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19.10.2017
1
Using biodiversity data inMarine Spatial PlanningCase studies Finland and Zanzibar
Mats Westerbom
Markku Viitasalo, Finnish Environment Institute
Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems12.10.2017
Background: Basics of marine spatial protection
Part 1: Marine Spatial planning as a tool for marine protection:case study Finland
Lecture contents
Part 2: Marine Spatial Planning in Zanzibar: an island state atthe crossroads
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Background:
Targets of marine protection
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
In COP 10, Nagoya (Aichi Prefecture), Japan, CBD agreed uponthe Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020=> 20 ”Aichi Targets”
www.cbd.int
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promotesustainable use (by 2020)
Target 5: The rate of loss of all natural habitats is at least halved…
Target 6: All fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are harvested sustainably…
Target 8: Pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that arenot detrimental to ecosystem...
Target 9: Invasive alien species are identified, priority species are controlled, andmeasures are in place to manage (their) pathways...
Target 10 : Anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystemsimpacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized... (by 2015)
”Aichi targets” aim to alleviate environmental problems
Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguardingecosystems, species and genetic diversity (by 2020)
Target 12: The extinction of threatened species has been prevented…
M. Viitasalo, Itämeren ajankohtaiset kysymykset 20.4.2017
CBD Aichi Strategic Goal C: To improve the status ofbiodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and geneticdiversity
Target 11:At least 10 per cent of… coastal and marine areas areconserved through1) effectively managed2) ecologically representative and3) well connectedsystems of protected areas
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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The simplest way to choose MPA sites is to use habitats assurrogates for biodiversity.
International conventions: “MPAs are representative if they coverat least 20 % of each important habitat in each region.”
Representativeness
• MPAs cannot always be placed in the most valuable areas
• There is too little data on the spatial distribution of habitatsand species to make a wise choice.
This goal is difficult to achieve. Why?
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Connectivity enables general metapopulation persistence and replenishment ofpopulations after disturbance. (Hastings & Botsford 2006; Gaines et al. 2010)
Why is connectivity important?
How is connectivity realised in practise?Through passive dispersal of spores and larvae or by active migration ofjuveniles and adults of species (Walters 2000)
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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No-take zones
• Strongest response to protection is usually detected in areaswhere fishing is forbidden.
• By excluding fisheries, depleted fish stocks and theirecosystem functions may be restored, with effects cascadingthrough food webs and affecting habitat health (Eriksson etal. 2011; Leleu et al. 2012).
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
• HELCOM MPAs (formerly: ”Baltic Sea Protected Areas”)• Natura 2000 areas• RAMSAR (Convention on Wetlands of International Importance)• IBAs (Important Bird Areas)• National parks• Protection areas on private land/sea
MPA types in the Baltic Sea
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Marine protection works!
Benjamin S. HalpernUniversity of California,Santa Barbara
“Well designed and enforcedreserves can serve asimportant conservation toolsworldwide.”Sarah E. Lester, MEPS 2009;Review of 124 studies
“MPAs can sustain a higher population size and biomass, larger size ofindividuals, higher biodiversity, and higher food web complexity.”Halpern (2002, 2014)
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
On the other hand…• Of the 1306 MPAs studied worldwide, only 31 % were achieving
their objectives. (Kelleher et al. 1995)
Esben Moland Olsen, Univ. Agder, Norway
“There is a strong need of a radicalreform of the European Natura2000 network.”Position paper by the EuropeanMarine Board (Olsen et al. 2013)
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Part 1An approach to alleviate
environmental risks posed by humanmaritime activities:
Marine Spatial Planning
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Uses of marine space are increasing• Building and expansion of ports• Construction of bridges and roads• Development of factories, power
plants and sewage treatment plants• Development of fairways; dredging• Extraction of sand and gravel• Cables, pipelines• Windmill parks• Marine traffic, fisheries, aquaculture,
recreation• Marine PROTECTION
=> ”Maritime Spatial Planning” needed
Oulunsalo-Hailuoto windmill park(Bothnian Bay) – planned for 2012-2018:43-75 turbines (100 m high)
Source: Environment Impact Assessment,virtual image
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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UNESCO-IOC Marine Spatial PlanningGuidelines:
MSP is a public process of analyzing andallocating the spatial and temporal distribution of
human activities in marine areas to achieveecological, economic, and social objectives thatare usually specified through a political process.
