UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Income … · Distributional Consequences of Labor Demand Adjustments to a Downturn Olivier Bargain, Herwig Immervoll, Andreas Peichl, Sebastian

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Income inequality and participation: a comparison of 24 European countries

Lancee, B.; van de Werfhorst, H.G.

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Citation for published version (APA):Lancee, B., & van de Werfhorst, H. (2011). Income inequality and participation: a comparison of 24 Europeancountries. (GINI discussion paper; No. 6). Amsterdam: AIAS.

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Distributional Consequences of Labor Demand Adjustm

ents to a DownturnOlivier Bargain, Herwig Im

mervoll, Andreas Peichl, Sebastian Siegloch

GIN

I DP 1

GINI DIscussIoN PaPer 6 - aPPeNDIx

JaNuary 2011

INcome INequalIty aND PartIcIPatIoN:a comParIsoN of 24 euroPeaN couNtrIes

aPPeNDIx

BramLanceeandHermanvandeWerfhorst

GrOwInG InequALItIeS’ ImPACtS

January 2011

© Bram Lancee, Herman van de Werfhorst, Amsterdam

General contact: [email protected]

Bibliographic Information

Lancee, B., Werfhorst, H.G. van de (2011). Income Inequality and Participation: A Comparison of 24 European

Countries - Appendix. Amsterdam, AIAS, GINI Discussion Paper 6.

Information may be quoted provided the source is stated accurately and clearly.

Reproduction for own/internal use is permitted.

This paper can be downloaded from our website www.gini-research.org.

Income Inequality and ParticipationA Comparison of 24 European Countries

Appendix

26 January 2011DP 6 - Appendix

Bram Lancee

university of Amsterdam

Amsterdam Centre for Inequality Studies

Herman van de werfhorst

university of Amsterdam

Amsterdam Centre for Inequality Studies

Page • 4

Bram Lancee, Herman van de Werfhorst

Page • 5

Income Inequality and Participation: A Comparison of 24 European Countries - Appendix

table of contents

aPPeNDIx: couNtry reGressIoNs .........................................................................................................................................7

Table A.1. Mean social participation per country ............................................................................................................7

Figure A.1. Summary country regressions. Coefficient of income on social participation ordered by MDMI ..............7

Table A.2 Country OLS regressions explaining social participation. ...............................................................................8

Table A.3. Mean cultural participation per country ......................................................................................................11

Figure A.2. Summary country regressions. Coefficient of income on cultural participation ordered by MDMI .........11

Table A.4 Country OLS regressions explaining cultural participation. .........................................................................12

Table A.5. Mean civic participation per country ............................................................................................................15

Figure A.3. Summary country regressions. Coefficient of income on civic participation ordered by MDMI ..............15

Table A.6 Country logistic regressions explaining civic participation .........................................................................16

GINI DIscussIoN PaPers ................................................................................................................................................19

INformatIoN oN the GINI ProJect .....................................................................................................................................21

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Appendix: Country regressions

Table A.1. Mean social participation per countrymean

At 0.72

Be 0.74

CY 0.85

CZ 0.74

De 0.73

DK 0.75

ee 0.66

eS 0.74

FI 0.80

Fr 0.69

Gr 0.85

Hu 0.71

Ie 0.73

IS 0.79

It 0.75

Lt 0.67

Lu 0.72

LV 0.62

nL 0.74

nO 0.79

PL 0.64

Pt 0.77

Se 0.75

SI 0.71

SK 0.73

uK 0.76

Figure A.1. Summary country regressions. Coefficient of income on social participation ordered by MDMI

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Table A.2 Country OLS regressions explaining social participation.At Be CY CZ De DK ee eS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Income .056*** .002 .036*** .025*** .012*** -.006 .034*** .040***

(.008) (.001) (.007) (.006) (.003) (.008) (.006) (.005)Female .070*** .058*** .045*** .055*** .056*** .009 .074*** .065***

(.010) (.010) (.012) (.009) (.006) (.007) (.010) (.007)Age -.018*** -.030*** -.018*** -.031*** -.027*** -.024*** -.029*** -.022***

(.004) (.004) (.004) (.004) (.002) (.003) (.004) (.003)Age squared .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000***

