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USPCAS-E – Final Report

Submitted by: Faisal Nawab

Faculty Advisor: Dr. Brian Fronk

Date Submitted: 06th December 2018

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Lab manual: Thermal Systems Laboratory

Faculty: Dr. Brian Fronk

Submitted by: Faisal Nawab

1. Objectives of the lab:

Objectives of the lab was to get fundamental knowledge about thermal energy systems. To be able to know about the safety principles. Conducting experiments while keeping in mind the safety principles. Designing and finalization of the thermal energy project. Get some knowledge about other equipments and processes used in thermal energy systems such as heat exchangers and pump systems.

2. Summary of research project: Project Title: Measurement of condensation heat transfer of low global warming Potential Fluids The project is to perform experiments to calculate the heat transfer coefficient of R134-a using condensation facility available at the TEST lab. For temperature measurement we use two methods i.e. the temperature is recorded by RTD-s and by the optical fiber. The data is recorded simultaneously by RTD-s and optical fiber. The data recorded is then compared with each other. After measuring heat transfer coefficient experimentally we compared results with three existing correlations. The objective of the project is to calculate heat transfer coefficient at different flow rates and different pressures by both methods and to check the reliability of data recorded by optical fiber. We use counter flow double pipe heat exchanger as a test section. The test section is divided into eight sections. At each section temperature is measured by RTD and optical fiber. The water from the tank passes through the chiller, the chiller cools the water to the desired temperature and then from chiller water enters the test section. At the other end of the test section hot refrigerant after passing through heater enters the test section. In test section the water and refrigerant flow in opposite direction and the refrigerant exchanges heat with the water. In the test section RTD-s measures the water temperature and the outer surface temperature of the inner tube in which refrigerant is flowing. The water temperature is also recorded by the optical fiber. We calculated the enthalpies of water by using the following equation

Δh = Cp ∗ ΔT

Cp= Specific heat of water ΔT= Temperature Difference between two points We calculated the heat gained by the water from the following equation

Q = m_w ∗ Cp ∗ ΔT

m_w= mass flow rate of water Cp= Specific heat of water

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ΔT= Temperature Difference between two points

According to energy balance equation the heat gained by water is equal to heat lost by the refrigerant. So from energy balance equation we calculated the change in enthalpy of the refrigerant.

Q = m_ref ∗ Δhref

m_ref= mass flow rate of water Cp= Specific heat of water Δh_ref= Enthalpy Difference between two points Heat flux through the copper tube can be calculated by the following equation

q = Q/(2 ∗ PI ∗ Di ∗ Ls) Di= internal Diameter of the tube Ls= Length of tube section The heat transfer coefficient can be calculated from the following equation htc = q/(Tsat − Twall) After the calculation of heat transfer, the calculated heat transfer coefficient is

compared with the heat transfer coefficient calculated by the existing correlations.

Comparison with Existing Correlation:

I compiled codes for Shah correlation, Cavallini correlation, Dobson and Chato correlation and compared the results with experimentally calculated heat transfer coefficient. The results are shown in Figure1and figure 2. The results shows that Shah correlation overestimates the heat transfer coefficient while Cavallini correlation underestimates the experimental results. The Dobson and Chato correlation underestimates the heat transfer coefficient at wavy flow regime and overestimates the heat transfer coefficient at annular flow regime.

Figure 1 Comparison with Shah Correlation Figure 2. Comparison with Cavallini Correlation

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Figure 3 Comparison with Dobson and Chato

3. Learning experience in the lab:

The work done in the Thermal energy and transportation lab taught me about research methodology including experiment designing, conducting, data analysis and data comparison. I performed experiments with graduate student Tabeel Jacob and Undergraduate student Ethan Matty. When I first came to thermal lab, I had no knowledge about thermal energy systems as I am an electrical engineer and it was first experience to work on thermal energy systems. Tabeel Jacob and Ethan helped me a lot and they tried their best to help me in performing experiments and compiling codes. At first my supervisor Dr. Brian Fronk helped me a lot in understanding the basic of heat exchangers, pump systems and in spite of his tough schedule, when I faced any problem and whenever I requested his help, he always said yes come to my office and he tried his best to solve the problem. It was all his efforts that I became able to finalize my research work at Oregon State University.

When I started the use of Engineering Equation Solver, Dr. Brian Fronk said that if you face any problem with the software, you can discuss it with the Paul Armatis. Whenever I faced problem in the Engineering Equation solver Software, Paul not only helped me in solving the problem but he also briefed me about the reason why the problem has occurred.

