Using and Citing Sources

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Using and Citing Sources

How to Avoid Plagiarism

Lisa DonohoeProject ManagerEnglish Language and Nonproliferation ProgramJames Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies

Fall 2007 CIF Workshop

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The Contradictions of Research Writing

Show you have done your research

Appeal to experts and authorities

Improve your English by mimicking what you hear and read

Give credit where credit is due

Write something new and originalImprove upon, or disagree with experts and authoritiesUse your own words, your own voice Make your own significant contribution

Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

But…

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Using Existing Knowledge

Use your own words, your own voice, your own ideas

AND/ORParaphrase or quote, and cite– Paraphrase: restate information, giving the

meaning in another form– Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”)

Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to provide full source information of original material (author, title, publisher, date, etc.)

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What is Plagiarism? (1)

DeliberatePlagiarism

Probably AccidentalPlagiarism

Buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper

Hiring someone to write your paper

Copying from another source without citing(deliberate or accidental)

Using the source too

closely when paraphrasing

Building on someone’s ideas without citation


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What is Plagiarism (2)

Plagiarism is representing someone else's work as your own. It's plagiarism whether you use– a whole document– a paragraph– a single sentence– a distinctive phrase– a specialized term– specific data– a graphic element of any kind

Source: http://www.english.vt.edu/~IDLE/plagiarism/plagiarism2.html

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What is Plagiarism? (3)

“…[using] an idea developed by another as if it were your own. If you use any work created by someone else as your own without acknowledging the creator, and if you hand in the work with your name on it, thus implying that it is your work, then you commit plagiarism.”


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You Need To Cite When You…

Use or refer to someone else’s words or ideasGain information through interviewing another personCopy the exact words or a “unique phrase”Reprint diagrams, illustrations, charts, pictures, videos, musicUse other people’s ideas (printed, or through conversations or email)


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You Don’t Need to Cite When You…

Write from your own experiences, observations, insights, thoughts, conclusions about a subject

Use “common knowledge”--shared information in your field of study

Compile generally accepted facts

Write up your own experimental results


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What is “Common Knowledge”

The same information uncited in at least five other sources

Information that your readers will already know

Information a person could easily find with general reference sources (encyclopedia)

General information NOT quoted directly


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To cite or not to cite?

Shakespeare’s characters range from noble to violent and disgusting, confused to utterly certain, lewd to virginal, fanatical to aesthetic, crippled to gargantuan.

”

Fact/Common KnowledgeHamlet is the source for “To be or not to be.”

Pinter, Harold. “A note on Shakespeare.” Granta 59, p. 251

Quote“

Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html

http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html

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Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing has to do with …“the sequence of ideas, the arrangement of material, the pattern of thought…”

Use your own words when you paraphrase, don’t just move things around

Source: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html

http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html

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Example: Original

"People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)

Graduate Honor System, Virginia Tech: http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html

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Example: Original

"People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print. Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are." (Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60)

Note quotes and proper citation.

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Plagiarized “Paraphrase”

Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration. Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality. In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.


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Stop for discussion:Why is this plagiarism?

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Even with a citation, this is plagiarism.

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Sentence 1

People sometimes regard the written word with special reverence, even going so far as to believe that something must be true if it occurs in print.Ronald Langacker pointed out (1973:60) that people sometimes have faith in the written word; for this reason, they go so far as to believe that if something occurs in print, it must be true and they regard it with admiration.

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Sentence 1


Same wording.

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Sentence 1


Same wording.

Slight change of order

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Sentence 1


Same wording.


Word substitution

too close

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Sentence 1


Same wording.


Word substitution

too closeSame order of

information

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Sentence 2

Since most people do not write books or articles that get printed, there is perhaps a natural tendency to regard printed words with wonder or admiration and to forget that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.Since there are a few people who write books and articles that get printed, most people have a tendency to regard printed words with reverence and believe that they carry no guarantee of truth or quality.

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Sentence 3

False or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, and often are.

In fact, false or stupid things can be printed as easily as anything else, but people do not realize that.

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Acceptable Paraphrase

According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who...


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Acceptable Paraphrase

According to Langacker (1973:60), owing to a lack of experience in publishing, many people have such high regard for printed material that they automatically believe what they read. However, the form in which an idea is presented, whether in print or not, does not determine its validity. Langacker's remarks serve as a caution to readers who...

Citation is still required.

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When Researching, Notetaking, and Interviewing

Mark everything that is someone else’s words with a big Q (for quote) or with big quotation marksIndicate in your notes which ideas are taken from sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME)Record all of the relevant documentation information in your notes


Proofread and check with your notes (or photocopies of sources) to make sure that anything taken from your notes is acknowledged in some combination of the ways:

– In-text citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks, indirect quotations

Writing Process: Appearance on final product:

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When Paraphrasing and Summarizing

First, write your paraphrase and summary without looking at the original text, so you rely only on your memory.