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married -.036** -.016 -.049** -.066*** -.055*** .026** -.053*** -.018*

(.012) (.012) (.017) (.014) (.008) (.009) (.013) (.008)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated -.023 -.030* -.094*** -.020 -.007 .053*** -.014 -.007

(.015) (.014) (.024) (.013) (.008) (.013) (.014) (.014)widowed -.056 -.009 -.053 .035 .045** .051 .044* .024

(.030) (.030) (.036) (.019) (.017) (.027) (.021) (.020)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .020 .038* .056** .071*** .007 .003 .089*** .030**

(.014) (.016) (.017) (.014) (.009) (.011) (.014) (.010)working part-time .031 .054** .085*** .073** .035*** -.003 .046 .030*

(.016) (.017) (.026) (.026) (.009) (.015) (.027) (.015)unemployed -.059* -.008 -.008 .033 -.038** -.005 .015 -.051***

(.028) (.022) (.037) (.023) (.013) (.022) (.027) (.015)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education .077*** .013 .021 .074*** .065*** .010 .099*** .059***

(.014) (.013) (.014) (.017) (.012) (.010) (.017) (.009)Post-secondary and tertiary .099*** .032* .006 .081*** .069*** -.014 .107*** .076***

(.016) (.013) (.016) (.020) (.012) (.011) (.018) (.008)Constant 1.875*** 2.096*** 2.067*** 2.139*** 2.056*** 2.073*** 1.974*** 1.942***

(.080) (.077) (.087) (.083) (.052) (.066) (.082) (.057)Observations 4744 4433 2961 5644 10627 3970 4435 9436Adj. r2 .083 .044 .059 .085 .051 .050 .130 .076

Source: EU-SILC 2006, Eurostat; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 (robust standard errors, two-tailed tests).

Page • 9

Income Inequality and Participation: A Com

parison of 24 European Countries - Appendix

Table A.2 continuedFI Fr Gr Hu Ie IS It Lt

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Income .002 .023*** .017*** .014*** .020** .014** .004 .047***

(.002) (.005) (.005) (.004) (.006) (.004) (.004) (.006)Female .035*** .075*** .030** .028** .094*** .066*** .043*** .074***

(.006) (.007) (.009) (.011) (.013) (.011) (.006) (.011)Age -.019*** -.030*** -.014*** -.032*** -.017*** -.017*** -.020*** -.030***

(.002) (.003) (.003) (.004) (.005) (.004) (.002) (.005)Age squared .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000** .000** .000*** .000***

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married -.022** .008 -.039** -.032* -.009 -.010 -.041*** -.081***

(.008) (.009) (.012) (.014) (.014) (.012) (.007) (.020)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .040*** .023* -.004 -.005 -.014 .016 -.041*** -.023

(.009) (.011) (.021) (.014) (.019) (.021) (.012) (.015)widowed .022 .057** -.040 .064** .073** .066 -.022 .002

(.021) (.022) (.025) (.021) (.025) (.047) (.015) (.025)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .012 -.000 .024 .045** .060*** .016 .061*** .108***

(.008) (.011) (.012) (.014) (.016) (.016) (.008) (.017)working part-time .018 .006 .020 .042 .016 .006 .035** .027

(.012) (.014) (.018) (.028) (.018) (.021) (.012) (.036)unemployed .009 -.030 .009 .025 -.013 .033 -.066*** .051

(.014) (.018) (.021) (.025) (.033) (.062) (.017) (.027)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education -.001 .005 .040*** .075*** .061*** .001 .061*** .094***

(.008) (.011) (.011) (.015) (.016) (.013) (.006) (.022)Post-secondary and tertiary -.024** .022 .032** .128*** .031* .012 .068*** .131***

(.009) (.011) (.012) (.017) (.014) (.013) (.008) (.022)Constant 2.066*** 2.043*** 1.954*** 2.099*** 1.817*** 2.008*** 1.910*** 1.948***



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Table A.2 continuedLu LV nL nO PL Pt Se SK uK

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25Income .020* .030*** .030*** .000 .047*** .029*** .030*** .009 .005