4. Equipment utilized:

I used the following equipment during energy research training at the Thermal Energy system and Transportation Lab

• Condensation Facility • Super Critical CO2 Refrigeration Facility • Luna fiber optic temperature measurement system • High speed camera

2. Thermal System Analysis Training

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• Pipe Flow Designing: In my first assignment I designed the complete pipe flow system. I calculated the pressure drop and friction factor in the pipes made of different materials. I also calculated the effect of Reynold number changes on the friction factor. From this activity I learned that how much inlet pressure will be required for the fluid to pass the pipe. The results I got are shown in the below figures. Figure 5 and 6 shows the relationship of friction factor with the Reynold number and the pressure drop with change in volumetric flow rate.

Figure 4 Friction factor Figure 5 Pressure Drop vs Volumetric Flow Rate

• Heat Exchanger Design: In this task first I designed the double pipe heat exchanger. The designed heat exchanger doesn’t meet the pressure drop criteria because the pressure drop in the designed heat exchange was very high. Then I optimized the heat exchanger to reduce the pressure drop by increases the diameter of tubes used. Then I rate the performance of the heat exchanger.

• Pump system Design: In this I solved different numerical related to pump system. Due to this activity I became able to determine the energy consumption, pressure rise across the pump, the volume flow rate that the pump can deliver, the maximum head of the pump. Also it helped in the designing of any pump system according to the requirement of thermal energy system.

3. Cultural Exchange:

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• OSU football game: I went to Reser Stadium for an American Football match. I came to know about American Football which was very interesting and enjoyed the match and also much impressed by the welcoming behaviour of the local people. The American football game has some resemblance to the Kabaddi game played in Pakistan. The difference is that in Kabaddi you have to stop the player from crossing the line while in American football you have to catch the ball and stop the player from going toward the opposite team goal.

• Portland trip: I explored the beautiful city of the Portland on one trip arranged by INTO Oregon State University for International Students. According to my experience Portland is more beautiful than other cities that I have visited so far. The welcoming behaviour of the people impressed me too much. First of all I visited the Aerial Tram, which is most fun tourist activity in the city. From the aerial I enjoyed view of Portland city and Mount Hood peak. After that I visited the Oak Park where I the ride of roller coaster. Then I went to Oregon Zoo and enjoyed the time in zoo too much. In the evening I visited the Saturday market to do some shopping. The natural beauty of Portland make some resemblance with natural beauty of Islamabad. The transport system especially the train transit system of the Portland is much better than Islamabad.

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• Oregon coast trip:

I also visited the Oregon Coast with Into Oregon State University. It was the last trip of fall term arranged by the INTO for international students. In the morning we first went to Hatfield Marine science centre. The science centre was an unexpected surprise for me with vast display of different ocean creatures and different technologies, such as hand operated wave energy generation models. After visiting the Science Centre we went to Yaquina Head Light house. The view of ocean from the mountain beneath the light house was fabulous.

• San Francisco Tour: In the mid of we were in San Jose for attending Global Humanitarian Technology. On the 2nd day after having a tough first day at conference, Dr. Kendra Sharp arranged a one day tour of San Francisco for us. We visited the Civic Center and visited the main San Francisco city Hall. The Hall has a recognizable gold-outlined dome, the fifth-largest in the world. After visiting civic center we visited China town, the largest and oldest Chinese neighbourhood in North America. We also enjoyed the view of whole city from the Twin Peaks. After visiting Twin Peaks we took the bus to Golden Gate Bridge, we enjoyed too much at the golden gate bridge. The iconic arches of San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge are known over the world as a symbol of California and the San Francisco Bay area. Then we went to Fisherman’s Wharf a popular tourist area because of its beautiful scenery and lot of shops museum and other attractions. Then we visited the San Francisco Bay Cruise, one of the most beautiful and historical Bays in the United States. There we took a boat ride and enjoyed the scenic views of Golden Gate and Alcatraz Jail from the boat. The last point of our tour was Lombard Street, famous for having eight steep, hairpin turns climbing up a one-block stretch between Hyde and Leavenworth Streets.

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• Barbecue Party at Dr Brian Home: In the last week of summer term Dr Brian has arranged a Barbecue Party for student at his home. I also went to attend the party. I enjoyed the vegetable barbecue and played a game with other student.

4. Classroom Instruction and Seminars

During my stay at Oregon State University I took a course of Engineering Economy and Management. In these I learned about the critical issues in engineering Economy and project Management. Economic, time and performance parameters of the projects are also discussed in the course. After taking this I found myself able to perform different economical calculation involving the time value of money. I also learned the basics of Net present worth, Equivalent Annual Worth, Internal rate of return, Benefit-Cost Ratio, risk assessment mitigation plan and contingency plan. I also performed the resource and cost analysis of the project and applied project management techniques to create a project. I also created the project management and financial documents with the help of project management and spreadsheet software.

