Value from Waste - TU Delft OCW · 2016-03-09 · Value from Waste Amsterdam’s Vision on ... HR-AEC AEC - slib AEC - afval AVI-Noord2 AVI-Noord1 E-productie 4e 1e 2e 3e 4e 3e 2e

ISWA

Ir. M.A.J. (Marcel) van Berlo

Waste & Energy CompanyCity of [email protected]

Value from Waste

Amsterdam’s Vision on the 4th-generation Waste-2-Energy

ISWA congress 2007Plant Visit at Afvalenergiebedrijf

Amsterdam, 27 september 2007

ISWA

1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction2. Scenarios for Recovery 3. Amsterdam4. New generation of waste incineration5. Conclusion

1. Introduction2. Scenarios for Recovery 3. Amsterdam4. New generation of waste incineration5. Conclusion

Gemeente AmsterdamAfval Energie Bedrijf

SocietySociety

Raw materials

Air

Water Waste Water

Waste

Exhaust

Society


Closing the loopClosing the loop

Waste

Energy

Air

Water Waste Water

Exhaust gas

Society

WFPPRaw materials


DesertDesert

• Scarcity• Survival• Self supporting• Deterrence• Robustness• Long live cycle• Economical (=Zuinig)

• Waste prevention• Residues remain


Tropical rain forest:Tropical rain forest:

• Abundance• Growth• Competition• Complexity• Redundancy • Short life-cycle• Wasteful (=Verspillend)

• Massive disposal• Massive recycling: 1. Eat-and-be-eaten =

use the proteins2. Down cycle =

Molecular decomposition3. Production =

from residues


Grades of recyclingGrades of recyclingSociety

Reuse: “as-is or repair”

Disassemble: “components”

Fragment: “materials”

Decompose: “Molecules”

Convert: “Atoms and energy”

Second hand car

Dismantling the car

Shredder

Fermentation, Pyrolysis

Burn

Raw materials Waste


Waste is a RENEWABLE !Waste is a RENEWABLE !

l 100% Sustainable Energy from an endlessflow of waste

l 50% Renewable CO2-free energyfrom biomass

l 100% Sustainable Energy from an endlessflow of waste

l 50% Renewable CO2-free energyfrom biomass

l Richer than most RAW MATERIALShigh concentration of valuable METALS

l Richer than most RAW MATERIALShigh concentration of valuable METALS

WasteFired

PowerPlant

RenewableENERGY

50% of waste is BIOMASS


2. Dutch scenario 20122. Dutch scenario 2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Not CombustibleCombustibleReuse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Not CombustibleCombustibleReuse

Total Waste Production

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2002 2012

Landfill Other waste incineration R1 Hazardous waste R1 Sludges D10 Incineration D10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2002 2012

Landfill Other waste incineration R1 Hazardous waste R1 Sludges D10 Incineration D10

Combustible Waste

MTon/year


Dutch Results of policyDutch Results of policy

0

1020

30

40

5060

70

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

Mto

n/ye

ar

Reuse/Recycling

Incineration

Discharge

Landfill

ISWA

Dutch waste policy

Instruments for steering waste management:Regulations on landfill (1980-90)Legislation- stringent emission limits incineration(1990) - directives and covenants (glass, paper, CFK)

Ban on landfill and landfill tax for combustible waste (1995)Financial incentives (REB 1997, MEP 2005)

Preference order:1. Prevention2. Reuse and Recycling3. Incineration/energy production4. Landfill

ISWA

Cost ranges for Waste Management options

2050 30

150

30

200

110

80

0

50

100

150

200

Landfill Incineration Reuse/recycling

€ / t

on M

SW

Landfill TaxMaximum cost rangeMinimum cost

Price competition versus Preference order

Cheap landfill beats every other optionLandfill tax (or landfill ban) is needed to give reuse/recycling a fair chanceWtE (as alternative for land filling) is needed to implement landfill taxesPrices of incineration are within range of reuse/recycling optionsCountries with high WtE percentage have much better reuse/recycling percentage


2. SCENARIOS: “Integral chain efficiency”2. SCENARIOS: “Integral chain efficiency”

PaperGlass

HouseholdEnergy

30%WFPP30%

Separation(mechanical)

