Various syndicate services are Operations Research

Group (ORG) and The Indian Marketing Research Bureau (IMRB).

• Importance of Syndicate Services

• Syndicate services are becoming popular since the constraints of decision making are changing and we need more of specific decision-making in the light of changing environment. Also Syndicate services are able to provide information to the industries at a low unit cost

Disadvantages of Syndicate Services

• The information provided is not exclusive. A number of research agencies provide customized services which suits the requirement of each individual organization.

There are number of government agencies generating data. These are:

Registrar General of India : It is an office which generates demographic data. It

includes details of gender, age, occupation etc Central Statistical Organization: This organization publishes the national accounts

statistics. It contains estimates of national income for several years, growth rate, and rate of major economic activities

Director General of Commercial Intelligence :

It gives information about foreign trade i.e. import and export

Ministry of Commerce and Industries:

This ministry through the office of economic advisor provides information on wholesale price index. These indices may be related to a number of sectors like food, fuel, power, food grains etc.

Planning Commission:

It provides the basic statistics of Indian Economy

Reserve Bank of India:

This provides information on Banking Savings and investment. RBI also prepares currency and finance reports.

Labour Bureau:

• It provides information on skilled, unskilled white collared jobs etc

Department of Economic Affairs:

• It conducts economic survey and it also generates information on income, consumption, expenditure, investment, savings and foreign trade

State Statistical Abstract-

• This gives information on various types of activities related to the state like - commercial activities, education, occupation etc.

Non Government Publications-

• These includes publications of various industrial and trade associations, such as

The Indian Cotton Mill Association

The Bombay Stock Exchange (it publishes a directory containing financial accounts, key profitability and other relevant matter)

• Various Associations of Press Media.

• Export Promotion Council.

• Confederation of Indian Industries ( CII )

• Small Industries Development Board of India

• Different Mills like - Woolen mills, Textile mills etc

Syndicate Services-

These services are provided by certain organizations which collect and tabulate the marketing information on a regular basis for a number of clients who are the subscribers to these services.

understand various sources of Data like Sensors/signal/GPS etc.

Sensor data:

• Sensor data is the output of a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. The output may be used to provide information or input to another system or to guide a process.

• Here are a few examples of sensors, just to give an idea of the number and diversity of their applications:

• A photosensor detects the presence of visible light, infrared transmission (IR) and/or ultraviolet (UV) energy.

• Lidar, a laser-based method of detection, range finding and mapping, typically uses a low-power, eye-safe pulsing laser working in conjunction with a camera.

• A charge-coupled device (CCD) stores and displays the data for an image in such a way that each pixel is converted into an electrical charge, the intensity of which is related to a color in the color spectrum.

• Smart grid sensors can provide real-time data about grid conditions, detecting outages, faults and load and triggering alarms.

• Wireless sensor networks combine specialized transducers with a communications infrastructure for monitoring and recording conditions at diverse locations. Commonly monitored parameters include temperature, humidity, pressure, wind direction and speed, illumination intensity, vibration intensity, sound intensity, power-line voltage, chemical concentrations, pollutant levels and vital body functions.

What is signal?

• The simplest form of signal is a direct current (DC) that is switched on and off; this is the principle by which the early telegraph worked. More complex signals consist of an alternating-current (AC) or electromagnetic carrier that contains one or more data streams.

Data and Signals

• Data must be transformed into electromagnetic signals prior to transmission across a network.

• * Data and signals can be either analog or digital.

• * A signal is periodic if it consists of a continuously repeating pattern.

Data like GPS

• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver

Data Management

Data management is the development and execution of architectures, policies, practices and procedures in order to manage the information lifecycle needs of an enterprise in an effective manner.

Data Quality (noise, outliers, missing values, duplicate data)

• Data quality refers to the level of quality of data. There are many definitions of data quality but data are generally considered high quality if "they are fit for their intended uses in operations, decision making and planning."

Noise

• Noisy data is meaningless data. The term has often been used as a synonym for corrupt data. However, its meaning has expanded to include any data that cannot be understood and interpreted correctly by machines, such as unstructured text.

Outliers

• An outlier is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population. In a sense, this definition leaves it up to the analyst (or a consensus process) to decide what will be considered abnormal.

Missing Values,

• In statistics, missing data, or missing values, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation. Missing data are a common occurrence and can have a significant effect on the conclusions that can be drawn from the data.

Duplicate Data

• In computing, data deduplication is a specialized data compression technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data. Related and somewhat synonymous terms are intelligent (data) compression and single-instance (data) storage.

Data Preprocessing

• Data preprocessing is a crucial research topic in Data Mining (DM) since most real-world databases are highly influenced by negative elements such as the presence of noise, missing values, inconsistent and superfluous(unessential)data.

• The reduction of data is also an essential task especially when dealing with large data sets, focusing on the selection or extraction of the most informative features or instances in the data.

• During the last few decades, the dimensionality of datasets employed in DM tasks has significantly increased.

