V. Lazarova - ISO Standards on water reuse - Europa · PDF filenational, e.g. AFNOR, DIN) It defines the characteristics and rules applicable to voluntary activities It is developed

Valentina LAZAROVASUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT

Member of French ISO Mirror Committee, Member of International Water Academy and

International Desalination Academy

June 25th, 2015

ISO STANDARDS ON WATER REUSE FOR IRRIGATION

Lazarova: ISO Reuse Standard, June 25, 2015 2

A standard is a reference document approved by a recognized standardization institute (international, e.g. ISO, CEN or national, e.g. AFNOR, DIN…)It defines the characteristics and rules applicable to voluntary activitiesIt is developed by consensus of all stakeholders in a market or industry sector

A standard allows to define a common language between economic parties (producers, users and consumers) to clarify and unify practices, and to define the level of quality, safety, compatibility and acceptable environmental impact of products, services and practices

It facilitates trade, both domestic and international and contributes to harmonizing the market and unifying business practices

Standard: voluntaryRegulation (law, decree, directive): mandatory application

Standardization: what are we talking about?


National delegations

AFNORFrance

DINGermany

ANSIUnites States

BSIUnited Kindom

ISOInternational level

CEN European level

… (Other National Standardization

Institutes)

Standardization authority

ExpertsBusinesses, consumers, NGOs, laboratories, public authorities;

Research Centers, Trade Unions, monitoring organizations;Public customers, local authorities, teachers

90% of standardization

activities are international

Overview of standardization process


ISO 16075 (2015) Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation

Part 1. The basis of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated)

Part 2. Development of the project (FDIS validated)

Part 3. Components of a reuse project for irrigation (FDIS validated)

Part 4. Monitoring (CD, committee draft)


Basic principles for development of the ISO Water Reuse Guidelines for Irrigation

Safe water reuse practices (e.g., California 2000)Health-based approach (WHO 2006, Australia 2006)Regulation enforcement (e.g., water

quality monitoring should be practical and economically affordable)

California Code of RegulationsTitle 22, Division 4, Chapter 3

Water Recycling Criteria (2000)

WHO Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in

agriculture (2006)

Australian National Water Reuse Regulations

(2006)

Israeli Regulations

for agricultural

irrigation(1978, 1999, 2005)


Water reuse regulations for unrestricted irrigation

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

Cal

iforn

ia,

2000

Fran

ce, 2

014

WH

O 2

006

Col

iform

s, c

fu/1

00 m

L

1000

250

2,2

Pollution of secondary effluents from 1000 to 1 000 000 E.coli/100 mL

Cyp

rus

(no

rest

rictio

n)

Gre

ece

Isra

el

Italy

, 200

3

Spai

n, 2

007

(land

scap

e)

Spai

n, 2

007

(cro

ps e

aten

raw

)

Cyp

rus

(land

scap

e)

200100

101015

100

0

Spai

n, 2

007

(priv

ate

gard

ens)

100 Bathingwater

WHO

Escherichia Coli Fecal coliforms Total coliforms


Australian National Water Reuse Regulations


Australian Water Reuse RegulationsPhase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006)

Type of use

Log reduction

Treatment process

Water quality

Dual reticulation(toilet flushing, irrigation)

4,5 to 6

Filtration/Disinfection, membranes,

UV disinfection+cross connection

E.coli<1/100

mL

Municipal use (open spaces, golf courses)

3,5 to 5


UV disinfection

E.coli<1/100

mL

Municipal use (restricted access)

1 to <6

Secondary + disinfection

E.coli<100/100 mL

Commercial food crops consumed raw

5to 6


UV disinfection

E.coli<1/100

mL


Type of use

Log reduction

Treatment process

Water quality

Dual reticulation(toilet flushing, irrigation)

4,5 to 6


UV disinfection+cross connection

E.coli<1/100

mL

Municipal use (open spaces, golf courses)

3,5 to 5


UV disinfection

E.coli<1/100

mL

Municipal use (restricted access)

1 to <6

Secondary + disinfection

E.coli<100/100 mL

Commercial food crops consumed raw

5to 6


UV disinfection

E.coli<1/100

mL

Theoretical credit for process

performance(multi-barrier

approach)

Similar to CaliforniaTreatment withadvanced disinfection

Australian Water Reuse RegulationsPhase 1: Wastewater and Greywater (2006)


Basic principles for development of the ISO Water Reuse Guidelines for Irrigation

How to achieve adequate health protection and prevent potential adverse environmental impacts?

