.10 33.80 3.62 12.92 20.89 51.68 2.00 Red Abundance 20.10 11.82 8.28 9.30 2.53 0.00 0.94 Travis 21.35 6.82 14.53 6.82 0.00 0.00 0.78 |H V J l l l K ^ * * '** * *P * •PI* 1*'1* H"P * T

LSD(P=0.05) 17.63 15.37 4.64 9.04 9.03 10.01 0.94


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Appendix 2d.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (Mk number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Gatton Research Station 1998-1

Weight in tonnes per hectare R Variety Total Yld MktYld <150g 150- 250- 600g- >lkg MktRt

250g-lkg 250g 600g 1kg 250g-lkg L86-33Q7 51.5 28.3 10.52 9.93 21.81 6.53 2.73 3.88

L86-33Q8 59.9 41.4 4.03 8.24 30.61 10.82 6.17 5.06

L86-33Q9 45.3 25.2 5.36 8.67 18.13 7.06 6.05 3.21

L93-190Q14 59.0 32.6 6.84 7.69 20.93 11.70 11.89 4.13

L93-7Q3 35.6 22.7 3.20 8.60 17.51 5.16 1.12 3.06

L93-8Q3 45.7 26.0 6.25 10.84 18.38 7.60 2.61 3.04

L93-93Q14 54.7 31.6 9.20 11.30 20.00 11.56 2.61 4.25

L93-93Q24 52.4 30.2 7.60 14.76 21.73 8.43 0.39 4.94

L93-93Q9 29.8 13.6 7.50 8.26 12.20 1.36 0.48 1.76

Accession 87 67.4 29.6 0.35 6.23 18.50 11.09 31.24 3.25

Beauregard 84.6 46.8 2.19 5.30 19.08 27.75 30.27 4.98

Beerwah Gold 27.3 16.9 3.67 5.48 10.65 6.28 1.25 2.84

Centennial 65.6 40.0 4.98 7.08 23.16 16.83 13.53 4.57 Eureka 32.4 20.0 3.86 3.75 11.73 8.25 4.84 2.21 Garnet 2.3 0.5 1.31 0.51 0.52 0.00 0 0.08

Hawaii 29.0 18.5 0.18 2.34 8.64 9.81 8 1.67 Hernandez 48.7 33.4 3.79 3.66 23.07 10.29 7.85 3.85 Kestle 59.4 42.4 3.51 7.69 30.78 11.61 5.83 5.24 Northern Star 51.5 30.2 2.21 4.41 18.30 11.91 14.71 3.65 Q95-14 35.3 22.4 3.02 3.81 11.16 11.20 6.15 2.25 Q95-17 23.7 14.3 1.42 5.34 9.39 4.89 2.66 1.64 Q95-3 48.5 31.1 2.39 4.13 20.29 10.77 10.92 3.39 Red Abundance 32.6 18.4 3.34 4.60 12.56 5.84 6.30 2.12 Travis 27.7 7.2 6.25 13.44 6.85 0.61 0.83 1.13

V-< OTl'ITIOflTlf ' f* T " P ' P ' P T*% TlQ *Ie!le ! P ! P 1e !F T T

LSD(P=0.05) 24.49 14.95 4.47 12.01 7.09 8.20 1.99


44

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Appendix 2f.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per - sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Bundaberg Research

plant (Mkt Station 19

Weight in tonnes per hectare

Variety Total Yld MktYld <150g 150-250g

250-600g

600-lkg >lkg MktRt

L86-33Q5 24.25 6.73 6.91 10.61 6.73 0.00 0.00 0.95

L86-33Q7 25.99 11.78 6.04 8.17 11.04 0.74 0.00 1.50

L86-33Q9 18.88 11.77 2.44 4.67 8.96 2.81 0.00 1.30

L93-93Q7 18.60 5.65 6.00 6.94 5.65 0.00 0.00 0.78 L93-93Q24 12.10 1.89 4.95 5.27 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.31

Accession 87 17.83 11.42 2.37 4.05 10.58 0.84 0.00 1.39

Beauregard 24.03 16.96 2.86 4.21 12.08 4.88 0.00 1.78 Centennial 15.75 7.75 3.53 4.47 6.10 1.65 0.00 0.88 Hernandez 16.48 6.94 4.74 4.79 6.94 0.00 0.00 0.98 Kestle 14.10 8.10 2.56 3.44 6.91 1.19 0.00 0.93 Northern Star 40.07 27.58 1.86 4.57 17.28 10.30 6.06 2.55 Q95-3 14.91 9.35 1.64 3.48 4.36 0.00 1.26 0.95 Q95-14 13.83 4.35 5.99 2.67 6.88 2.47 0.00 0.60 Travis 5.42 0.00 4.22 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