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Appendix A – ASU Excursion Report

Fall Break Excursion

As an international students it’s very puzzling to understand American culture due to large variations in them. People are straight forward and prefer to respect each other personal space and time. The none-smoking regions in different public areas are really key point of attractions to me. They prefer to have prioritized individual liberty. They love to do sport, and traveling in their free time, which is common to my culture back in Pakistan.

Moreover, I think, there are very less common things in Americans and Pakistanis. Pakistanis think way differently than Americans. The only common thing to me is eating good and more food. Internationally American culture and people are not presented in a positive way. The same happens in Pakistan. A lot of effort is needed to change opinion of Pakistani people about Americans and American culture. The trip helped me in looking closely at the American cultures which I think is way different then it is presented back in Pakistan.

The different stops were worthwhile in changing my point of view about American people. It helped me in interacting with more local communities and discussing different issues including science, politics and media reporting. I found people of Oregon more welcoming and cooperative than other states. I feel kind a home at Oregon. Due to the large difference in our cultural values, it was difficult to do a comparison of these two cultures. The only comparison I can draw at the moment is American are really friendly people, I came across so far in America.

Our great experience was Hoover dam, which is a great point of attraction. I learned a lot about hydel power generation. I found that how a power generation unit can help in generating a huge income by attracting tourists from different regions of the world. Griffith Observatory was a great point of attraction especially it helped me in understanding of the galaxy system and provided an opportunity to see the historic things like telescopes etc.

As we visited Grand Canyon where the most amazing point was skywalk over there. I liked the dance of native people while playing their traditional music at Grand Canyon and their old traditional living rooms were found. After that, we start moving to Nevada state and the second day we visited the Hoover Dam. This Dam was a point of attraction and shocking news that they completed this dam in five years with men power. On third day we have been to Griffith Observatory and Universal Studios that was the most amazing day of my life. We spend the whole day and enjoyed the different ride over there. On 4th day we visited the Disneyland and it was also very interesting.

In Pakistan, we have huge hydel power production dams, like Tarbela dam, Mangla dam and Warsak dam. In my opinion, they can be converted to great point of attractions over there to generate extra income.

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Appendix B – Seminar Summary Sheet

Seminar Number 1 Seminar Title Keeping your Friends Secret: Improving Private Set Intersection Seminar Speaker Peter Rindal Time, Date Place 13:00, August 16,2018, 1007 Kelley Engineering Center Summary (minimum 300 words): The problem of isolating the items in common in between sets arises in variety of circumstances. For example when people meet, it is convenient to identify friends in common. Digital approaches used for solving this requires both sets to be present on the same computer, but privacy concerns make it difficult to share all the data. To solve this problem of privacy concerns Private set Intersection techniques have been developed. These techniques uses the information common to both parties. The parties know the information about each other which is common and all the other information is not shown to the any party. Recent advances in the Private set intersection protocols had proposed Semi honest protocols as an alternative to unsecure protocols. In semi honest protocols if both the parties are honest than the information remains safe but in the presence of one hostile party the security of the protocols breaks and the information of the party may leaks and the amount data communicated is larger than the data communicated in insecure protocols. This work advances the state of the art Private set intersection techniques by strengthening the semi honest secure private set intersection techniques to be sheltered in the malicious model. Improving the performance by the application of more effective primitives. Increase the usability of the state of the art private set intersection techniques in the real world problems. The new proposed protocols are based on a combination of fast symmetric primitives and fully homographic encryption. Our proposed model securely computed the data set of size 2^20 in just few seconds and the operation time is 450 times faster than the existing best malicious-secure protocol and only 3 time slower than best semi honest private set intersection protocol. The computation of intersection between set size 2^10 and 2^28, the protocol requires 5 second operation time and capture only 5 Mb storage. Seminar Number 2 Seminar Title Renewable energy in the Pacific Northwest - technical and economic

analysis of 100% renewable portfolios Seminar Speaker Scott Harpool Time, Date Place 07:00, August 27,2018, 1007 Kelley Engineering Center Summary (minimum 300 words): The traditional power grid relies on the thermal generation and sometimes hydroelectricity. The distribution system is radial and one way. Fuel for thermal such as coal and furnace oil can be stored and transported to the power generation station according to the requirements. System load is nowadays predictable and depends on the conditions of weather, time of the day etc. The fossil fuels we using for generation is depleting rapidly and also causes the serious environmental impacts. Due to economic and political issues the supply of the traditional fuels may cuts. Increasing the use of renewable energy resources can solve this problems but renewable energy resources are variable and non-dispatch able. This complicates the integration of renewable into the power grid. This research discusses the different options that how we can convert our existing power grid to 100 percent renewable resources based grid in the pacific Northwest. For designing the model four weather, generation and load data will be used and also the variety of renewable energy resources will be discussed. In this study the challenges in renewable energy source diversity and energy storage are incorporated. Different portfolios was evaluated based on the percentage share of different renewable energy resources. In the lowest cost portfolio the wave