• This presents an unprecedented challenge for researchers in these areas, since the existing algorithms not always respond in an adequate time when dealing with this new extremely high dimensions (both in number of features and instances).

• Exceptional technologies, paradigms and algorithms are thus needed to efficiently process these large quantities of data to obtain information, within tolerable elapsed times.

Feature Selection • With the advent of extremely high dimensional datasets,

dimensionality reduction techniques are becoming mandatory. • Among many techniques, feature selection is growing in interest as

an important tool to identify relevant features on huge datasets; • both in number of instances and features. From the beginning, data

scientists have generally focused on only one side of Big Data, which early days refers to the huge number of instances; paying less attention to the feature side.

• Big Dimensionality (Zhai Y, Ong Y, Tsang IW (2014) The emerging “big dimensionality”. IEEE Comp Int Mag 9(3):14–26), though, calls for new feature selection strategies and methods that are able to deal with the feature explosion problem.

• It has been captured in many of the most famous dataset repositories in computational intelligence (like UCI or libSVM), where the majority of the new added datasets present a humongous dimensionality (in order of millions of features).

Evolutionary Feature Selection model based on MapReduce

• This implements a feature selection algorithm based on evolutionary computation that uses the MapReduce paradigm to obtain subsets of features from big datasets.

An Information Theoretic Feature Selection Framework for Spark

• This implements FS on Spark for its application on Big

Data problems. This package contains a generic implementation of greedy Information Theoretic F

• The implementation is based on the common theoretic framework presented in (Peng, H.C., Long, F., and Ding, C., "Feature selection based on mutual information: criteria of max-dependency, max-relevance, and min-redundancy," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. 1226–1238, 2005).eature Selection methods.

Fast-mRMR: an optimal implementation of minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm

• This is an improved implementation of the classical feature selection method: minimum Redundancy and Maximum Relevance (mRMR)

Feature Weighting

• Feature weighting is a feature importance ranking technique where weights, not only ranks, are obtained.

• When successfully applied relevant features are attributed a high weight value, whereas irrelevant features are given a weight value close to zero.

• Feature weighting can be used not only to improve classification accuracy but also to discard features with weights below a certain threshold value and thereby increase the resource efficiency of the classifier.

Random OverSampling and Evolutionary Feature Weighting for Random Forest (ROSEFW-RF).

• This includes a feature weighting algorithm based on evolutionary computation that uses the MapReduce paradigm to obtain subsets of features from big datasets. The algorithm decomposes the original dataset in blocks of instances to learn from them in the map phase; then, the reduce phase merges the obtained partial results into a final vector of feature weights, which allows a flexible application of the feature selection procedure using a threshold to determine the selected subset of features.

Maintain Healthy, Safe & Secure Working Environment

Workplace Safety: Basic Workplace Safety Guidelines

Fire Safety

• Employees should be aware of all emergency exits, including fire escape

routes, of the office building and also the locations of fire extinguishers and alarms.

Falls and Slips

• To avoid falls and slips, all things must be arranged properly. Any spilt liquid, food or other items such as paints must be immediately cleaned to avoid any accidents. Make sure there is proper lighting and all damaged equipment, stairways and light fixtures are repaired immediately.

First Aid

• Employees should know about the location of first-aid kits in the office. First-aid kits should be kept in places that can be reached quickly. These kits should contain all the important items for first aid, for example, all the things required to deal with common problems such as cuts, burns, headaches, muscle cramps, etc.

Security

• Employees should make sure that they keep their personal things in a safe place.

Electrical Safety

• Employees must be provided basic knowledge of using electrical equipment and common problems. Employees must also be provided instructions about electrical safety such as keeping water and food items away from electrical equipment. Electrical staff and engineers should carry out routine inspections of all wiring to make sure there are no damaged or broken wires.

Report Accidents & Emergencies

• An accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled, or unforeseen event resulting in injury or harm to people and damages to goods.

• For example, a person falling down and getting injured or a glassware item that broke upon being knocked over.

• Emergency is a serious or crisis situation that needs immediate attention and action.

• For example, a customer having a heart attack or sudden outbreak of fire in your organization needs immediate attention

Each organization or chain of organizations has procedures and practices to handle and report accidents and take care of emergencies

The following are some of the guidelines for

identifying and reporting an accident or emergency:

Notice and correctly identify accidents and emergencies:

You need to be aware of what constitutes an emergency and what constitutes an accident in an organization. The organization’s policies and guidelines will be the best guide in this matter. You should be able to accurately identify such incidents in your organization. You should also be aware of the procedures to tackle each form of accident and emergency

Get help promptly and in the most suitable way:

Follow the procedure for handling a particular type of accident and emergency Promptly act as per the guidelines Ensure that you provide the required help and support as laid down in the policies Do not act outside the guidelines and policies laid down for your role even if your actions are motivated by the best intention Remember that only properly trained and certified professionals may be authorized to take decisions beyond the organization’s policies and guidelines, if the situation requires

Follow company policies and procedures for preventing further injury while waiting for help to arrive

• If someone is injured, do not act as per your impulse or gut feeling.

