Vaccines

Overview• Vaccine production

methods• Vaccine types and

Diseases preventable by vaccines

• Vaccine modifications• Routes of administration• Reverse vaccinology• Safety concerns about

vaccination

• What are vaccines• Concept of drug and

vaccines• Vaccination and

immunization concept• Imunity and its types• Immune responses

produced by vaccines• Vaccines timeline

Overview

• Vaccine trials• Potential Shortcomings of

Vaccines• Vaccine effectiveness

and failures• Vaccine approval

What are vaccines?

• stimulate the immune system

VACCINOLOGY

Concept of drug and vaccines

Concept of drug and vaccines

• Concept of Drug– Kill invaders or foreign pathogens– Inhibit the growth of pathogens– Patients – therapeutic

Concept of drug and vaccines

• Concept of Vaccine– Generate memory cells– Prophylactic or therapeutic

Vaccination and immunization

+

ACTIVE VACCINE

Stimulates

• Humoral Immune Response,

• Cellular Immune Response

• or Both

the aim of protecting against or eliminating a

pathogen

Humoral

Vaccines timeline

• 18th century

Edward Jenner

1796----- observed

1798----- introduced the practice

of vaccinations

First vaccine ever developed

Vaccines timeline

• 19th century

1853---- vaccination act UK

Compulsory childhood vaccination

First vaccines for cholera, rabies, tetanus, typhoid fever, bubonic plague

Vaccines timeline

• 20th centurydiphtheria, 

tuberculosis,

whooping cough, 

yellow fever,

typhus, influenza,

Japanese encephalitis,

anthrax,

polio,

measles,

mumps, rubella, chicken pox,

pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae),

meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis),

hepatitis B,

Haemophilus influenzae type b (HiB), 

hepatitis A,

Lyme disease

Vaccines timeline

Vaccines timeline

Vaccines timeline

1982 ---- Hepatitis B vaccine becomes available.

1986 ---- The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act established

Vaccines timeline

1988 ---- Worldwide Polio Eradication Initiative launched; supported by

WHO,

UNICEF,

CDC and others.

Vaccines timeline

1990 ----- The Vaccine Adverse Reporting System (VAERS), a national program monitoring the safety of vaccines established.

Vaccines timeline

1990 ---- Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine licensed for infants.

1991 ---- Hepatitis B vaccine was recommended for all infants

Vaccines timeline

1994 ---- Polio elimination certified in the USA.

1994 ---- Vaccines for Children(VFC) program established to provide access to free vaccines for eligible children at the site of their usual source of care.

1995 ---- Hepatitis A vaccine licensed

Vaccines timeline

1998 ---- First rotavirus vaccine licensed.

1999 ---- Rotavirus vaccine withdrawn from the market as a result of adverse events

FDA recommends removing mercury from all products, including vaccines

Vaccines timeline

• 21st century

2000 ---- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine recommended for all young children.

Worldwide measles initiative launched

Vaccines timeline

2001 ---- September 11 results in increased concern of bioterrorism.

Vaccines timeline

2003 ---- Measles declared no longer endemic in the USA.

First live attenuated influenza vaccine licensed

2004 ---- Inactivated influenza vaccine recommended

2005 ---- Rubella declared no longer endemic in the United States.

Thank You