Next, check your version with the original for content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed phrases


Writing Process: Appearance on final product:Begin your summary with a statement giving credit to the source: According to Jonathan Kozol, ...Put any unique words or phrases that you cannot change, or do not want to change, in quotation marks:

– "savage inequalities" exist throughout our educational system.1

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When Quoting Directly

Keep the person’s name near the quote in your notes, and in your paper

Select those direct quotes that make the most impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style


Writing Process: Appearance on final product:Put quotation marks around the text that you are quotingOptional with quotes: Mention the person’s name before or after the quoteIndicate added phrases in brackets ([ ]) and omitted text with ellipses (. . .)

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When Quoting Indirectly

Keep the person’s name near the text in your notes, and in your paper

Rewrite the key ideas using different words and sentence structures than the original text


Mention the person’s name either at the beginning of the information, or in the middle, or at that endDouble check to make sure that your words and sentence structures are different than the original text

Writing Process: Appearance on final product:

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How to Cite

Footnote– Use automatic footnoting in Word– Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or

end of document– According to Langacker,1

In-Text Citation– According to Langacker (1973)

• With an indirect quote, don’t need page number

“…and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60)With a direct quote, cite page number

1 Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY:

Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60

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Citing a Photo in a Presentation

Nodong Missile Spacewar.com

On last page of presentation, provide full citations according to regular citation guidelines.

Atomicarchive.com

Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant

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Complete Citation Information

Many styles, but information must include– Author– Title of work– Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet)

• Name of publication

– Date of work, date of publication– Page number– For book: Name of publisher, City of publication

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Examples: Book

Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 208.– Name of book in italics

Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 1991 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991), Table 6-1, p. 96.

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Article in a Journal

Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning and US-Soviet Security Regimes,” International Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4.– Name of journal in italics– Title of article in quotes

Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)

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Article in a Journal

Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Nuclear Learning and US-Soviet Security Regimes,” International Organization 41 (Summer 1987), p. 4.– Name of journal in italics– Title of article in quotes

Ivan T. Boskov, “Russian Foreign Policy Motivations,” MEMO, No. 4 (April 1993)

Volume number

Issue number

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Newspaper & Magazine Articles

Felicity Barringer, “Chernobyl, Five Years Later the Danger Persists,” New York Times Magazine, April 14, 1991, pp. 28, 32.

Reuters, “Iraq Asks UN to Ease Hardships, Lift Sanctions,” Lost Angeles Times, February 9, 1993, p. A9.

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Reports & Resolutions

United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, Report of the Secretary-General, UN General Assembly document A/48/344, October 11, 1993.

UN Security Council resolution 687, April 3, 1991.

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Internet

Web site– “Strutktura,” SRIAR Website,

<http://www.niiar.simbirsk.su/rus/rstruct.htm.

Print publication on Web– Astrid Forland, “Norway’s Nuclear Odyssey,”

Nonproliferation Review 4 (Winter 1997), <http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/forland.htm>.

Online periodical– Svetlana Dobrynina, “Prodayetsya kvartira dlya mirnogo

atoma,” Nezavisimaya gazeta online edition, July 24, 1999, <http://home.eastview.com/news/ng/>.

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Treaties

U.S. Department of State, “Nuclear Weapons Test Ban,” August 5, 1963.

“Denmark and Italy: Convention Concerning Military Service,” July 15, 1954.

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Interviews

Thomas E. Gilbert, corporate secretary, James Chemical Engineering, Groton, Connecticut, telephone conversation with author, July 31, 1991.

Aleksei Yablokov, interview by author, Moscow, October 13, 1990.

Aleksei Yablokov, email correspondence with author, Moscow, October 13, 1990.

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Sources

Purdue University Online Writing Lab website,http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html“Graduate Honor System,” Graduate Honor System website, Virginia Tech, http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.htmlJames Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, “Style Guide,” Nonproliferation Review, http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/pdfs/guidelines.pdfBunn, Matthew and Anthony Wier, “Controlling Nuclear Warheads and Materials: A Report Card and Action Plan” (Washington, D.C.: Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Project on Managing the Atom, Harvard University, March 2003) pp. 8-12.Shelly G. Roseman, Library Liaison to History, Political Science, Education, English (Stamford Campus) website, University of Connecticut, http://www.lib.uconn.edu/~sroseman/SRliaison.html

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_plagiar.html

http://ghs.grads.vt.edu/student/avoiding.html

http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/pdfs/guidelines.pdf

Documents

Using and Citing Sources