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energy generation has significant share. The current cost of the wave energy is very high but the less variable nature of the wave energy plays an important role in the integration to the grid system. For storage the performance of the batteries is evaluated but the cost of batteries make it impractical. For energy storage the single pumped hydro storage facility is also modeled but it has insufficient capacity for energy storage for long time but the pumped hydro storage showed extra savings. To address seasonal variation in load and energy resources availability we can limit the use of biomass energy to season with higher load and low wind and hydro availability. Seminar Number 3 Seminar Title Scalable Clean cooking Stove matching the cooking habits of Ghana

and Uganda Seminar Speaker Jan-Carel Diehl Time, Date Place 14:30 October 19,2018 Carmel Hall, Double Tree Hotel San Jose, Ca Summary: Over 2 billion people uses cook stoves for cooking purpose which is about thirty three percent of the total world population. Charcoal is becoming a popular fuel in urban Africa. There are about 4 million pre mature deaths due to smoke inhalations. Due to inefficient conversion process of charcoal, the forest area is declining day by day. The clean cook stoves are often universal or context specific (made according to specific needs). The project is based on two goals that are People- matching Technology and context variation by Design. The project is based on the one clean cooking stove designed in India which is universal type clean cook stove and the authors of project has made some changes in the design to make it match able for the cooking habits of urban Ghana and Urban Uganda i.e. converting it to context specific cook stove. The old design named Prakti is based on two main principles of reduced emissions and reduced fuels consumptions. In this project there are two different scenarios i.e. the cooking habits of urban Uganda is different from the cooking habits of urban Ghana and the available sensitive technology is one i.e. the Prakti Clean Cook Stove. So the authors have made changes according to needs of the two areas which are quite different from each other. The authors analyzed the different favorite’s foods, the pan and pot designs of the two areas and then made changes in the fuel filling space and pan and pot handling part of the stove. They also changed the position of air entering holes so that more fuel can be adjusted in the same fuel filling space As in one round base pots are used and in the other country flat base pots are used for cooking. Similarly some food requires more power for cooking so more fuel is needed while the other requires less power for cooking. So making the design in that context was achieved for both locations. Also option for gas extension is also added to the design. Seminar Number 4 Seminar Title Design and Implementation of a monitoring system for decision support

in a micro- business based on solar energy micro-grid in rural Columbia Seminar Speaker Ingvild Forseth (NTNU, Norway) Time, Date Place 16:22 October 19,2018 Carmel Hall, Double Tree Hotel San Jose, Ca Summary (minimum 300 words): In Columbia about 23 million people have no access to electricity. The country on the basis of energy can be divided into two zones one is interconnected zone which has access to electricity through national grid and other non-interconnected zone which include villages and localities that are not connected to the national grid. The main theme of the project is to establish a methodology to bring new technology for electricity supplies to isolated areas and to ensure the sustainability of rural electrification projects. The area selected for the project is rural area of municipality of Timbiui (Cauca). The project implemented the power generation system based on solar power

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that generates electricity and income that is used for the welfare of community. Two solar systems are installed one at a school and other at a refrigeration center. The capacity of system at school is 1.5 KW covering the needs of 7 classrooms and computer labs. The refrigeration center system is composed of six DC refrigerators, each of 160 liters capacity. The installed refrigeration system has allowed community to create new business ideas to market the products they grow. They store fish and other things at refrigeration center for flat charges per kilogram and the refrigeration center is generating about 330 US Dollars per month. Social appropriation of knowledge and technology transfer is ensured for project sustainability. To train the local people the community involvement in implementation and installation process was ensured. The community involvement will guarantee the continuity and proper operation of the project for the next years. The only problem with the system was that it doesn’t give any information about the battery charge level to the operators and due to forests and rains the power consumption is greater than power generation due to which the battery discharges completely. For solution of this problem the monitoring system was designed which shows information of battery charge level and the monitoring system was also able to give information about the power consumption of refrigerators and it also directs the operator that how power is left in the batteries and that power is sufficient for how much refrigerators operation for 24 hours. Seminar Number 5 Seminar Title DC approximate models for Monitoring Mini Grid Systems Seminar Speaker Daniel Zimmerle (Colorado State University, USA) Time, Date Place 16:45 October 19,2018 Carmel Hall, Double Tree Hotel San Jose, Ca Summary: Extension of existing grid system in different countries is very expensive because of spread population and vast. Also with the increase in length of transmission lines the power losses also increases which also adds to the cast of energy. So nowadays researchers are interested in finding the alternating ways to solve this problem. Research on Mini grids has gained the momentum in this space as a low cost low cost solution to this problem. Mini grids have been noted as a lower cost and more efficient alternative over traditional grid-compatible power distribution. In this project model of mini-grid for small agricultural villages up to 100 households has been designed. The purpose of this project is to provide power for lighting, cell phones charging and small commercial load. In project combination of commercial of the shelf components has been used which reduced the price. The use of already available components reduces control and management options since most available products have limited control options than components that are designed for specific purpose. Because of using COTS products the only communication between the different modules of the system is the voltages that are sensed at the DC battery Bus. The charging and discharging of battery plays an important role in the communication of different modules so the battery behavior requires modeling very intensively and also requires developing of good battery model. For this purpose the author started simulations for modeling of battery. He divided the simulations in three categories.