F value ** ** ** ** ** #* ** **

LSD (P=0.05) 4.26 4.29 1.56 1.84 3.31 2.68 1.55 0.43


46

Appendix 2g.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (M number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 1

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld <150g 150-250g 250-600g 600g-lkg >lkg Mk

250g-lkg 250g Centennial 25.7 10.9 6.7 8.2 8.0 2.9 0.0 L86-33Q5 28.8 8.6 10.7 9.5 7.1 1.5 0.0 L86-33Q7 68.6 44.5 9.5 7.1 27.2 17.3 7.4 L86-33Q8 61.9 37.9 2.9 3.1 18.9 19.0 18.0 L93-7Q3 57.8 35.6 8.5 9.6 21.6 14.0 4.1 L93-8Q3 42.2 24.7 7.3 8.7 19.6 5.1 1.6 L93-93Q12 35.8 21.8 7.4 6.7 13.0 8.7 0.0 L93-93Q14 60.7 35.9 9.5 13.4 28.1 7.8 1.9 L93-93Q24 36.1 18.3 6.1 8.2 12.1 6.2 3.6 L93-93Q9 33.8 14.5 10.0 9.3 13.9 0.6 0.0 L93-9Q7 21.4 10.0 7.3 3.1 6.0 4.0 1.0

t <• 0 - f l l TTf*5lt"|("*p * Jj* ^F'F *|C H* ^ !!e!lS 'fcsp ^fcV H

LSD(P=0.05) 15.36 15.85 2.95 4.84 9.06 9.42 8.16 1.


47

Appendix 2h.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (Mk number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 199

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld

250g-lkg <150g 150-

250g 250-600g 600g-lkg >lkg MktR

250g-Centennial 48.8 26.3 7.8 3.4 12.7 13.5 11.4 Eureka 36.3 15.0 13.2 5.1 7.8 7.2 3.0 Garnet 22.1 10.7 6.6 3.2 5.9 4.9 1.6 Hernandez 36.4 18.0 5.5 4.3 6.5 11.6 8.5 L86-33Q7 36.7 20.7 6.7 5.9 17.4 3.3 3.4

L86-33Q8 32.7 21.7 3.9 3.7 11.4 10.3 3.4 L86-33Q9 47.2 28.4 4.2 3.5 14.9 13.5 11.2 L93-190Q14 55.6 25.6 11.2 6.2 18.1 7.5 12.6 L93-1Q17 61.8 35.6 8.4 6.2 18.2 17.4 11.6 L93-7Q3 45.1 21.8 10.5 4.0 12.6 9.3 8.8 L93-8Q3 33.7 13.8 12.8 7.2 8.3 5.5 0.0 L93-93Q12 17.4 10.4 4.7 1.5 8.7 1.6 0.8 L93-93Q14 40.6 17.3 17.5 5.8 13.0 4.3 0.0 L93-93Q24 32.7 15.5 8.2 4.5 11.2 4.3 4.5 L93-93Q9 26.6 12.8 9.3 3.7 10.2 2.6 0.8

Significance ** ** ** * ** ** NS ** LSD(P=0.05) 16.83 10.63 6.01 3.03 6.94 8.08 0.9


48

Appendix 2i.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (Mk number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 19

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld <150ga 150-250ga 250-600g 600g-lkg >lkg Mkt

250g-lkg 250g- Accession 87 Centennial Hernandez Kestle L86-33Q7 L86-33Q9 L93-1Q17 L93-7Q3 L93-93Q12 L93-93Q14 L93-93Q24 L93-93Q9 L93-9Q7 Northern star Q95-14 Q95-3

36.3 22.2 25.2 24.3 28.9 25.5 28.5 28.5 16.4 16.4 29.7 27.4 45.9 41.8 14.4 14.4 26.6 24.3 15.8 15.8 24.9 24.9 21.6 20.7 15.6 14.8 58.2 31.6 30.2 25.2 30.7 25.3