Energy28%

Overall efficiency

Conversion efficiency

30%

Percent of Mass RDF

40%

25%Landfill

Energy2%

25%

20%

Digestion5%

recovery Material

Source

PaperGlass

Landfill 1,5%

MaterialsSAI

The NEW Generation WtE

Third generation (1985-now) is “designed to be CLEAN”

Fourth generation (now--> ….) is“designed for RECOVERY”

of ENERGY and MATERIALS

Third generation (1985-now) is “designed to be CLEAN”

Fourth generation (now--> ….) is“designed for RECOVERY”

of ENERGY and MATERIALS

2. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS for WtE2. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS for WtE

Energy LCA,GHG-emission/

avoidance,LCCMass

Dust, NOx, CO, HCl, SO2, CxHy dioxin, HM, CO2

Deviation rate

R1/D10,Exergy,Primary-

resources

Output Quantity Effect Evaluation

Acidity, Toxicity,CO2-equiv

WasteWtE

Electricity

Exhaust gas

Residues

Heat

Materials

Input


RECOVERY is the new RULE !RECOVERY is the new RULE !

It was WI Waste incineration

It is WTE Waste To Energy

It will be WFPP Waste Fired Power Plant

It was WI Waste incineration

It is WTE Waste To Energy

It will be WFPP Waste Fired Power Plant

ca. 15%

30%

ca. 15%

30%


Electrical Efficiency of Power PlantsElectrical Efficiency of Power Plants

Depends on fuel quality:

l Natural Gas 55 %l Oil 50 %l Coal 45 %l Lignite 40 %l Biomass 35 %

l Waste 15…22 %....30%

Depends on fuel quality:

l Natural Gas 55 %l Oil 50 %l Coal 45 %l Lignite 40 %l Biomass 35 %

l Waste 15…22 %....30%

Current:State-of-the-Art

Current:State-of-the-Art

New:Best Available Technology

New:Best Available Technology

Current AverageCurrent Average

EXergy ProductionEXergy Production

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

25,0%

30,0%

35,0%

40,0%

45,0%

50,0%

Exergy equ.Recovered metals

Exergy efficiency

Exergy equ. Recovered metals 0,0% 0,0% 4,5% 7,0% 10,8% 7,0% 10,8% 4,5%

Exergy efficiency 0,0% 2,0% 14,6% 19,8% 30,0% 24,5% 33,1% 14,6%

DUMPSITELANDFILL+

biogas engines

WtE Average NL

WtE Convention

al

WtE Optimised

WtE Conv.+CHP

WtE Optim.+CH

P

WtE heat only

R1 / D10 (with proposed limits)R1 / D10 (with proposed limits)

00,05

0,84

0,630,5

0,91 0,88

1,11

0,6 0,65

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

DU

MPSITE

LAN

DFILL

WtE

Average

WtE C

onv.

WtE O

ptim.

WtE

Conv.+C

HP

WtE

Optim

.+CH

P

WtE heatonly


3. Amsterdam: Waste & Energy Enterprise

3. Amsterdam: Waste & Energy Enterprise

l Owned by Local governmentl Long term contractsl Commercial operation: 70 €/ton of wastel Capital intensivel Industrial scalel Mission: Maximise the use of wastel Ambitious targets

- Best environmental performance- Lowest cost

l Owned by Local governmentl Long term contractsl Commercial operation: 70 €/ton of wastel Capital intensivel Industrial scalel Mission: Maximise the use of wastel Ambitious targets

- Best environmental performance- Lowest cost


Generations in Waste incinerationGenerations in Waste incineration

Generation Capacity [ton/year] Operational paradigm

1885 - Open air incineration

1st 1917 150.000 Hygiene

2nd 1969 500.000 Flue gas de-dusting

3rd 1993 800.000 Chemical cleaning

4th 2006 + 500.000 RECOVERYof ENERGY and MATERIALS

Generation Capacity [ton/year] Operational paradigm

1885 - Open air incineration

1st 1917 150.000 Hygiene

2nd 1969 500.000 Flue gas de-dusting

3rd 1993 800.000 Chemical cleaning

4th 2006 + 500.000 RECOVERYof ENERGY and MATERIALS

Start collectionStart collection


1st Incineration 1919-19691st Incineration 1919-1969


AVI-Noord 1969-1993AVI-Noord 1969-1993


Aerial picture (overview)Aerial picture (overview)