Power Balance: It models sources, load and losses as power sources sinks. Electrical circuits are not modeled but losses are included in power calculations. This category doesn’t model the input voltage and current needed to simulate the control behavior of system components. Transient Simulations: It includes device and device control behavior at sub-cycle resolution. The main disadvantage of these simulations is that it is not computational intractable for the multiyear simulations required changes in system size.

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Time-stepped Load flow: This model of simulations uses non-dynamic simulation of voltage and current to co-simulate the supervisory control algorithms with the power system components but it disregards electrical transient behaviors and related transient controls. Seminar Number 6 Seminar Title Design of Hybrid Solar-Hydro for village school in China Seminar Speaker Xiaoyu Duan (Tsinghua University, P.R. China) Time, Date Place 17:07 October 19,2018 Carmel Hall, Double Tree Hotel San Jose, Ca Summary: Some villages in western china are not connected to the national grid, the people of these areas mostly rely on the small capacity hydro generators for power supply. These generators are not able to fulfill the electricity demand of people in dry seasons. This project for a school is a part of Dream Grid Project which is dedicated to building Photovoltaic micro grids for the school in remote parts of western china to meet their basic lighting and education demands. The overall project duration is five years which includes designing of hybrid micro grids of capacity 70+ kw for six schools. The micro grid for one primary school in Zongke village has been completed. The school building consists of two dorm halls, teaching building and canteen. The area has good hydel potential but the water in dry season is not available. The total daily demand of electricity is 26 KW and the maximum instantaneous load is 7 KW. Before the project installation energy supply was dependent on hydel plant and small 5 KW gasoline generators and in dry season the system was not able to operate the computers and audio-visual devices in the school. The area has very good solar potential and the total annual insolation is about 5900 MJ/m2. The power sources for designed system are 10.5 KW solar panel, 20 KW hydro power plants and 5 KW gasoline generators. The system also contains 39.5 KWh battery bank which is enough for 1.5 days of backup. The total cost of the project was about 19000 US Dollars. The cost per unit of the system for ten year duration is about 29 cents. The designed system capacity is more than the demand of school so the extra electricity is sold to 21 houses that generate five hundred and twenty five dollars annual revenue due to which the per unit cost of project reduces by 4 cents. The area is very far from the big cities so for maintenance and operation of local person is trained and employed. The system has been operated for operating for one entire year and created more than 13 MWh hour of electricity for the school and the nearby houses. Seminar Number 7 Seminar Title “Roshini” Do it yourself solar light design. Seminar Speaker Siddharth Nair (Indian Institute of Science, India) Time, Date Place 08:52 October 21,2018, Room Santa Clara , Double Tree Hotel San

Jose, Ca Summary: In this project the author tried to develop the solar powered light from the materials such as used solar panel, used battery, used water bottle and used sensors and logic circuit. The methodology used by authors consists of three main steps. First step is define the need and problem, the second step is the generate concept design and the third step is Prototyping and validation. The second step includes generating concepts, Evaluation of the various concepts and the concept selection and prototype specification. Third step includes developing of mock prototype, functional prototype development and testing, training of user and design of final prototype. First they tried to use digital microcontroller Arduino and other sensors that are compatible with the Arduino when they made it and give it to villagers, the people were not able to build more for their own because of complexity of Arduino programming. Then they change their idea because the main aim of the project was to make such a lamp that local villagers may