What is MSP?
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Suitability map for theBaltic Sea
Best shipping routeFish reproduction areaBiodiversity hot spotArea suitable for windenergy
Symbols:
Spatial zonation plan forthe Baltic Sea
Shipping routeFishing areaBiodiversity hotspotWind energypark
Symbols:General usagePrimary usageExclusive usage
Source: ”Learn basics of Marine SpatialPlanning in the Baltic Sea in 10 minutes”
(www.wwf.fi)
What is MSP?
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Challenge of MSPin Finland
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
80 km
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Where are the most valuable habitats?
Lagoons EstuariesReefs M. Westerbom Underwater sandbanks
Where are the important and rare species?
BladderwrackFucusvesiculosus
Eelgrass Zostera marina Blue musselMytilustrossulus
Hippuristetraphylla
• Within the EUoccurs only inFinland
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
The main objectives are tosupport:
• marine conservation• sustainable use of marine resources• Maritime Spatial Planning
Parks & Wildlife Finland / J.. Nyström
The Finnish Inventory Programmefor Marine Underwater Environment
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1) Make a sampling scheme that• has sufficient spatial
coverage• covers the environmental
gradients affecting thespecies
2) Use quick methods (video)complement with dives
3) Use species and habitatmodelling
~17.000randomobservationpoints+ 50.000”grid points”
VELMU plan2012-2015
Solution
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
VELMU partners• Ministry of the Environment (funding and steering)• Finnish Environment Institute (coordination)• Coastal Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment• Parks & Wildlife Finland• Natural Resources Institute• Geological Survey of Finland• Naval Research Insitute (Finnish Navy)• Åbo Akademi University
Larger EU-funded projects:
Funding• Ministry of the Environment: ca 1,3 M€ /year in 2011-2015
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How were the data collected?Geological and biological inventories
• Bottom topography, geology• Habitats• Algae and water plants• Invertebrates• Fish spawning areas
Drop videoROV
Benthic samplingSampling of fish larvae
Geologicalechosoundingmethods
Scuba divingAlgal lines
Parks & Wildlife Finland
Geol. Surv. Fin./ H. Kutvonen
SYKE
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
~ 96 000video points
~ 23 000dive points
• Ca. 120.000 pointobservations of species andhabitats
• 1000+ benthos samples• 1800 Gulf-lines + 700 beach
seine areas for fish larvae• 20 000 km echosounding• 100 000+ underwater
photos
What was achieved in 13 years?
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Highlights
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Shallow bays are importantbiodiversity hotspots
© Luke / Lari Veneranta
© Luke / Lari Veneranta
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Rare species
Hippuris tetraphyllafourleaf mare’s tail– in EU only inFinland
Alisma wahlenbergiiBaltic water-plantain- most of itsoccurrences inFinland
Macroplea pubipennisa leaf beetle
– in EU only in Finland
Non-indigenous species
Harris mud crab… … is spreding fast…
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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New species for Finland – and for science!
Unknown Murchisonellidae snail Unknown feather duster wormLaonome sp.
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
End products
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Geographical distributionmaps
Markku Viitasalo, SYKE
Green: Mytilus foundRed: Mytilus not found
Blue mussel Mytilus trossulus
Lasse Kurvinen, Parks & WildlifeFinland
Biodiversity mapsNumber of algal genera
Water temperature atbottom
Eelgrass Zosteramarina
ModelsEnvironment & Species
Elina Virtanen, SYKE
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Habitat models: reefs, skerries and sandbanks
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Modelling threatened speciesExample: Characeae in the Quarken, Gulf of Bothnia
Probability of presence ofCharaceae:
Possible
Probable
Parks & WildlifeFinland / Matti Sahla
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
The current MPAsThe most valuable areas inside the MPAsThe most valuable areas outside the MPAs
Conservation prioritization for the Finnish sea area (using Zonation©)
Elina Virtanen,SYKE, unpublished
Developing the network of MPAs
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VELMU Map Portal
Minister Tiilikainen speaks in the openingof the VELMU Map Portal 28.1.2016
http://paikkatieto.ymparisto.fi/velmu
Usage of VELMU datain marine spatial
planning
Example:Kymenlaakso Regional Plan
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Summary graphEskers, sandbanks, reefs, algae and indicator species
The current Natura 2000 area
Decision makingWhere to allow dumping of dredged materials?