(.009) (.006) (.007) (.001) (.004) (.005) (.007) (.007) (.003)Female .070*** .067*** .069*** .028** .051*** .030* .042*** .064*** .094***

(.012) (.015) (.010) (.010) (.006) (.012) (.008) (.010) (.008)Age -.026*** -.045*** -.029*** -.017*** -.032*** -.027*** -.018*** -.022*** -.024***

(.004) (.005) (.003) (.004) (.002) (.005) (.003) (.004) (.003)Age squared .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000*** .000***

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married .034* -.057** .004 .011 -.040*** -.050** .014 -.010 -.040***

(.015) (.020) (.010) (.011) (.009) (.017) (.009) (.015) (.010)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated -.008 -.015 .016 .010 .003 -.000 .028* -.021 .021

(.018) (.017) (.013) (.015) (.012) (.023) (.011) (.017) (.015)widowed .080** .002 .054* .126*** .009 -.026 .092** .015 .017

(.029) (.026) (.023) (.036) (.014) (.032) (.035) (.021) (.011)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .052** .111*** .004 .022 .043*** .064*** .019 .061*** .037***

(.017) (.022) (.014) (.015) (.009) (.018) (.012) (.018) (.011)working part-time .062** .039 .012 .028 .009 -.007 .041** .004 .053***

(.021) (.040) (.013) (.020) (.015) (.030) (.014) (.032) (.012)unemployed -.093** -.051 -.028 .016 .000 .039 -.045 -.007 -.037

(.036) (.033) (.040) (.031) (.012) (.028) (.025) (.026) (.030)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education .049*** .127*** .032** .049*** .078*** .049** .019 .097*** .028**

(.015) (.022) (.012) (.014) (.009) (.018) (.012) (.024) (.011)Post-secondary and tertiary .040** .200*** .036** .037** .121*** .069*** .005 .126*** -.005

(.015) (.024) (.012) (.014) (.012) (.018) (.013) (.027) (.011)Constant 1.914*** 2.190*** 2.168*** 1.933*** 1.989*** 2.122*** 1.927*** 1.854*** 2.015***

(.093) (.111) (.070) (.078) (.050) (.100) (.060) (.084) (.064)Observations 3306 3254 4315 2660 11785 3071 4615 4110 6253Adj. r2 .058 .171 .098 .062 .117 .071 .061 .074 .054


Page • 11


Table A.3. Mean cultural participation per countrymean

At 0.25

Be 0.19

CY 0.12

CZ 0.13

De 0.21

DK 0.26

ee 0.13

eS 0.20

FI 0.26

Fr 0.22

Gr 0.10

Hu 0.15

Ie 0.18

IS 0.27

It 0.14

Lt 0.11

Lu 0.24

LV 0.12

nL 0.22

nO -

PL 0.09

Pt 0.13

Se 0.23

SI 0.16

SK 0.14

uK 0.23

Figure A.2. Summary country regressions. Coefficient of income on cultural participation ordered by MDMI

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Table A.4 Country OLS regressions explaining cultural participation.At Be CY CZ De DK ee eS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Income .814*** .103* .375*** .381*** .330*** .401*** .591*** .725***

(.076) (.041) (.078) (.063) (.041) (.080) (.049) (.056)Female .619*** .166* .164* .514*** .452*** .339*** .395*** .275***

(.080) (.073) (.072) (.049) (.042) (.071) (.050) (.057)Age -.123*** -.071** -.103*** -.131*** -.130*** -.108*** -.107*** -.049*

(.030) (.027) (.026) (.020) (.016) (.029) (.021) (.020)Age squared .001*** .001** .001** .001*** .001*** .001*** .001*** .000*

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married .554*** .492*** .403*** .262*** .385*** .264** .076 .726***

(.096) (.092) (.116) (.071) (.052) (.088) (.065) (.067)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .272* .158 .071 .015 .101 .308* -.021 .461***

(.106) (.090) (.125) (.063) (.053) (.123) (.067) (.109)widowed -.058 .090 -.043 -.081 .226* .199 -.119 .168

(.175) (.199) (.157) (.087) (.114) (.267) (.089) (.134)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .162 .608*** .025 .596*** .353*** .556*** .447*** .178*