14.3 0.4 14.2 16.7 0.5 0.9 18.8 0.4 3.4 21.4 0.4 0.0 13.7 0.3 0.0 21.5 0.4 2.3 23.9 1.1 4.1 10.6 0.3 0.0 13.9 0.6 2.3 13.8 0.1 0.0 19.2 0.3 0.0 16.1 0.3 0.9 12.8 0.1 0.8 13.4 1.1 26.6 18.5 0.4 5.0 16.5 0.5 5.4

Significance LSD(P=0.05)

** 12.33

**

8.81

*

6.97

**

6.49

**

10.14

**

0.8 NS denotes Not significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes significant at P=0.01 a data in these categories not determined

49

Appendix 2j.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (Mkt number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 199

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld <150ga 150-250g 250-600g 600g-lkg >lkg MktR

250g-lkg 250g-l

Accession 87 Centennial Hernandez Kestle L86-33Q7 L86-33Q9 L93-1Q17 L93-7Q3 L93-93Q12 L93-93Q14 L93-93Q24 L93-93Q9 L93-9Q7 Northern star Q95-14 Q95-3

50.5 24.3 38.1 22.5 42.1 29.1 34.4 18.1 37.5 16.5 42.5 30.6 63.4 42.0 44.2 20.4 31.4 20.5 39.0 15.7 39.8 22.6 45.5 27.9 25.8 14.6 68.2 31.2 51.8 30.3 41.3 27.5

5.6 12.6 11.6 20.6 11.1 17.6 4.8 4.5 11.2 19.9 9.2 1.8 15.6 12.6 5.5 0.7 20.3 9.6 6.9 0.7 10.2 22.7 7.9 1.7 10.3 25.0 17.0 11.1 23.8 18.0 2.3 0.0

9.4 10.1 10.3 1.5 23.3 14.7 1.0 0.0 17.2 18.9 3.7 0.0 15.9 19.9 8.0 1.7 11.2 10.7 3.9 0.0 4.2 13.3 18.0 32.8

17.4 18.1 12.2 4.1 8.9 22.4 5.1 4.9

Significance LSD(P=0.05)

**

11.58 10.14 **

6.54 6.95 **

6.44

**

8.78

**

1.0 NS denotes Not significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes significant at P=0.01 a data in these categories not determined

50

Appendix 2k.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (M number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 19

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld <150ga

250g-lkg 150-250g 250-600g 600g-lkg >lkg Mk

250g Accession 87 55.0 35.7 5.9 12.9 22.8 13.4 Centennial 41.3 27.8 11.2 18.3 9.5 2.3

Hernandez 40.2 28.0 11.4 17.1 10.8 0.9 Kestle 44.5 27.0 15.9 19.4 7.5 1.7 L86-33Q7 34.3 17.2 17.1 13.2 4.0 0.0 L86-33Q9 49.8 36.9 10.5 26.2 10.8 2.3 L93-1Q17 58.2 36.4 13.6 20.1 16.3 8.2 L93-7Q3 39.7 15.3 23.7 14.0 1.3 0.7 L93-93Q12 45.4 27.8 13.2 13.8 13.9 4.5 L93-93Q14 40.1 15.9 24.2 15.9 0.0 0.0 L93-93Q24 42.0 23.1 18.9 19.6 3.5 0.0 L93-93Q9 42.8 19.5 20.8 14.4 5.1 2.5 L93-9Q7 29.5 19.6 10.0 15.6 3.9 0.0 Northern Star 68.6 30.6 4.3 11.4 19.2 33.7 Q95-14 44.1 23.8 14.3 16.1 7.6 6.1 Q95-3 46.8 33.9 7.4 19.5 14.4 5.5

Significance ** ** ** NS ** ** *

LSD(P=0.05) 13.47 10.61 6.54 7.29 9.27 1.

