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Urbanism Urban and spatial planning in Japan M. Tominaga

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URBAN AND SPATIAL PLANNING INJAPAN

Marin TOMINAGAA Master Course Student of Graduate School of Tohoku University !e"artment of Architecture

and #uilding Science orangesunny$mari%yahoo.co.&"

Abstract. This "a"er aims to introduce the ur'an and s"atial "lanning in

(a"an. According to the national "lanning system of (a"an cha"ter 2 the"lanning system has ) administrative levels and each territorial region hasits o*n regulation. This "a"er introduces es"ecially a'out "lanning andregulation system in city region in (a"an.

Key words+ ur'an and s"atial "lanning (a"an land use Master ,lan

! T"e #re$ect%ra& 'o(ernments andm%nici#a&ities

-irst of all (a"anese territory is dividedinto / units called "refecturalgovernments 0-ig.1. 3ach of them has itso*n administrative organi4ation. The"refectural governments differ from themunici"alities *hich are locally 'ased"u'lic organi4ations in that they areconcerned more com"rehensively *ith a*ider local area. Munici"alities are thecollective term of city 0called shi to*n0called machi village 0called mura anddistrict 0called ku *hich e5ists only in

Tokyo and each munici"ality also has itso*n administrative organi4ation. Thereare /67 cities /8) to*ns 16 villages and2) districts in (a"an 01:6:211.

)i'! . ,refectural governments in (a"an

*! T"e #&annin' and re'%&ation systemo$ Ja#an

2.1. The national planning system of Japan

;ational

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Urbanism. Arhitectur. Construcii >ol. 2 ;r. 211

)

City ,lanning

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National Land Use

Planning Law (Individual method)

City Planning Areas

Agricultural Promotion Areas

National Forests

Local Forests with Regional Forest Plan

National Park

Prefectural Nature Park

Wilderness Natural Environment

Conservation Areas

Natural Environment Conservation Areas

Prefectural Naturale Environment

Conservation Areas

National Land Use

Planning

National Planning

Prefectural Planning

Municipal planning

Land use master

plan

City region

Agricultural region

Forest region

Natural park region

Nature conservation

region

Local Autonomy Act.

Municipal Basic

Concept

National Spatial

Planning Act.

National Spatial

Planning

City Planning Law

Act for Improvement

of Agricultural

Promotion Areas

Forest Law

Natural Parks Law

Nature

Conservation

ActLand transaction

control

)i'! +. The national "lanning system in (a"an

City Planning Area

Administrative Area

City Planning Area

Administrative Area

Case 1: City Planning Area combined with Administrative Area

Case 3: City Planning Area is a part of Administrative Area

Town B

City A City C

Town D

City Planning Area

Border of Administrative Area

Town B

City A City C

Town D

City Planning Area

Border of Administrative Area

Case 2: A City Planning Area consists of a nmber of mnicipalities

Case !: A City Planning Area consists of a nmber of mnicipalities

and a part of it is otside of City Planning Area )i'! ,. cases to s"ecify the city "lanning area

A City Planning Area "divided#

B City Planning Area "ndivided#

$se district

$rbani%ation Promoting Area

&tside of the se district in ndivided city planning area

Developable

$rbaniation'restricted area

$ndevelopable

&tside of City Planning Area

)i'! -. The conce"tual diagram of area division

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)2

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and city surrounding environment not a'uilding itself. ?t is dee"ly related *ith theCity ,lanning

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ho* to ad&ust the district is "lanned *iththis system.

)i'! 2. An example of district planning ofjozenjistreet district inSendai City

)i'! . The contents of regulation in district plan

)i'! *. The contents of regulation in district plan

-or e5am"le in Sendai City there are 9)districts *hich have district "lans. Jo#en$i

street district 0-ig.1 one of the 9)districts in Sendai City decides its o*n

regulation for develo"ments of 'uildings.?n "articular IAJ Use control is set u" inthis "lan and the facility of entertainmentdance hall love hotel gas stand and so onare not allo*ed to 'e 'uilt 0-ig.11. I#Jgroundfloor area is set u" more than 2m2. ICJ #ack s"ace from edge of ground isalso decided. I!J Beight of a 'uilding must'e more than 1 m. I3J The sha"e anddesign of a 'uilding must consort *ooden

street. I-J The fence of a 'uilding must 'econsidered surrounding environment. Thisdistrict is aiming to 'e a stronghold that

creates ne* culture and environment forcommunication in Sendai City.