(.109) (.105) (.090) (.069) (.060) (.108) (.062) (.072)working part-time .513*** .535*** .143 .460** .338*** .357** .482** .057

(.133) (.113) (.150) (.140) (.058) (.131) (.147) (.112)unemployed -.541** -.007 -.300 -.067 -.540*** .096 -.017 -.275**

(.174) (.122) (.203) (.088) (.074) (.224) (.099) (.094)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education 1.357*** .754*** .538*** .653*** .668*** .725*** .459*** 1.110***

(.079) (.072) (.072) (.053) (.059) (.080) (.055) (.069)Post-secondary and tertiary 2.765*** 2.182*** 1.558*** 2.134*** 1.590*** 1.727*** 1.276*** 1.962***

(.105) (.087) (.105) (.100) (.064) (.096) (.072) (.075)Constant 6.947*** 4.829*** 6.162*** 6.519*** 6.968*** 7.122*** 6.002*** 5.513***



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Table A.4 continuedFI Fr Gr Hu Ie IS It Lt

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Income .207* .607*** .310*** .317*** .258*** .237*** .404*** .580***

(.087) (.076) (.039) (.042) (.072) (.060) (.054) (.042)Female .448*** .223*** .216*** .149* .277** .183 .121*** .271***

(.055) (.061) (.054) (.058) (.090) (.108) (.034) (.051)Age -.152*** -.050* -.043* -.132*** -.056 -.127** -.039** -.054*

(.023) (.024) (.019) (.022) (.033) (.041) (.013) (.023)Age squared .002*** .001* .000 .001*** .001 .001* .000* .000

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married -.002 .430*** .658*** .560*** .050 .128 .721*** .327***

(.071) (.073) (.074) (.082) (.089) (.119) (.040) (.090)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .109 .289** .265* .186** -.058 .174 .483*** .298***

(.091) (.094) (.125) (.071) (.124) (.192) (.066) (.079)widowed .157 .184 -.159 .241* -.032 -.060 .080 .262*

(.197) (.179) (.093) (.097) (.157) (.464) (.072) (.106)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .629*** .095 .283*** .455*** .707*** .105 .246*** .427***

(.081) (.089) (.059) (.067) (.107) (.161) (.043) (.064)working part-time .788*** .227* .188 .522*** .336** -.108 .083 .283*

(.124) (.114) (.099) (.153) (.108) (.194) (.066) (.130)unemployed -.171 -.358** .113 -.270** -.002 .328 -.222*** .078

(.117) (.129) (.108) (.086) (.158) (.676) (.064) (.095)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education .712*** .460*** .554*** .597*** .993*** .566*** .886*** .166**

(.069) (.073) (.056) (.052) (.106) (.116) (.038) (.055)Post-secondary and tertiary 1.990*** 2.006*** 1.386*** 2.343*** 1.953*** 1.703*** 1.714*** .770***

(.084) (.097) (.073) (.095) (.105) (.131) (.058) (.063)Constant 8.918*** 5.713*** 4.592*** 7.183*** 5.539*** 8.722*** 4.794*** 4.792***



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Table A.4 continuedLu LV nL PL Pt Se SK uK

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Income .501* .367*** .573*** .530*** .338*** .456*** .127 .508***

(.205) (.051) (.073) (.027) (.061) (.070) (.069) (.060)Female .482*** .360*** .145 .127*** -.052 .103 .220*** .229***

(.102) (.059) (.081) (.028) (.066) (.063) (.061) (.061)Age .033 -.124*** -.071* -.066*** -.096*** -.142*** -.125*** -.059**

(.032) (.025) (.028) (.010) (.026) (.024) (.025) (.022)Age squared -.000 .001*** .001** .001*** .001** .002*** .001*** .001**

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married .828*** -.080 .370*** .357*** .487*** .259*** .454*** .213**

(.113) (.079) (.084) (.042) (.099) (.071) (.093) (.073)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .239 .074 .106 .208*** .509*** .067 .185 -.176

(.130) (.072) (.099) (.054) (.136) (.092) (.112) (.104)widowed -.186 -.184* .085 .046 -.230* .609* .149 .077