NS denotes Not significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes significant at P=0.01 a data in these categories not determined

51

Appendix 21.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (Mkt number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Southedge Research Station 199

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld <150ga

250g-lkg 150-250ga 250-600g 600g-lkg >lkg MktR

250g-Accession 87 65.5 36.3 17.0 19.3 29.2 Centennial 37.8 30.8 19.6 11.1 7.0 Hernandez 36.6 31.0 17.6 13.5 5.6 Kestle 45.4 35.5 23.2 12.3 9.9 L86-33Q7 23.1 22.3 17.9 4.4 0.8 L86-33Q9 46.5 41.2 26.4 14.9 5.3 L93-1Q17 76.3 54.9 20.1 34.9 21.4 L93-7Q3 15.7 15.7 14.2 1.5 0.0 L93-93Q12 39.5 32.3 20.3 12.0 7.2 L93-93Q14 18.2 18.2 16.2 2.0 0.0 L93-93Q24 32.7 27.7 19.7 8.0 5.0 L93-93Q9 27.4 23.7 16.7 7.0 3.7 L93-9Q7 27.8 27.0 20.2 6.7 0.8 Northern Star 74.8 34.3 16.1 18.2 40.5 Q95-14 45.5 40.1 25.2 14.9 5.4 Q95-3 43.9 37.0 23.7 13.3 6.9

Significance ** ** NS ** ** **

LSD(P=0.05) 14.54 12.9 8.74 12.04 1.2

NS denotes Not significant at P=0.05, * denotes Significant at P=0.05 and ** denotes significant at P=0.01 a data in these categories not determined

52

Appendix 2m.Mean total yield, marketable yield (MktYld), total yield, Marketable root number per plant (M number per plant across weight grades for sweetpotato varietal trial grown at Rockhampton trial harvested Ju

Weight in tonnes per hectare Variety Total Yld MktYld <150g 150-250g 250-600g 600g-lkg >lkg Mkt

28.5 250g-lkg

17.1 250g

Centennial 28.5 250g-lkg

17.1 2.7 4.7 12.5 4.6 3.9

Eureka 34.7 14.9 8.3 11.4 13.5 1.4 0.0

Garnet 23.1 12.3 3.7 6.2 10.3 2.0 0.8 Hernandez 29.1 15.3 4.7 8.3 14.6 0.7 0.8 L86-33-Q7 19.3 10.5 2.1 3.1 5.4 5.0 3.6 L86-33-Q8 20.1 13.4 2.1 4.6 10.3 3.1 0.0 L86-33-Q9 28.9 18.8 1.4 4.7 10.3 8.5 3.9 L93-190-Q14 13.4 6.7 1.5 3.1 4.8 1.9 2.1 L93-1-Q17 31.1 18.8 1.2 6.6 9.2 9.6 4.5 L93-7-Q3 19.0 11.1 2.8 3.7 7.0 4.1 1.3 L93-8-Q3 13.3 4.9 5.1 3.3 4.2 0.7 0.0 L93-93-Q12 21.0 12.9 2.7 3.3 8.7 4.1 2.1 L93-93-Q14 18.4 4.4 11.2 2.6 4.5 0.0 0.2 L93-93-Q24 19.0 10.0 3.1 4.8 7.0 3.0 1.0 L93-93-Q9 14.8 7.6 3.5 3.7 6.3 1.2 0.0 Travis 18.1 4.8 7.0 6.3 4.6 0.2 0.0

F value * * * * * * ** ** ** JJ

LSD (P=0.05) 11.89 9.259 2.204 3.575 5.863 4.809 2.802


53

Appendix 3 Dry matter data Dry matter data for varieties grown at Southedge 1999 Variety Dry Matter (%)a

Orange fleshed Centennial 23.16 fg Hernandez 20.38 de L86-33Q7 19.79 cde L86-33Q9 18.63 bcde L93-1Q17 16.05 a L93-7Q3 17.37 ab L93-93Q12 20.86 ef L93-93Q14 17.54 abc L93-93Q24 18.28 abed L93-93Q9 16.07 a L93-9Q7 19.21 bcde White fleshed Accn87 25.73 hi Kestle 27.57 i NtStar 24.87 gh Q95-14 25.82 hi Q95-3 24.91 gh Significance **

LSD 2.33 aMeans having the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 ** denotes treatments are significantly different at p=0.01

54

Appendix 4 Plant and root characteristics of selected sweet potato vari Plant and root characteristics of selected sweet potato varieties. The descriptor developed by Huam following varieties.