Construction of WFPP in AmsterdamConstruction of WFPP in Amsterdam

ISWA

Generations Waste to Energy in Amsterdam

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

1.400.000

1.600.000

1.800.000

2.000.000

1915

1920

1925

1930

1935

1940

1945

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Waste[Tons/Year]

0

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

900.000

1.000.000

Elektricity[MWh/Year]

HR-AEC

AEC - slib

AEC - afval

AVI-Noord2

AVI-Noord1

E-productie

4e

1e

2e

3e

4e

3e

2e

1e

Amsterdam waste and Energy production


SIZE MATTERSInvestment in relation to the capacity of 4 Dutch AVI’sSIZE MATTERSInvestment in relation to the capacity of 4 Dutch AVI’s

0

500

1000

1500

2000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Capacity in 1000 ton / year

0

500

1000

1500

2000

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Capacity in 1000 ton / year

AVI AmsterdamAVI Amsterdam

InvestmentInvestment

in in €€ perper

ton / ton / yearyear


4. New generation in Waste incineration4. New generation in Waste incineration

Historical waste incineration “generations”:

l 0 Open air incineration

l 1st 1900 oven

l 2nd 1960 dust removal from flue gas

l 3rd 1985 chemical cleaning of flue gas

In this presentation we outline a new step:l 4th 2006 RECOVERY

of energy and materials

Historical waste incineration “generations”:

l 0 Open air incineration

l 1st 1900 oven

l 2nd 1960 dust removal from flue gas

l 3rd 1985 chemical cleaning of flue gas

In this presentation we outline a new step:l 4th 2006 RECOVERY

of energy and materials


Why new generation ?Why new generation ?

RECOVERY is the“next logical step”.

RECOVERY is the“next logical step”.

Historical development of public awareness:Historical development of public awareness:

A newly identified need leads to

a new technical concept.

A newly identified need leads to

a new technical concept.

The adapted installations will have additional lifetime because of social acceptability

The adapted installations will have additional lifetime because of social acceptability


4th-generation Incineration4th-generation Incinerationl Cost must go down l Reliable, proven technology

l Energy Optimisation to the max !!Leap from 22% to >30%

l Material reuse to the max !!Fe, Al, Cu, Gypsum, CaCl2,Washed bottom ash = N1 quality building materialWashed fly ash = inert

l Cost must go down l Reliable, proven technology

l Energy Optimisation to the max !!Leap from 22% to >30%

l Material reuse to the max !!Fe, Al, Cu, Gypsum, CaCl2,Washed bottom ash = N1 quality building materialWashed fly ash = inert

= WFPP= WFPP


CONCEPT for RECOVERYCONCEPT for RECOVERY

Incineration Fluegasscleaning

Chemicals 10 kgChemicals 10 kg

FluegassFluegass

Municipal Municipal SolidSolidWasteWaste

850850 kWh/tonkWh/ton = = 3030 %% of energy in wasteof energy in waste

Salt 7 kgGypsum 5 kgFly-ash 10 kgResidueResidue 55 kgkg

Non Ferro 5 kgIron 25 kgSand 100 kgGranulate 100 kgFinesFines 2020 kgkg

SAI

Output perOutput perton of waste:ton of waste:

Energy utilisation rate = 0,84Energy utilisation rate = 0,84EU discussion on R1/D10EU discussion on R1/D10


Sorting After IncinerationSorting After Incineration

Sort

Bottom Bottom ashash

Cyclone

66--40mm40mm

22--6mm6mm

<2mm<2mm

Cleansand

Dewatering Sludge cakeSludge cake

Magnet Eddy current

Densityseparation

Magnet

IronNon-Femetals

Coarsegranulate

Finegranulate

Washing waterWashing water

ISWA

Bottomash treatmentplant


HR-AVI project HR-AVI project

l Systematic approach to optimise recoveryl Using proven technologies in new combinationl Electrical efficiency >30%l New logistic concept

l Budget: 400 M€l Construction start: Begin 2004

l Completion: End 2006

l Systematic approach to optimise recoveryl Using proven technologies in new combinationl Electrical efficiency >30%l New logistic concept

l Budget: 400 M€l Construction start: Begin 2004

l Completion: End 2006

= WFPP= WFPP


- Large 1st draw: Height >20m,Flue-gas velocity < 3m/s

- Large 2nd and 3rd-draw- Super-heater: Flue-gas velocity < 2,5 m/s- Second Economiser after fabric filter- Flue-gas recirculation