• Go as per the procedures laid down by your organization’s policy for tackling injuries.

• You need to stay calm and follow the prescribed procedures.

• If you panic or act outside the prescribed guidelines, you may end up further aggravating the emergency situation or putting the injured person into further danger.

• You may even end up injuring yourself.

Act within the limits of your responsibility and authority when accidents and emergencies arise:

• Provide help and support within your authorized

limit. Provide medical help to the injured only if you are certified to provide the necessary aid

• Otherwise, wait for the professionals to arrive and give necessary help.

• In case of emergencies also, act within your authorized limits and let the professionals do the task allocated to them.

• Do not attempt to handle any emergency situation for which you do not have formal training or authority. You may end up harming yourself and the people around you.

Promptly follow instructions given by senior staff and the emergency services

• Provide necessary services as described by the organization’s policy for your role.

• Also, follow the instructions of senior staff that are trained to handle particular situations.

• Work under their supervision when handling accidents and emergencies.

Protect health & safety as your work

• Each year, an estimated 2 million people die because of occupational accidents and work-related diseases.

• Across the globe, there are almost 270 million occupational accidents and 160 million work-related diseases each year.

What are hazards?

• Hazard can be defined as any source of potential harm or danger to someone or any adverse health effect produced under certain condition

• A hazard can harm an individual or an organization.

• For example, hazard to an organization include loss of property or equipment while hazard to an individual involve harm to health or body.

• A variety of sources can be potential source of hazard at workplace.

• These hazards include practices or substances that may cause harm

Here are a few examples of potential hazards

• Material: Knife or sharp edged nails can cause

cuts. • Substance: Chemicals such as Benzene can cause

fume suffocation. • Inflammable substances like petrol can cause fire.

• Electrical energy: Naked wires or electrodes can

result in electric shocks •

• Condition: Wet floor can cause slippage. Working conditions in mines can cause health hazards.

• Gravitational energy: Objects falling on you can cause injury.

• Rotating or moving objects: Clothes entangled into ratting objects can cause serious harm

Potential Sources of Hazards in an Organization

Here are some potential sources of hazards in an

Oganization:

Using computers:

Hazards include poor sitting postures or excessive duration of sitting in one position.

These hazards may result in pain and strain

Handling office equipment:

• Improper handling of office equipment can result in injuries.

• For example, sharp-edged equipment if not handled properly can cause cuts

• Staff members should be trained to handle equipment properly.

• Relevant manual should be made available by administration on handling equipment

Handling objects:

• Lifting or moving heavy items without proper procedure or techniques can be a source of potential hazard.

• Always follow approved procedure and proper posture for lifting or moving objects.

Stress at work:

• In today’s organization, you may encounter various stress causing hazards.

• Long working hours can be stressful and so can be aggressive conflicts or arguments with colleagues.

• Always look for ways for conflict resolution with colleagues.

• Have some relaxing hobbies for stress against long working hours.

Working environment:

• Potential hazards may include poor ventilation, inappropriate height chairs and tables, stiffness of furniture, poor lighting, staff unaware of emergency procedures, or poor housekeeping.

General Evacuation Procedures

Here are a few general evacuation steps that will always be useful in emergency situations:

• Leave the premises immediately and start moving towards the nearest emergency exit.

• Guide your customers to the emergency exits. • If possible, assist any person with disability to move towards the

emergency exit. • However, do not try to carry anyone unless you are trained to do so. • Keep yourself light when evacuating the premises. • You may carry your hand-held belongings, such as bags or briefcase

as you move towards the emergency exit. • However, do not come back into the building to pick up your

belongings unless the area is declared safe.

• Do not use the escalators or elevators (lifts) to avoid

overcrowding and getting trapped, in case there is a power failure. Use the stairs instead.

• Go to the emergency assembly area. • Check if any of your colleagues are missing and

immediately inform the personnel in charge of emergency evacuation or your supervisor.

• Do not go back to the building you have evacuated till you are informed by authorized personnel that it is safe to go inside.

Healthy Living

Eating a balanced diet: A balanced diet is a meal that provides you the

right amount of carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals

A balanced diet helps to keep you physically fit and provides stamina to work

Having proper sleep: Good sleep reduces stress, reduces risk for

developing diseases, and keeps you alert. You need to get 6 or 7 hours of sleep each

night Lack of sleep increases the chances of high

blood pressure and cholesterol, and stroke

Exercising regularly: Exercise is a physical activity that keeps your body fit. Exercising helps prevent development of disease conditions

and makes you energetic Avoiding bad habits, such as smoking and drinking: It's not too late to identify and change bad habits such as

smoking, drinking, over-eating, and more Understanding the harmful routines is the first step to

reversing these The next step is realizing ways correct them and embracing

new ones, which help adopt healthier behaviours and start living a happier, healthier life

Ergonomics:

Ergonomics is the science concerned with designing and arranging things so that people can use them easily and safely.

Applying ergonomics can reduce the potential for accidents, potential for injury and ill health, and improve performance and productivity.

Thank You .

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