Variety/Clone

Descriptor Beerwah Gold Kestle Northern Star Hern PLANT 1. Growth habit Non-twining Non-twining Non-twining Non-2.Plant type Semi-erect Spreading Spreading Spre 3. Vine intemode

a. diameter Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Interm b. length Short Short Intermediate Shor

4. Vine pigmentation Green Green w/ purple Purple w/ green Purp nodes tips

5. Vine tip pubescence Sparse Moderate Heavy Spar 6. Mature leaf shape

a. general leaf outline Lobed Cordate Triangular Lobe b. type of lobes Slight Very slight Very slight mode c. number of lobes 3 1 3 5 d. shape of central lobe Triangular Toothed Triangular Semi

7. Mature leaf size Medium Medium Medium Medi 8. Abaxial leaf vein colour Green All veins partially All veins partially Main

purple purple 9. Foliage colour

a. mature leaf Green Green Green Gree b. immature leaf Green w/ purple edge Yellow green Yellow green Gree

10. Petiole a. length Intermediate Intermediate Long Interm b. pigmentation Green Green Moderately purple Mode

11. Flowering a. flowering habit Sparse None None None

55

Variety/Clone

Descriptor Beerwah Gold Kestle Northern Star Hernan

ROOT 12. Shape/defect Long

oblong/horizontal Constrictions

ovate/ w/ long tail

long oblong/ • round e shallow longitudinal shallow grooves longitud

13. Skin colour grooves

a. predominant Brownish orange cream purple brownis b. intensity of (a) Intermediate pale intermediate interme c. secondary Pink absent absent red

14. Flesh colour a. predominant Intermediate orange pale yellow cream dark ora b. secondary Yellow yellow pale yellow darker o c. distribution of secondary Very narrow ring and

colour other areas of the covering all flesh covering all flesh ring and

a flesh

Remarks Tapered end

Medium eyes, rough (taily); not very skin, tendency to be good shape taily

Nice shape and size; smooth, thick skin; no flesh discolouration

deep ey rough s sappy

56

Descriptor HunaLoc Eureka PLANT 1. Growth habit Non-twining Non-twining 2. Plant type Semi-erect Spreading 3. Vine intemode

a. diameter Intermediate Intermediate b. length Short Intermediate

4. Vine pigmentation Green w/ purple node Purple w/ green 5. Vine tip pubescence Sparse Sparse 6. Mature leaf shape

a. general leaf outline Lobed Lobed b. type of lobes Moderate Deep c. number of lobes 5 5 d. shape of central lobe Semi-elliptic Semi-elliptic

7. Mature leaf size Medium Medium 8. Abaxial leaf vein colour All veins partially Main rib partially

purple purple 9. Foliage colour

a. mature leaf Green Green b. immature leaf Green w/ purple edge Green w/ purple

edge 10. Petiole

a. length Long Long b. pigmentation Green Mod. Purple

11. Flowering a. flowering habit None None b. flower colour

57

Varietv/Clone

Accession 87 93-

Non-twining Semi-erect

No Sp

Intermediate Inte Short Inte green Sparse

Gre Sp

Lobed Slight 3

Lob Slig 5

Triangular Medium

Tria Me

Green Pu bas

Green Gre Purplish green gre

Intermediate Inte Green Gre

None Mo Pa thr

Descriptor HungLoc Eureka

ROOT 12. Shape/defect Elliptic/deep

longitudinal grooves

13. Skin colour a. predominant b. intensity of (a) c. secondary

Purple red Dark Absent

14. Flesh colour a. primary Pale orange b. secondary Yellow c. distribution of secondary Ring and other areas

colour of the flesh

Remarks Early and easy sprouting, longitudinal grooves

Variety/Clone

Accession 87 93-93-1

long Obovat irregular/shallow horizontal constrictions

cream Orange pale Pale absent Browni

orange

cream Dark o purple Absent ring and other areas of the flesh

wobbly, deep eyes Shallow discolouration of flesh after cutting

58

Descriptor L93-7-3 L93-1-17 PLANT 1. Growth habit Non-twining Non-twining 2. Plant type Spreading Compact 3. Vine intemode

a. diameter Intermediate Intermediate b. length Intermediate Short

4. Vine pigmentation Green w/ purple node Green

5. Vine tip pubescence Heavy Heavy 6. Mature leaf shape

a. general leaf outline Cordate Lobed b. type of lobes Very slight Slight c. number of lobes 3 5 d. shape of central lobe Triangular Triangular