(.199) (.090) (.165) (.050) (.110) (.303) (.104) (.084)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .332* .179* .231* .251*** .197* .506*** .344*** .394***

(.145) (.077) (.110) (.037) (.082) (.094) (.097) (.083)working part-time .414* .305* .445*** .075 .038 .387*** .128 .348***

(.168) (.152) (.099) (.062) (.116) (.106) (.171) (.089)unemployed -.557** -.295*** -.191 -.031 -.021 -.173 -.408*** -.358*

(.183) (.085) (.218) (.041) (.133) (.162) (.117) (.160)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education 1.144*** .329*** .774*** .265*** 1.263*** .545*** .501*** 1.139***

(.112) (.061) (.077) (.027) (.128) (.083) (.088) (.067)Post-secondary and tertiary 2.653*** 1.270*** 1.975*** 1.548*** 2.223*** 1.760*** 1.586*** 2.053***

(.183) (.088) (.089) (.054) (.186) (.095) (.127) (.077)Constant 2.962*** 6.722*** 5.514*** 5.291*** 6.482*** 7.816*** 6.992*** 5.122***



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Table A.5. Mean civic participation per countrymean

At 0.25

Be 0.19

CY 0.12

CZ 0.13

De 0.21

DK 0.26

ee 0.13

eS 0.20

FI 0.26

Fr 0.22

Gr 0.10

Hu 0.15

Ie 0.18

IS 0.27

It 0.14

Lt 0.11

Lu 0.24

LV 0.12

nL 0.22

nO -

PL 0.09

Pt 0.13

Se 0.23

SI 0.16

SK 0.14

uK 0.23

Figure A.3. Summary country regressions. Coefficient of income on civic participation ordered by MDMI

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Table A.6 Country logistic regressions explaining civic participationAt CY CZ De DK ee eS FI

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Income .343*** .390*** .158** .130*** .123 .308*** .266*** .082

(.061) (.086) (.055) (.030) (.074) (.049) (.036) (.098)Female -.400*** -.451*** -.422*** -.238*** -.121 .020 -.223*** .187***

(.070) (.084) (.065) (.047) (.068) (.080) (.049) (.049)Age -.026 .002 -.028 -.023 .118*** -.015 .040* -.052*

(.027) (.032) (.027) (.017) (.029) (.031) (.018) (.020)Age squared .000 .000 .000 .000 -.001*** .000 -.000 .001**

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married .002 -.442*** .082 -.119* -.181* -.085 -.053 -.328***

(.084) (.127) (.091) (.057) (.085) (.104) (.058) (.064)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .010 -.489** -.042 -.069 -.126 .005 .045 -.175*

(.095) (.152) (.087) (.060) (.113) (.111) (.092) (.079)widowed .247 -.093 .054 .213 -.170 .170 .215 -.335

(.174) (.228) (.146) (.128) (.246) (.165) (.123) (.179)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .054 .369** .504*** -.052 .250* .726*** .121 .165*

(.095) (.114) (.095) (.066) (.101) (.125) (.065) (.076)working part-time .213 .450* .318 .158* .114 .948*** .178 .126

(.118) (.188) (.189) (.065) (.131) (.201) (.100) (.103)unemployed .038 -.292 -.389* -.491*** -.130 -.122 -.079 -.295**

(.177) (.259) (.183) (.096) (.204) (.270) (.099) (.108)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education .664*** .501*** .695*** .389*** .391*** .254 .597*** .446***

(.100) (.104) (.132) (.086) (.087) (.149) (.061) (.066)Post-secondary and tertiary 1.115*** .922*** 1.589*** .826*** .900*** .987*** .874*** .976***

(.110) (.122) (.151) (.087) (.096) (.152) (.060) (.079)Constant -1.022 -1.222 -1.622** -.584 -3.277*** -2.506*** -2.314*** .852*

(.576) (.692) (.574) (.395) (.634) (.682) (.409) (.432)Observations 4747 2959 5676 10221 4113 4463 9415 7622Pseudo r2 .045 .074 .065 .027 .035 .067 .047 .038


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Table A.6 continuedFr Gr Hu Ie IS It Lt Lu