Multi-barrier approach: guidance for water quality, treatment level, irrigation practices and other protection measuresDefinition of 5 water quality levels depending on health risks related to public access, type of irrigated crops, irrigation technologies…Recommended good practices and additional measures to avoidnegative impacts on soil, crops, groundwater and surface water


Key criteria influencing the choice of water quality for irrigation

Public healthprotection

Environmentaland agronomic

impactsOther concerns

• Microbiologicalparametersshort-termhealth risk due toinfection

• Chemicalcompoundslong-termhealth risk due totoxicity

• Adverse impactson the environment

1) on aquifers2) on soils3) on flora and fauna

• Adverse agronomicimpacts

1) on crop production2) on soil properties

• Technicalchallenges

1) irrigation systems2) treatment trains

• Political oreconomic pressure

• Public perception1) aesthetics2) safety of use

3) storage&distribution


ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 1. Suggested treated wastewater quality according to chemical, physical and biological parameters

Cat

Type of treated waste-water

BOD TSS TurbidityThermo-tolerant

coliformsIntestinal Nematode

Potential uses

without barriers

Potential correspon-

ding treatmentmg L-1 mg L-1 NTU no./100 ml Egg L-1

Ave Max Ave Max Ave Max 95%ile Max Ave Max

A

Very high quality treated wastewater

≤ 5 mg/

L

10 mg/L

≤ 5 mg/L

10 mg/L ≤ 2 5

≤ 10or below

the detection

limit

100 - -

Unrestricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of food crops consumed raw

Secondary, contact filtration or membrane filtration and disinfection

B

High quality treated wastewater

≤ 10

mg/L

20 mg/L

≤ 10 mg/L

25 mg/L -

-≤ 200 1000 - -

Restricted urban irrigation and agricultural irrigation of processed food crops,

Secondary, filtration and disinfection

C

Good quality treated wastewater

≤ 20

mg/L

35 mg/L

≤ 30 mg/L

50 mg/L -

-≤ 1000 10000 ≤1 -

Agricultural irrigation of non-food crops,

Secondary and disinfection

D

Medium quality treated wastewater

≤ 60

mg/L

100 mg/L

≤ 90 mg/L

140 mg/L -

-- - ≤ 1 5

Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops

Secondary or High rate clarification with coagulation, flocculation

E

Extensively treated wastewater

≤ 20

mg/L

35 mg/L - - -

-- - ≤ 1 5

Restricted irrigation of industrial and seeded crops

stabilization ponds and wetlands


ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 2/Table 2. Suggested types and accredited number of barriers (adapted from WHO 2006 and USEPA 2012)

Type of barrier ApplicationPathogen

reduction (log units)

Number of barriers

Irrigation of food crops

Drip irrigation

Drip irrigation of low-growing crops such as 25 cm ormore above from the ground 2 1

Drip irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more above fromthe ground 4 2

Subsurface drip irrigation where water does not ascend bycapillary action to the ground surface 6 3

Spray and sprinkler irrigation

Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of low-growingcrops such as 25 cm or more from the ground 2 1

Sprinkler and Micro sprinkler irrigation of crops such as 50 cm or more from the ground 4 2

Additional disinfection in fieldLow level disinfection 2 1High level disinfection 4 2

Sun resistant cover sheet In drip irrigation, where the sheet separates the irrigation from the vegetables 2-4 1

Pathogen die-off Die-off support through irrigation cessation or interruption before harvest

0.5-2 per day(1) 1-2(1)

Produce washing before selling to the customers

Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with drinking water 1 1

Produce disinfection before selling to the customers

Washing salad crops, vegetables, fruits with a weak disinfectant solution and rinsing with drinking water 2 1

Produce peeling Peeling of fruits and root crops 2 1

Produce cooking Immersion in boiling water or under high temperature until the product is cooked 6-7 3


ISO 16075-2 (2015) Part 3. Components of water reuse projects for irrigation ─ Examples of recommendations


Defining good practices for safe and beneficial water reuse

Critical step for health protection

Wastewater

Wastewater Treatment

Storage

Application, type of irrigation

Barrier to pathogens


Protection measure

Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure

ControlHarvesting Measures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure

Wastewater

Wastewater Treatment

Storage

Application, type of irrigation



Protection measure

Crop RestrictionHuman Exposure

ControlHarvesting Measures

Protection measureProtection measureProtection measure

Documents

V. Lazarova - ISO Standards on water reuse - Europa · PDF filenational, e.g. AFNOR, DIN) It defines the characteristics and rules applicable to voluntary activities It is developed