7. Mature leaf size Medium Medium 8. Abaxial leaf vein colour All veins mostly or Purple spot in

totally purple several veins 9. Foliage colour

a. mature leaf Green Green b. immature leaf Green Yellow green

10. Petiole a. length Intermediate Long b. pigmentation Green Green

11. Flowering a. flowering habit Sparse Sparse b. flower colour Moderately purple Pale purple limb w/

limb w/ purple throat purple throat

59

Variety/Clone

Q95-3 Haw

Twining Spreading

Intermediate Intermediate Green w/ purple tips Sparse

No Inte

Thi Sho Gre nod Spa

Lobed Deep 5 Semi-elliptic Medium Green

Lob Dee 5 Sem Me

Green Green w/ purple edge

Long Green

Gre Gre edg

Lon Gre

None

Variety/Clone

Descriptor L93-7-3 L93-1-17 Q95-3 Hawaii

ROOT 12. Shape/defect

13. Skin colour a. predominant b. intensity of (a) c. secondary

14. Flesh colour a. primary b. secondary c. distribution of

secondary colour

Remarks

Long elliptic

Brownish orange Intermediate Pink

Long elliptic

Brownish orange Intermediate Red

long elliptic

purple red intermediate absent

Intermediate orange Intermediate orange cream Dark orange cream pale yellow Scattered spots in Few scattered ring and other flesh spots in flesh areas

Round

Cream Interme Absent

Pale ye Purple Scatter in fles

Smooth waxy skin, nice flesh colour

Fairly uniform flesh colour; rough skin, medium eyes

Thin, soft skin; Shape no uniform discolouration of to deep flesh after chunky cutting, good eating quality

60

Descriptor PLANT 1. Growth habit 2.Plant type 3. Vine internode

a. diameter b. length

4. Vine pigmentation

9. Foliage colour a. mature leaf b. immature leaf

10. Petiole a. length b. pigmentation

11. Flowering a. flowering habit b. flower colour

Beauregard

Twining Spreading

Thin Long Green

Green Purplish green

Intermediate Purple

None

L86-33-7

Non-twining Intermediate

Intermediate Intermediate Green w/ purple nodes Moderate

All veins mostly or totally purple

Green Yellow green

Long Green

Sparse Pale purple w/ purple throat

5. Vine tip pubescence Moderate 6. Mature leaf shape

a. general leaf outline Lobed b. type of lobes Slight c. number of lobes 3 d. shape of central lobe Triangular

7. Mature leaf size Medium 8. Abaxial leaf vein colour Purple spot at the

base of main rib

Lobed Very slight 5-7 Toothed Medium All veins mostly totally purple

61

Varietv/Clone

L93-1-13

Non-twining Intermediate

Thin Short Green w/ purple nodes Sparse

Lobed Deep 5 Semi-elliptic Medium All veins partially purple

Green Purplish green

Intermediate Green

None

Varietv/Clone

Descriptor Beaureqard L86-33-7 L93-1-13 WSPF

ROOT 12. Shape/defect obovate long oblong Oblong/ few

lenticels Long e shallow constric

13. Skin colour a. predominant pink pink Orange Cream b. intensity of (a) pale pale Pale Interme c. secondary orange brownish orange brownish orange Absent

on lower portion of root

14. Flesh colour a. primary light orange pale orange Pale orange Cream b. secondary intermediate orange dark orange intermediate

orange Purple

c. distribution of ring and other areas ring and other ring and other ring an secondary colour areas areas area

Remarks Good shaped chunky roots, Thin skin, bit Nice uniform Smoot smooth skin, shallow eyes paler flesh than shape, tendency to taily, sh

B. Gold, shallow crack medium eyes

62

Varietv/Clone

Descriptor L86-33-5 PLANT 1. Growth habit Non-twining 2.Plant type Spreading 3. Vine internode

a. diameter Intermediate b. length Intermediate

4. Vine pigmentation Green w/ purple spots

5. Vine tip pubescence Intermediate 6. Mature leaf shape

a. general leaf outline lobed b. type of lobes Very slight c. number of lobes 5 d. shape of central lobe Triangular

7. Mature leaf size 8. Abaxial leaf vein colour All veins mostly or

totally purple 9. Foliage colour

a. mature leaf b, immature leaf

10. Petiole a. length b. pigmentation

11. Flowering a. flowering habit b. flower colour

63

Variety/Clone

Descriptor 86-33-5

ROOT 12. Shape/defect long elliptic 13. Skin colour

a. predominant purple red b. intensity of (a) intermediate c. secondary absent

14. Flesh colour a. primary Intermediate orange b. secondary dark orange c. distribution of secondary ring and other areas

colour

Remarks good shape, medium to deep eyes

64

Documents

Vg 97023 Sw,Potatoes