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Income .171*** .214*** .107*** .293* .081 .187*** .252*** .394***

(.040) (.046) (.028) (.147) (.072) (.025) (.049) (.075)Female -.306*** -.348*** -.293*** -.210* -.207* -.456*** .102 -.284***

(.055) (.085) (.080) (.090) (.104) (.040) (.113) (.084)Age .009 .062 .030 .083* .084* .013 -.008 .057*

(.022) (.032) (.032) (.033) (.039) (.016) (.047) (.029)Age squared .000 -.001 -.000 -.001* -.001* .000 .000 -.000

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.001) (.000)never married -.229*** .148 -.007 -.225* -.157 .229*** .097 .301**

(.067) (.105) (.111) (.095) (.122) (.045) (.193) (.098)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated -.118 .038 .150 -.114 -.147 .282*** .186 .067

(.084) (.173) (.102) (.137) (.189) (.072) (.147) (.114)widowed .106 -.219 .297* -.266 -1.293* -.101 .202 .352

(.156) (.230) (.149) (.173) (.534) (.112) (.226) (.222)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime -.054 .382*** .387*** .381** .162 .255*** .768*** .025

(.080) (.107) (.104) (.139) (.151) (.053) (.177) (.111)working part-time .055 .111 .466* .224 .255 .238** .847** .239

(.103) (.190) (.214) (.123) (.205) (.084) (.318) (.137)unemployed -.208 -.664** -.426 -.132 .360 -.042 .163 -.378

(.127) (.240) (.231) (.212) (.527) (.096) (.303) (.211)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education .290*** .608*** .754*** .647*** .623*** .605*** .799* .679***

(.077) (.105) (.132) (.114) (.119) (.046) (.323) (.090)Post-secondary and tertiary .901*** 1.080*** 1.886*** 1.047*** 1.065*** 1.178*** 1.551*** 1.032***

(.086) (.108) (.142) (.119) (.128) (.052) (.312) (.104)Constant -1.300** -3.566*** -3.974*** -2.813*** -2.003* -2.432*** -4.380*** -2.333***

(.474) (.726) (.692) (.768) (.829) (.346) (1.042) (.621)Observations 6642 4146 5976 3047 1954 16524 3606 3295Pseudo r2 .033 .073 .082 .089 .051 .063 .066 .078


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an van de Werfhorst

Table A.6 continuedLV nL nO PL Pt Se SK uK

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Income .067* .318*** -.055 .314*** .183*** .379*** .027 .245***

(.030) (.089) (.031) (.035) (.039) (.084) (.038) (.038)Female .137 -.121 -.313*** -.338*** -.557*** -.181** -.350*** -.249***

(.106) (.087) (.086) (.062) (.097) (.066) (.070) (.056)Age .017 -.059* .176*** .066** .028 .101*** .008 -.024

(.040) (.030) (.032) (.025) (.039) (.024) (.029) (.020)Age squared -.000 .001* -.002*** -.001* -.000 -.001*** -.000 .000*

(.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000) (.000)never married .028 -.426*** -.323** .138 .243 -.053 .015 -.127

(.145) (.088) (.101) (.082) (.134) (.077) (.099) (.066)married ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.Divorced/Separated .006 -.566*** -.054 .147 .058 -.217* -.094 -.083

(.123) (.103) (.124) (.112) (.188) (.094) (.117) (.100)widowed -.071 .034 -.074 .158 .509* .426 .283 -.142

(.191) (.193) (.280) (.138) (.243) (.291) (.144) (.077)not on the labour market ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.working fulltime .881*** -.042 .420*** .524*** .473** .234* .347** .021

(.173) (.118) (.114) (.092) (.145) (.097) (.116) (.071)working part-time .395 .126 .286 .616*** .249 .121 .425* .143

(.303) (.108) (.164) (.154) (.248) (.112) (.207) (.082)unemployed -.327 -.381 -.255 -.094 .109 -.377* -.091 -.365*

(.320) (.253) (.307) (.141) (.232) (.179) (.164) (.182)Lower secondary education and below ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref. ref.upper secondary education .059 .546*** .337** .891*** .386** .481*** .512*** .602***