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be able to assemble it and then make more lights for their own use. Then the authors made another model with analog logic circuit and sensors when they introduce it to the villagers they were able assemble and make more lights for their own use. Their project was based on three aims safe sanitation, access to low cost electricity and youth empowerment. To fulfill each there are some requirements which are to be considered in designing process. Such as for Safe sanitation it is necessary to empower women and educate people and make people agree to adopt the technology. To make it low cost the logistic, maintenance, low cost of raw materials used should be less. Also the project should not require any extra infrastructure for installation. The use of used water bottles and used solar panels will help in waste management. The aim of youth empowerment requires the vocational training and making the mind set of youth for adoption of using these lights. Seminar Number 8 Seminar Title MS-FINAL Exam: New Detection methods for Transmission at Faster

Than Nyquist Rates Using Quasi-Orthogonal Sequences Seminar Speaker ZHOU FANG Time, Date Place 09:00, October 31,2018, 1007 Kelly Engineering Center Summary: When first Direct sequence Spread spectrum was invented it got application in military applications for anti-Jamming purposes. Walsh codes back of Code Division Multiple Access (a method used by various radio communication technologies) having good auto correlation properties and poor cross correlation properties, is one of the codes used in Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum systems. For any spreading code of length N, there are exist equal number of orthogonal codes. Using more than N codes in transmission of data will increase the interference and also the bit error rate in the data sets. For receiving complete code without interference, the Nyquist rate bound the symbol rate with Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. The goal of the research is to define new ways for signaling with rates higher than Nyquist rates. Basically faster than Nyquist rate means more bits than Nyquist rate per second in the same bandwidth without compromising the bit error rate of transmission. The author used three techniques for transmission of data at rates higher than Nyquist rates. In first method he used quasi orthogonal codes to allow number of transmission codes greater than N and each code having length N. The interference between the transmitted data is calculated. Then Multi-layer perception scheme is used at receiver end to detect the signal transmitted at the rate higher than Nyquist rate. The bit error rate and interference of the transmitted signal is calculated. In third stage the Long short time memory system is used at the receiver for the detection of higher rate signal. Also the bit error rate and interference is calculated for the third technique. The performances of all the three schemes are evaluated and simulated. The results of this study are then compared with the existing traditional correlations schemes used for detections of signals transmitted at rates higher than Nyquist rates. Seminar Number 9 Seminar Title PhD Oral Preliminary Exam New Architectures and Circuits for

CMOS Optical Detectors Seminar Speaker Hyunkyu Ouh Time, Date Place 02:00, November 05,2018, 1007 Kelly Engineering Center Summary: In this research the author has defined the different approaches for the different novel architectures of Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-Conductors (CMOS). Single photon avalanche Diode (SPAD) detectors has very low light sensing with pulse based digital output. They are basically used for time based operations. New Single Photon Avalanche Diode detectors are able to count the photon in analog domain, due to which the loss of fill factor is reduced, but the application of

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Single Photon Avalanche Diodes is limited to low light detection. In this author proposed an approach for combining Single photon avalanche diode operation and linear mode operation to increase the low light detection range of a photo detector, while integrating both operations to increase the frame rate. In this combination single mode operation is used for low light measurement while linear mode operation is used for high light measurement. To enable dual mode operation small light to frequency convertor is installed with each photodiode, which measure the continuous photocurrent. For controlling Single Photon Avalanche diode Quench reset circuits are used. In second part of research Code Division multiplex based measurement scheme is applied to the current mode sensors. Instead of encoding sensors at transmitter side orthogonal coding applied on the receiver side. This approach improved the signal to noise ratio over Time Division Multiplexing, and also enabled Code Division Multiplexing based detecting of un-modulated signal. This research work designs and implements the complete Code Division Multiplex sensor architecture which can be applied to any array of CMOS-Integrated Photo Detectors. This approach can be used for any current sensing systems and arrayed sensor systems. The main benefit of proposed architecture is reduced noise through increased effective integration time. The update rate of each sensor is faster for each integration time, which is very useful in image sensing and other control systems. The single pixel fill factor is improved to ninety percent. Seminar Number 10 Seminar Title Investigation of energy barrier heights within metal-insulator-metal

