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Variable Exponents Spaces and Their Applications toFluid Dynamics
Martin Rapp
TU Darmstadt
November 7, 2013
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 1 / 14
Overview
1 Variable Exponent Spaces
2 Applications to Fluid Dynamics
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 2 / 14
Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces
p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.
p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)
For measurable f define the modular
%p(·)(f ) :=
∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞
Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14
Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces
p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.
p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)
For measurable f define the modular
%p(·)(f ) :=
∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞
Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14
Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces
p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.
p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)
For measurable f define the modular
%p(·)(f ) :=
∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞
Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14
Variable Exponent Lebesgue Spaces
p : Ω ⊆ Rd → [1,∞] measurable is called exponent.
p+ := ess supx∈Ω p(x) p− := ess infx∈Ω p(x)
For measurable f define the modular
%p(·)(f ) :=
∫Ω|f (x)|p(x)χp 6=∞ dx + ‖f χp=∞‖∞
Lp(·)(Ω) := f : %p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖p(·) := infλ > 0 : %p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 3 / 14
Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces
Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑
0≤α≤k
%p(·)(∂αf )
W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
This norm is equivalent tok∑
m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)
Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14
Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces
Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑
0≤α≤k
%p(·)(∂αf )
W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
This norm is equivalent tok∑
m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)
Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14
Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces
Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑
0≤α≤k
%p(·)(∂αf )
W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
This norm is equivalent tok∑
m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)
Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14
Variable Exponent Sobolev Spaces
Define the modular %k,p(·)(f ) :=∑
0≤α≤k
%p(·)(∂αf )
W k,p(·)(Ω) := f : %k,p(·)(f ) <∞ with norm
‖f ‖k,p(·) := infλ > 0 : %k,p(·)
(f
λ
)≤ 1
This norm is equivalent tok∑
m=0‖|∇mf |‖p(·)
Let Wk,p(·)0 (Ω) be the closure of C∞0 (Ω) w.r.t. ‖ · ‖k,p(·)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 4 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(
Lp(·)(Ω))′
= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(
Lp(·)(Ω))′
= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(
Lp(·)(Ω))′
= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(
Lp(·)(Ω))′
= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(
Lp(·)(Ω))′
= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.
(Lp(·)(Ω)
)′= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(
Lp(·)(Ω))′
= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
Properties of Variable Exponent Spaces
Basic Properties of Lp(·)(Ω), W k,p(·)(Ω), Wk,p(·)0 (Ω)
Banach spaces
p+ <∞⇒ separable
1 < p− ≤ p+ <∞⇒ reflexive
Further Properties of the Lebesgue Spaces
Holder inequality∫Ω |f (x)g(x)| dx ≤ 2‖f ‖p(·)‖g‖p′(·), where 1
p + 1p′ = 1 a.e.(
Lp(·)(Ω))′
= Lp′(·)(Ω)
If Ω is bounded and p ≥ q a.e., thenLp(·)(Ω) → Lq(·)(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 5 / 14
log-Holder Continuity
An exponent p on a bounded domain Ω is called log-Holder continuous if
|p(x)− p(y)| ≤ c
log(e + 1|x−y |)
x , y ∈ Ω, x 6= y .
For d ≥ 2 and an exponent p define the Sobolev-conjugate exponent
p∗(x) :=
dp(x)
d−p(x) : p(x) < d
∞ : p(x) ≥ d .
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 6 / 14
log-Holder Continuity
An exponent p on a bounded domain Ω is called log-Holder continuous if
|p(x)− p(y)| ≤ c
log(e + 1|x−y |)
x , y ∈ Ω, x 6= y .
For d ≥ 2 and an exponent p define the Sobolev-conjugate exponent
p∗(x) :=
dp(x)
d−p(x) : p(x) < d
∞ : p(x) ≥ d .
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 6 / 14
p log-Holder Continuity
If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:
Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14
p log-Holder Continuity
If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:
Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14
p log-Holder Continuity
If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:
Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14
p log-Holder Continuity
If Ω is bounded and p is log-Holder continuous, then the followingtheorems hold:
Poincare: ‖u‖p(·) ≤ c‖∇u‖p(·) for all u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) → Lp∗(·)(Ω)
p+ < d ⇒W1,p(·)0 (Ω) →→ Lp∗(·)−ε(Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 7 / 14
From now on we assume
Ω ⊂ Rd bounded domain
p is log-Holder continuous
f ∈ Lp′(·)(Ω) or f ∈ Lp′(·)(Ω)d
δ ≥ 0
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 8 / 14
Navier-Stokes equations
Navier-Stokes equations
− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω
u = 0 on ∂Ω
Solving Methods
Classical theory of monotone operators:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d
d+2 .
Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d
d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14
Navier-Stokes equations
Navier-Stokes equations
− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω
u = 0 on ∂Ω
Solving Methods
Classical theory of monotone operators:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d
d+2 .
Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d
d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14
Navier-Stokes equations
Navier-Stokes equations
− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω
u = 0 on ∂Ω
Solving Methods
Classical theory of monotone operators:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d
d+2 .
Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d
d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14
Navier-Stokes equations
Navier-Stokes equations
− div (δ + |Du|)p(·)−2Du + div (u⊗ u) +∇π = f in Ωdiv u = 0 in Ω
u = 0 on ∂Ω
Solving Methods
Classical theory of monotone operators:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 3d
d+2 .
Method of Lipschitz-Truncations:
Existence of weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω)d for p− > 2d
d+2 .(Diening, Malek, Steinhauer 2008 and Diening, Ruzicka 2010)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 9 / 14
convenction-diffusion equations
convection-diffusion equations
− div (δ + |∇u|)p(·)−2∇u + a · ∇u = f in Ωu = 0 on ∂Ω
where a ∈ Lr(·)(Ω) with div a = 0 is given.
Theorem
For 1 < p− ≤ p+ < d or d < p− ≤ p+ <∞. Let a ∈ Lr(·)σ (Ω)d , where r
is continuous and r > (p∗)′ a.e. or r = 1 respectively. Then there is a
weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) of the equation.
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 10 / 14
convenction-diffusion equations
convection-diffusion equations
− div (δ + |∇u|)p(·)−2∇u + a · ∇u = f in Ωu = 0 on ∂Ω
where a ∈ Lr(·)(Ω) with div a = 0 is given.
Theorem
For 1 < p− ≤ p+ < d or d < p− ≤ p+ <∞. Let a ∈ Lr(·)σ (Ω)d , where r
is continuous and r > (p∗)′ a.e. or r = 1 respectively. Then there is a
weak solution u ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) of the equation.
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 10 / 14
Sketch of the Proof
Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω
(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫
Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx
+1
n
∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)
in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free
functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)
Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in
W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14
Sketch of the Proof
Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω
(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫
Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx
+1
n
∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)
in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free
functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)
Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in
W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14
Sketch of the Proof
Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω
(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫
Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx
+1
n
∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)
in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free
functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)
Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in
W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14
Sketch of the Proof
Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω
(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫
Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx
+1
n
∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)
in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free
functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)
Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in
W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14
Sketch of the Proof
Solve by classical theory of monotone operators for every n ∈ N∫Ω
(δ + |∇un|)p(·)−2∇un · ∇ϕ dx −∫
Ωunan · ∇ϕ dx
+1
n
∫Ω|un|q−2unϕ dx = (f , ϕ)
in W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) where the an are smooth divergence free
functions with an → a in Lr(·)(Ω)
Get a sequence un ∈W1,p(·)0 (Ω) ∩ Lq(Ω) which is bounded in
W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
There is a weakly convergent subsequence: un u in W1,p(·)0 (Ω)
For limit in nonlinear p(·)-Laplacian use method ofLipschitz-Truncations
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 11 / 14
Sketch of the Proof
u solves then∫Ω
(δ +∇u)p(·)−2∇u · ∇ϕ dx −∫
Ωuan · ∇ϕ dx = (f , ϕ)
for all ϕ ∈W 1,∞0 (Ω)
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 12 / 14
References
L. Diening, P. Harjulehto, P. Hasto, M. Ruzicka (2011):
Lebesgue and Sobolev Spaces with Variable Exponents
Springer-Verlag , Berlin Heidelberg.
L. Diening, J. Malek, M. Steinhauer (2008):
On Lipschitz Truncations of Sobolev Functions (With Variable Exponent) andTheir Selected Applications
ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 14(2):211-232.
L. Diening, M. Ruzicka (2010):
An existence result for non-Newtonian fluids in non-regular domains
Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems Series S 3(2):255-268.
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 13 / 14
Thank you for your attention!
Martin Rapp (TU Darmstadt) Variable Exponent Spaces November 7, 2013 14 / 14