(.178) (.089) (.110) (.135) (.140) (.092) (.149) (.071)Post-secondary and tertiary .688*** .931*** 1.015*** 2.061*** 1.072*** .923*** 1.303*** .945***

(.182) (.097) (.119) (.146) (.145) (.100) (.167) (.073)Constant -3.350*** 1.955** -4.116*** -5.027*** -2.648** -2.516*** -1.911** -.626

(.884) (.655) (.698) (.549) (.864) (.532) (.595) (.446)Observations 3254 4309 2710 11801 3069 4627 4112 6831Pseudo r2 .051 .041 .058 .122 .072 .039 .040 .047


Page • 19


Tabl

e A.

6 co

ntin

ued

LVnL

nOPL

PtSe

SKuK

1718

1920

2122

2324

Inco

me

.067

*.3

18**

*-.

055

.314

***

.183

***

.379

***

.027

.245

***

(.030

)(.0

89)

(.031

)(.0

35)

(.039

)(.0

84)

(.038

)(.0

38)

Fem

ale.1

37-.

121

-.31

3***

-.33

8***

-.55

7***

-.18

1**

-.35

0***

-.24

9***

(.106

)(.0

87)

(.086

)(.0

62)

(.097

)(.0

66)

(.070

)(.0

56)

Age

.017

-.05

9*.1

76**

*.0

66**

.028

.101

***

.008

-.02

4(.0

40)

(.030

)(.0

32)

(.025

)(.0

39)

(.024

)(.0

29)

(.020

)Ag

e sq

uare

d-.

000

.001

*-.

002*

**-.

001*

-.00

0-.

001*

**-.

000

.000

*(.0

00)

(.000

)(.0

00)

(.000

)(.0

00)

(.000

)(.0

00)

(.000

)ne

ver m

arrie

d.0

28-.

426*

**-.

323*

*.1

38.2

43-.

053

.015

-.12

7(.1

45)

(.088

)(.1

01)

(.082

)(.1

34)

(.077

)(.0

99)

(.066

)ma

rrie

dre

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.Di

vorc

ed/S

epar

ated

.006

-.56

6***

-.05

4.1

47.0

58-.

217*

-.09

4-.

083

(.123

)(.1

03)

(.124

)(.1

12)

(.188

)(.0

94)

(.117

)(.1

00)

wid

owed

-.07

1.0

34-.

074

.158

.509

*.4

26.2

83-.

142

(.191

)(.1

93)

(.280

)(.1

38)

(.243

)(.2

91)

(.144

)(.0

77)

not o

n th

e lab

our m

arke

tre

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.re

f.w

orki

ng fu

lltim

e.8

81**

*-.

042

.420

***

.524

***

.473

**.2

34*

.347

**.0

21(.1

73)

(.118

)(.1

14)

(.092

)(.1

45)

(.097

)(.1

16)

(.071

)w

orki

ng p

art-

time

.395

.126

.286

.616

***

.249

.121

.425

*.1

43(.3

03)

(.108

)(.1

64)

(.154

)(.2

48)

(.112

)(.2

07)

(.082

)un

empl

oyed

-.32

7-.

381

-.25

5-.

094

.109

-.37

7*-.

091

-.36

5*(.3

20)

(.253

)(.3

07)

(.141

)(.2

32)

(.179

)(.1

64)

(.182

)Lo

wer s

econ

dary

edu

catio

n an

d be

low

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

ref.

uppe

r sec

onda

ry e

duca

tion

.059

.546

***

.337

**.8

91**

*.3

86**

.481

***

.512

***

.602

***

(.178

)(.0

89)

(.110

)(.1

35)

(.140

)(.0

92)

(.149

)(.0

71)

Post

-sec

onda

ry an

d te

rtiar

y.6

88**

*.9

31**

*1.

015*

**2.

061*

**1.

072*

**.9

23**

*1.