devices via internal photoemission spectroscopy Seminar Speaker Melanie Jenkins Time, Date Place 10:00, November 15,2018, 1007 Kelley Engineering Center Summary: Metal-Insulator-Metal tunnel diodes are used in high speed applications such as rectenna based energy harvesting. The tunnel diodes operate on the principle of Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, which is rest on electric field and the energy barrier heights between the metals and insulator. Smooth bottom electrode is essential for providing uniform electric field and charge transportation. Amorphous metals can be used for this purpose. The ZnCuAlNi has been used as a bottom electrode for Metal-Insulator-Metal devices, which performed well, but it creates thermal instability at high temperatures. Tantalum based elements such as TaWSi and TaNiSi have shown high thermal stability at very high temperatures. Fowler-Nordheim tunneling is dependent on the metal-insulator and insulator-metal barrier heights, so the determination of these barriers is very necessary for the predicting and optimizing the MIM diode device operation. The barrier height depends on the metal deposition method and interface properties. For measuring barrier interface heights Internal Photoemission spectroscopy can be used. In this work Internal Photoemission spectroscopy is used to determine the metal-insulator barrier heights with Tantalum based bottom electrode or poly crystalline TaN, using both Aluminum and Gold as top electrodes. Internal emission measurements are performed using 150 Watt Xenon arc lamp. The light from the lamp was passed through monochromator and then through long pass filter to reduce the second order diffraction. The light then target the device under consideration. Electric voltage is applied to bottom electrode and the top electrode was kept at ground. The light induced current is examined for each voltage applied to bottom plate and then quantum yield was calculated. From the plots of quantum yield against the spectral thresholds can be determined. Samples with TaWSi, TaNiSi or TaN bottom electrodes and Au top electrodes conceded the barrier height between 4.2 and 4.3 electron volt. Barrie heights with top gold plates cannot be determined because of lack of consistent linear regions. TaWSi due to its good work function and smooth surface has a good work function than ZnCuALNi

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Seminar Number 11 Seminar Title Energy harvesting from human body heat using thermoelectric

generators for battery less low-power wearables Seminar Speaker Soumya Bose Time, Date Place 14:00, November 9,2018, 1007 Kelley Engineering Center Summary (minimum 300 words): Human body is continuous source of thermal energy, which is available all the time. Thermoelectric energy harvesting is a good approach for powering the wearable devices. Thermoelectric Generators can be used to convert this thermal energy to electricity. The temperature difference between the body and the environment is very small and can generate only tens of millivolts using thermoelectric harvesters. To increase the voltage to a level required for powering integrated circuits a DC-DC Boost convertor is used. The Convertor should be able to operate on the low voltage generated by the harvester to ensure the true battery less operation. The operation of convertor on such a low voltage is itself a big challenge. In past several approaches has been prepared for independent cold start of thermoelectric generators. Such as mechanical switching which uses the vibrations assisted by the body movement. Also off chip transformer can used to enable low voltage operation. The proposed model consists of ultra-low voltage ring oscillator, cross coupled complementary charge pump for better derivability, and a low strobe generator is used for starting the inductive boost convertor. The charge pump clock is generated by the integrated ring oscillator with reaches stacked inverter delay elements. The boosted voltage from the pump is used to operate the gate of the inductive boost convertor. The convertor provides energy to the output capacitor. As the energy transfer begins the ring oscillator starts up to operate the primary boost convertor. Once the voltage across the output capacitor the threshold voltage that can be detected by the detector, the final output voltage is enabled. This architecture enables the low voltage cold start. And minimizes the energy losses in the cold start process. This approach enables the cold start at 57 millivolts, which is the lowest voltage till date that enable the cold start of the thermoelectric harvester. This approach can be used in future for developing high efficiency single inductor thermoelectric harvesters. Seminar Number 12 Seminar Title Renewable energy in the Pacific Northwest - technical and economic

analysis of 100% renewable portfolios Seminar Speaker Scott Harpool Time, Date Place 07:00, August 27,2018, 1007 Kelley Engineering Center Summary (minimum 300 words): The traditional power grid relies on the thermal generation and sometimes hydroelectricity. The distribution system is radial and one way. Fuel for thermal such as coal and furnace oil can be stored and transported to the power generation station according to the requirements. System load is nowadays predictable and depends on the conditions of weather, time of the day etc. The fossil fuels we using for generation is depleting rapidly and also causes the serious environmental impacts. Due to economic and political issues the supply of the traditional fuels may cuts. Increasing the use of renewable energy resources can solve this problems but renewable energy resources are variable and non-dispatch able. This complicates the integration of renewable into the power grid. This research discusses the different options that how we can convert our existing power grid to 100 percent renewable resources based grid in the pacific Northwest. For designing the model four weather, generation and load data will be used and also the variety of renewable energy resources will be discussed. In this study the challenges in renewable energy source diversity and energy storage are incorporated. Different portfolios was evaluated based on the percentage share of different renewable energy resources. In the lowest cost portfolio the wave

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energy generation has significant share. The current cost of the wave energy is very high but the less variable nature of the wave energy plays an important role in the integration to the grid system. For storage the performance of the batteries is evaluated but the cost of batteries make it impractical. For energy storage the single pumped hydro storage facility is also modeled but it has insufficient capacity for energy storage for long time but the pumped hydro storage showed extra savings. To address seasonal variation in load and energy resources availability we can limit the use of biomass energy to season with higher load and low wind and hydro availability. Seminar Number 13 Seminar Title MS Final Exam – A Blockchain-Enabled Protocol for Distributed