(primary and secondary air)

3e2e1e

Evaporator Superheater Economiser

2 3 4

terti

secu

terti

secu

Prim

1st 2nd850°C

3rd650°C

SSH1

180°C

1

4th

α

Ketelas 1 Ketelas 2

Bodemas

SSH2

SSH3

SSH4

ECO1

ECO2

ECO3

Sketch boiler designSketch boiler design


Superheated steam 440-480°CSteam pressure 125-130 barSteam reheating after HP-turbineExtra economiser

Drum

Boiler

Reheater

25°C0,03 bar

Superheater

x12x

320°C13 bar

190°C14 bar

480°C130 bar

335°C135 bar

Turbine

Sketch steam reheatingSketch steam reheating

ISWA

GeneratorGenerator

Reheater (2x)Reheater (2x)

CondensorCondensor

Cooling waterCooling water

HP-TurbineHP-Turbine LP-TurbineLP-Turbine

Reheaters

ISWA

High Efficiency concept WFPP®

ISWA

Boiler WFPPBoiler WFPP

ISWA

Flue-gas cleaning WFPPFlue-gas cleaning WFPP


Energy-potential in WasteEnergy-potential in Waste

Waste in EU: 182 MTon/year x 10 MJ/kg x 30%

Electricity: = 550 PJ / year= 150 TWh / year= 17.300 MW-continuous= 8 % of total EU-production

Avoided CO2 = 200 million tons per year

Waste in EU: 182 MTon/year x 10 MJ/kg x 30%

Electricity: = 550 PJ / year= 150 TWh / year= 17.300 MW-continuous= 8 % of total EU-production

Avoided CO2 = 200 million tons per year

ISWA

Efficiency breakdown

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Conventional

Boiler losses(stack)Cooling =Loss20% el

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

WFPP

Boiler losses(stack)Cooling = Loss

30% el

20% el

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Conv+ heat

Boiler losses (stack)

Cooling = Loss

Heat

20% el

Derating ofelectricity by heatdelivery

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

WFPP+ heat

Boiler losses(stack)

Cooling = Loss

Heat

30% el

20% el

Derating ofelectricity byheat delivery

Greenhouse effect overallGreenhouse effect overallGreenhouse effect overall

976 328 81 -153-349-173-219-15

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1.000

DUMPSITE

LANDFILL

+ bioga

s eng

ines

WtE Ave

rage N

LWtE

Con

venti

onal

WtE O

ptimise

dWtE

Con

v.+CHP

WtE O

ptim.+CHP

WtE he

at on

ly

kg CO2/ton Waste

Landfill

Electricity Heat

Combined heat and power

Greenhouse gas balanceGreenhouse gas balance

-1500-1250-1000

-750-500-250

0250500750

100012501500[kg CO2 / ton Waste]

Avoided CO2 by Heat delivery 0 0 -25 0 0 -241 -210 -563Avoided CO2 by Electricity production 0 -33 -234 -332 -495 -248 -416 59Avoided CO2 by metal recovery 0 0 -44 -65 -98 -65 -98 -44Methane (CO2-equiv.) 1.251 693 15 15 15 15 15 15CO2 emission Fos.orig. 0 0 383 381 374 381 374 394CO2 emission Bio.orig. 208 151 468 468 468 468 468 468CO2 used for biomass -483 -483 -483 -483 -483 -483 -483 -483

DUMPSITE LANDFILL WtE

Average WtE Conv. WtE Optim.