303*

**.9

45**

*(.1

82)

(.097

)(.1

19)

(.146

)(.1

45)

(.100

)(.1

67)

(.073

)Co

nsta

nt-3

.350

***

1.95

5**

-4.1

16**

*-5

.027

***

-2.6

48**

-2.5

16**

*-1

.911

**-.

626

(.884

)(.6

55)

(.698

)(.5

49)

(.864

)(.5

32)

(.595

)(.4

46)

Obse

rvat

ions

3254

4309

2710

1180

130

6946

2741

1268

31Ps

eudo

r2

.051

.041

.058

.122

.072

.039

.040

.047

Sour

ce: E

U-S

ILC

200

6, E

uros

tat;

* p<

0.05

, **

p<0.

01, *

** p

<0.

001

(rob

ust s

tand

ard

erro

rs, t

wo-

taile

d te

sts)

.

GInI Discussion Papers

Recent publications of GINI. They can be downloaded from the website www.gini-research.org under the subject Papers.

DP 6 Income Inequality and Participation: A Comparison of 24 european Countries + Appendix

Bram Lancee and Herman van de Werfhorst January 2011

DP 5 Household Joblessness and Its Impact on Poverty and Deprivation in europe

Marloes de Graaf-Zijl January 2011

DP 4 Inequality Decompositions - A reconciliation

Frank A. Cowell and Carlo V. Fiorio December 2010

DP 3 A new Dataset of educational Inequality

Elena Meschi and Francesco Scervini December 2010

DP 2 Coverage and adequacy of minimum Income schemes in the european union

Francesco Figari, Tina Haux, Manos Matsaganis and Holly Sutherland November 2010

DP 1 Distributional Consequences of Labor Demand Adjustments to a Downturn. A model-based Approach with Application to Germany 2008-09

Olivier Bargain, Herwig Immervoll, Andreas Peichl and Sebastian Siegloch September 2010

http://www.uva-aias.net

Page • 20


Page • 21


Information on the GInI project

AimsThe core objective of GINI is to deliver important new answers to questions of great interest to European societies: What are the social, cultural and political impacts that increasing inequalities in income, wealth and education may have? For the answers, GINI combines an interdisciplinary analysis that draws on economics, sociology, political science and health studies, with improved methodologies, uniform measurement, wide country coverage, a clear policy dimension and broad dissemination.

Methodologically, GINI aims to:

● exploit differences between and within 29 countries in inequality levels and trends for understanding the impacts and teasing out implications for policy and institutions,

● elaborate on the effects of both individual distributional positions and aggregate inequalities, and

● allow for feedback from impacts to inequality in a two-way causality approach.

The project operates in a framework of policy-oriented debate and international comparisons across all EU countries (except Cyprus and Malta), the USA, Japan, Canada and Australia.

Inequality Impacts and Analysis

Social impacts of inequality include educational access and achievement, individual employment oppor-tunities and labour market behaviour, household joblessness, living standards and deprivation, family and household formation/breakdown, housing and intergenerational social mobility, individual health and life expectancy, and social cohesion versus polarisation. Underlying long-term trends, the economic cycle and the current financial and economic crisis will be incorporated. Politico-cultural impacts investigated are: Do increasing income/educational inequalities widen cultural and political ‘distances’, alienating people from politics, globalisation and European integration? Do they affect individuals’ participation and general social trust? Is acceptance of inequality and policies of redistribution affected by inequality itself ? What effects do political systems (coalitions/winner-takes-all) have? Finally, it focuses on costs and benefi ts of policies limiting income inequality and its effi ciency for mitigating other inequalities (health, housing, education and opportunity), and addresses the question what contributions policy making itself may have made to the growth of inequalities.

Support and ActivitiesThe project receives EU research support to the amount of Euro 2.7 million. The work will result in four main reports and a final report, some 70 discussion papers and 29 country reports. The start of the project is 1 February 2010 for a three-year period. Detailed information can be found on the website.

www.gini-research.org

Amsterdam Institute for Advanced labour Studies

University of Amsterdam

Plantage Muidergracht 12 ● 1018 TV Amsterdam ● The Netherlands

Tel +31 20 525 4199 ● Fax +31 20 525 4301

[email protected] ● www.gini-research.org

Project funded under the Socio-Economic sciencesand Humanities theme.

Documents

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Income … · Distributional Consequences of Labor Demand Adjustments to a Downturn Olivier Bargain, Herwig Immervoll, Andreas Peichl, Sebastian