IoT Resource Sharing on-Demand Seminar Speaker Mohamed Al-Kalbani Time, Date Place 09:300, December 6,2018, 1005 Kelley Engineering Center Summary: In this paper, author propose a Block chain based dispersed procedure for permitting positioning of dynamic, on-demand Internet of Things networks. Specifically, the proposed protocol lever-ages Block chain technology to enable distributed and secure authentication, registration, and management of internet of things devices. Secondly it provide rapid detection of Internet of things resources and scalable and safe instantiation of on-demand networks and in last it accomplish payment operations and guarantee consistent fund transfers among the network entities. The proposed protocol relies on a peer to peer network infrastructure to permit communication among the internet of things devices in a distributed manner. It uses a self-recovery and self-healing mechanism to guarantee robustness against device failure and maliciousness and this is one the contribution that author has made in the present work which decreases the maintenance of the whole system. The protocol also presents and uses a reputation system to monitor registered devices to keep track of their service delivery quality so that their service delivery reputations could be leveraged for future device selection and mapping. We implemented and considered the proposed protocol intensively using simulations to assess its scalability to network sizes and robustness to device failures. Seminar Number 14 Seminar Title PhD Preliminary Oral Exam- Learning from Examples and

Interaction Seminar Speaker Mandana Hamidi Haines Time, Date Place 13:00, December 6,2018, 1005 Kelley Engineering Center Summary: Mostly human learns by networking with other people. So the machines should be able to learn from their surroundings Artificial intelligence is form of computer that can perform the work performed by human beings but in a faster and efficient way. Artificial Intelligence can perform ways of thinking, reasoning, generalizing and learning from experiences. Artificial intelligence has been improved since the ways of machine learning has become more common. Artificial intelligence is very involved in our lives, the challenge of interaction with humans is becoming more apparent. In this work three different machine learning challenges are discussed in which the learning from human’s behavior and surroundings has improved the efficiency of the artificial intelligence system. In first solution is to lean the user’s policy from a set of trajectories and intention queries at selected states. It is very difficult to observe the internal intention of the user. For this purpose the author developed an algorithm for leaning the intention of the user from the state action trajectories. Prototype demonstration proved the technique is effective and simpler than learning non-hierarchical policies. Second Challenge relates to active multi label learning where the queries are restricted to come from randomly varying subsets. For this problem they

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propose the idea of permutation policies. In which the queries are ordered by permutation and then choosing the first query in the order that is available. The third one is the problem of explaining the decisions of deep neural networks using human-recognizable visual and/or linguistic concepts. Our approach, called interactive naming, is based on enabling human annotators to interactively group the excitation patterns of the neurons in the critical layer of the network into groups called “visual concepts". We performed a systematic study visual concepts produced by five human annotators. Seminar Number 15 Seminar Title PhD Final Exam – Pixel- and Frame-level Video Labeling using

Spatial and Temporal Convolutional Networks Seminar Speaker Peng Lei Time, Date Place 13:00, December 7,2018, 1005 Kelley Engineering Center Summary: In videos it is very difficult to address the boundaries of the frame and pixels. For pixel labeling here exist two problem one is video segmentation and other is boundary detection. For video labeling author proposed a new deep architecture, in which class label is assigned to each and every pixel. The key idea is to account both local and long range cues using deep learning. The proposed deep architecture forces the conditional random field for incorporating the local and long range cues. The proposed architecture is named a Recurrent temporal deep field (RTDF). For boundary layer estimation between two video frames they uses a network which focuses ion annotations in one frame and defines the boundaries by using two decoder branches. Author proposed a new propose a new approach to generate excitation based correspondence scores from FCSN for boundary matching, and develop an edge let based matching for refining point matches along corresponding boundaries. The proposed model improved the state-of-the-art on spatiotemporal boundary detection, provided the first results on Boundary flow estimation, and achieved competitive improvements on dense optical flow when integrated with CPM-Flow. For frame level video author specifies the temporal deformable residual network for temporal action segmentation. Temporal deformation residual network categorizes every video frame using a deep temporal residual network. The residual network takes frame level CNN features as an input and evaluates the deformable convolutions along time at multiple temporal scales. The evaluation is done in two parallel streams. The first stream is aimed at determining uncertainties about local, frame-to-frame separation, and the second stream uses multiscale framework for improving accuracy of frame ordering. The temporal residual stream and the temporal pooling stream are attached through a set of deformable temporal residual modules (DTRMs), and joined with temporal residuals at the full temporal resolution. The two stream residual computation and deformable convolutions makes TDRN more effective.