WtE Conv.+CH

P

WtE Optim.+CH

P

WtE heat only

ISWA

WFPP® is the most cost-effective renewable option…

Sources: EZ, Regeling subsidiebedragen milieukwaliteit elektriciteitsproductie; VROM, personal communication;ECN, 2002, Duurzame Energie en Ruimte, M. Menkveld; analysis Deloitte

€

Cost per avoided ton CO2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Waste-2-Energy

WFPP®

Wind onland

Biomass Wind on sea Photo-voltaic

1033

€

Cost per avoided ton CO2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Waste-2-Energy

WFPP®

Wind onland

Biomass Wind on sea Photo-voltaic

1033€/ avoided

ton of CO

2€

/ avoidedton of C

O2

ISWA

Optimal Electrical efficiencyOPTIMISATION:•Local conditions

•Cooling water

•Type of waste

•Size of installation

•Electricity price

•Depreciation time

•Subsidies

•Environmental profile

•Permit conditions

OPTIMISATION:•Local conditions

•Cooling water

•Type of waste

•Size of installation

•Electricity price

•Depreciation time

•Subsidies

•Environmental profile

•Permit conditionsSource: W+G

05

101520253035

20 40 60 80 Electricity price [€/MWh]

Small installationBig installation

%%

ISWA

Income from waste and energy

110

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Year (before/after scheduled startup)

M€

/ yea

r

Extra lifetime 4th-generation

Gain on permitingHE

Green Fee

Aditional Electricity

Electricity

Waste

21

3 4

Business case for 4th-generation

ISWA

21

3 4Business case for 4th-generation

ISWA

Incineration

SYNERGYSYNERGY

Waste Water

Waste

Biogas Engines

Electricity

Water

ElectricitySewage Sludge

Biogas

Heat

Exhaust

Sewage Treatment

Plant

ISWA

Patents for licensingwith support for implementation

Flue gas Cleaning1. Dioxin removal in wet flue gas cleaning with detergents2. Mercury removal in wet flue gas cleaning3. Combining waste incineration and sewage treatment plant

Energy Recovery4. High Efficiency - Waste Fired Power Plant5. Flue gas recirculation to primary air6. Steam super heater construction with screen pipes7. Steam super heater with unround pipes

Material recovery8. Salt fabrication from flue gas cleaning residue9. Recovery of fine Non-Ferrous metals from bottom ash10. Gravity Separation of Non-Ferrous metals from bottom ash

Flue gas CleaningFlue gas Cleaning1.1. Dioxin removal in wet flue gas cleaning with detergentsDioxin removal in wet flue gas cleaning with detergents2.2. Mercury removal in wet flue gas cleaningMercury removal in wet flue gas cleaning3.3. Combining waste incineration and sewage treatment plantCombining waste incineration and sewage treatment plant

Energy RecoveryEnergy Recovery4.4. High Efficiency High Efficiency -- Waste Fired Power PlantWaste Fired Power Plant5.5. Flue gas recirculation to primary airFlue gas recirculation to primary air6.6. Steam super heater construction with screen pipesSteam super heater construction with screen pipes7.7. Steam super heater with Steam super heater with unroundunround pipespipes

Material recoveryMaterial recovery8.8. Salt fabrication from flue gas cleaning residueSalt fabrication from flue gas cleaning residue9.9. Recovery of fine NonRecovery of fine Non--Ferrous metals from bottom ashFerrous metals from bottom ash10.10. Gravity Separation of NonGravity Separation of Non--Ferrous metals from bottom ashFerrous metals from bottom ash

ISWA

6. CONCLUSION6. CONCLUSION

COST can/must go DOWN

SIMPLE process do it OPTIMAL

Environmental efficiency use all SYNERGY

Electrical Efficiency > 30%

COST can/must go DOWN

SIMPLE process do it OPTIMAL

Environmental efficiency use all SYNERGY

Electrical Efficiency > 30%

ISWA

Conclusion:

Waste is the directly available raw material for clean renewable energy and high quality building materials

Let’s explore together world’s most valuable mineral

ISWA

Nothing is waste!

[email protected]

Nothing is to be wasted!


Tropical rain forestTropical rain forest

AEB Amsterdam

Picture WFPP

Documents

Value from Waste - TU Delft OCW · 2016-03-09 · Value from Waste Amsterdam’s Vision on ... HR-AEC AEC - slib AEC - afval AVI-Noord2 AVI-Noord1 E-productie 4e 1e 2e 3e 4e 3e 2e