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The maritime spatial plan
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Geological maps and habitat models can be used inidentifying areas that support high biodiversity.
Species Distribution Models can be used in planning thedevelopment of MPA network
All data together can be used in marine spatial planning
Summary of Part 1
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Part 2:Using biodiversity data in Marine Spatial
Planning: Case study Zanzibar
• A semi-autonomouspart of Tanzania
• Two main islands:Unguja and Pemba
• Population 1,3 mill.
Zanzibar
North-EastGrowth Area
ZAN-SDIA spatial planning project between the Finnishand Zanzibar governmental institutes
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Stone Town – UNESCO World Heritage Site
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Mnemba Island Lodge:US$ 1500 per night
Average incomefor Zanzibar people:250 US$ per year
The standard-of-living gap between thetourists and the locals is enormous
in Zanzibar
This needs to be taken into account inspatial planning and nature protection
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The challengeVery little spatial data on biodiversity,
pollution, or human activitiesVery limited resources for collecting new
data
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
The Zanzibar people depend on the sea
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Seaweed farming provides income to womenM. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Fishing is entirely artisanalMarkku Viitasalo
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
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Coral rag
Urban
AgroforestCoastal
Intertidalzone
Courtesy: Niina Käyhkö, Univ. Turku
Coral rag
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Zanzibar Tourism Plan1993
Tourism development areas
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
The main tourist area, Nungwi, North Unguja M. Viitasalo
Markku Viitasalo
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Conflicts between locals and tourism
• People are denied of using land and the sea• Seaweed farmers are forced to move away• Tourist boat routes conflict with preferred fishing areas• Traditional passages to sea are closed due to hotels
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
2005 20171993
Original drawings:©Antoni Folkers, Draft of the North-East Special Area Plan(NESAP)
Conflicts between locals and tourism
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Risks of human activities to marine ecosystem
• Coastal construction• Nutrient loading from cities/villages• Destructive fishing practises• Coral damage by anchoring, snorkeling
Kids swimming at the sewage water discharge of StoneTown
North-East MPA
… is notenforced
The knowledge of corals
… is notprecise
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Problem1. Many human pressures threaten the future of
the marine ecosystem
2. The MPAs are not enforced
3. No information of where the most valuablecoral reefs and seagrasses are
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
1. Locate corals and seagrasses2. Locate human activities
3. Create a National Spatial Data Infrastructure4. Put everything on a map
5. Create a Coastal and Marine Spatial Plan
Solution
ZAN-SDI project
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Multi-sourcing of information!
1. Satellite imagery2. Field work
3. Workshops and expert interviews4. Participatory GIS in villages
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Remote sensing of coral reefs- Widely studied habitat in the tropics- Aerial images reveal underwater areas- satellite images with different
wavelength bands can reveal more ofthe underwater environments than thevisual eyeBand calculations
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Validating the satellite imagery by drop video method
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Workshops and expert interviews
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Participatory mappingin Zanzibar villages
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What can befound out bymulti-sourcing?
1. Location of corals2. Location of seagrasses3. Fishing areas4. Seafood collection
areas5. Reef passages6. Landing sites7. Sea turtle nesting sites8. Diving sites (high value
areas)
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
Coastal and MarineSpatial Plan- proposal for theNorth-East GrowthArea
Original drawing: ©Antoni Folkers, Draftof the North-East Special Area Plan(NESAP)
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Multiple methods are needed to source the informationon hotspots of biodiversity and human activities
Conclusions
Local communities are very concerned of their livelihoods
=> communication of the benefits of sustainableuse of the ocean
=> acceptance of the spatial plans
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017
• Environmental risks are largely similar in both Finlandand Zanzibar
• The balance between “stoppable” and “unstoppable”threats are different
• Grave standard-of-living gap creates specific socio-ecological risks in Zanzibar
• The differences need to be taken into account whenplanning to alleviate the risks
Environmental risks in Finland andZanzibar – and their mitigation
M. Viitasalo, Diagnosis of environmental problems in aquatic ecosystems, UH 12.10.2017