-! Prob&ems o$ Ja#anese cities

;o*adays many cities in (a"an are facingon "ro'lems such as e5istence of multioccu"ied 4one *ith tall 'uildings anddecre"it *ooden houses *hile scatteringof unused lands in the middle of ur'anarea. ?n surrounding "art of the ur'anarea many residential com"le5es have'een develo"ed and there are manys"ra*ling develo"ments in Ur'ani4ationrestricted area 'ecause of e5ce"tional rules

for develo"ment 0-ig.1).

Additional e5"ansion of ur'an area mightcause increase of the unused landsdeclination of city center anddisa""earance of "rime agricultural landsunder the situation of antici"ated"o"ulation decrease in (a"an. Dne of themethods of solution is ECom"act CityF.Some cities including Sendai City are

as"iring to make the range of ur'an areamore com"act. -or e5am"le in Sendai CityMaster ,lan the 'asic o'&ectives to develo"Sendai City are descri'ed as s*itchingform to more intensive ur'an area'uilding u" city function and locate ita""ro"riately and develo"ing the ualityof ur'an s"ace from various as"ects.Sendai City aims to deliver these o'&ectivesand change to 'e a more convenient and

economic city 0-ig.1.

)i'! +. S"ra*ling situation

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Present )%t%re)i'! ,! The image of 'ecoming com"act city

-! 3onc&%sion 4 T"e 'reat east Ja#an eart"5%a6e

11. March 211 a massive 9.magnitudeearthuake hit the Tohoku area in (a"an.Many lives *ere claimed and hundreds ofthousands of houses *ere damaged orlost 'y the earthuake and tsunami *hichhit the coastal area of east (a"an. ?naddition lifelines such as the "u'lic

trans"ortation system commencing *ithrail and road se*erage systems andelectric *ater and gas su""ly *ereshredded. The damage is un"aralleled in

(a"anese history of "revious disasters.The most damaged areas *ere ?*ate"refecture Miyagi "refecture and-ukushima "refecture.

Balf year has "assed since ).11 each

"refecture and munici"ality has 'eendra*ing u" the 'asic "lans to*ardrecovery. ?n Miyagi "refecture the final

"lan of earthuake disaster reconstructionhas decided 1/ on August. The term of the"lan to recovery is 1 years 0until 221. ?n1 years there are ) years of restorativestage years of regenerative stage and )years of develo"ing stage. Dne of the mainidea of recovery and "revention fromtsunami is descri'ed the figure18. Miyagi"refecture has decided to relocate coastal

residential area to more u"land andse"arate from industrial area. ?n industrialarea the evacuation 'uildings *hich havehigh elevation *ill 'e 'uilt to evacuatefrom tsunami 0-ig.18. -igure17 descri'esthe idea of multi"le "revention fromtsunami. The coastal levee and green s"ace*ill 'e located in the sea shore. Hoads andrail*ays are "lanned to locate every'order of agricultural area commercial

and industrial area and residential area.Actually there *as a fact that the limitedhigh*ay "revented tsunami from

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intruding in the ur'an area 0-ig.17. Themost im"ressive "oints of this "lan is thatit aims not only restoration of devastatedarea 'ut also drastic restructuring of the

*hole "refecture and it is also trying toresolve the "ro'lem *ith the modern

(a"an such as "o"ulation decline the aging"o"ulation "reservation of theenvironment sym'iosis *ith nature andcreation of safe and conforta'lecommunities.

The recovery of east (a"an has &ust started.There must 'e a lot of 'arrier *hich *e

have to get "ast and various *ays of"lanning *ill 'e needed.

R7)7R7N37S

-ig. 1 Geos"atial ?nformation Authority on (a"an-ig. 2 enen e5tensive city "lanning area in Miyagi

"refecture-ig. / !e"artment of city "lanning of Sendai city

-ig. 6 enen e5tensive city "lanning area master"lan in Miyagi "refecture

-ig. 9 Sendai City Master ,lan in Sendai city-ig. 1 11 12 The district "lan of $o#en$i street in

Sendai city

-ig. 1) Google ma"-ig. 1 Sendai City Master ,lan in Sendai city

-ig. 18 17 The 'asic "lan of recovery in Sendai city

)i'! -. The "lan image of relocation of residential area

)i'! .! The "lan image of multi"le "rotections from tsunami

Recei(ed+ Dcto'er 1 211 Acce#ted in $ina& $ormat+ ;ovem'er 2 211

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