7-Citing sources APA.ppt

8/14/2019 7-Citing sources APA.ppt

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Citing Referencesin Your Research(APA Style)

Dr. Khalid Mahmood

Department of Library & Information ScienceUniversity of the Punjab


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Various style manuals APAAmerican Psychological Association

MLAModern Language Association

Chicago StyleChicago Manual of Style

Turabian Stylebased on Chicago Style

Harvard Referencing System

ASAAmerican Sociological Association CBE - Council of Biology Editors


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APA style American Psychological

Association In 1929, published

instructions for authorson how to preparemanuscripts for APAjournals

Later used for theses,

term papers, etc. Latest edition 6thin

2009 Widely used in social

sciences


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Citing referencesOutline Identifying and formatting citing

elements

Citing in text

Preparing reference list / bibliography


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Citing Elements


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Citing elements Author or authoring body

Date of publication

Title of the work

Edition

Publisher

Place of publication

Title of the source

Location information within the source

URL or DOI

Nonroutine information


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Author Surname and initials

Kernis, M. H.

Hyphenated first nameSun, C.-R.

Editors nameRobinson, D. N. (Ed.)

No authorEntry under title

Delete Prof., Dr., Maj., Retd., etc.


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Authoring body or group Full name

National Institute of Health

Subordinate bodyUniversity of the Punjab, Institute of

Business Administration

Government agenciesPakistan, Ministry of Finance


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Date of publication Journal, book, AV media

1993 Meeting, Monthly magazine, Newsletter

1993, June1993, Spring

Daily, Weekly1994, September 28

Accepted work but not yet publishedin press

No date availablen.d.

Publication over long period1959-1963

Republished work, a note at the end(Original work published 1923)


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Title of the work Title of book

Title of book chapter

Title of journal article

Title of encyclopedia article

Subtitle with colon


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Edition Edition you used

Edition in Arabic numeral2nd ed.Rev. ed.4th rev. ed.


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Publisher Publisher name for non periodicals In a brief form

Omit superfluous terms, such as Publishers,Publications, Co., Inc.SageWileyMcGraw-Hill

Prentice HallFerozsons Use only word Author when author and

publisher is the same


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Place of publication Name of city If city is not well known then add

state/province and/or countryJaipur, IndiaMedford, NJ

US postal service abbreviations for states (2-digit codes)

CA for California If more cities are given, use the first or the

publishers head office if clearly mentioned


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Title of the source Title of the book in case of a book

chapter

Title of the journal in case of journalarticle

Journal title in full

Harvard Business ReviewNo Har. Bus. Rev.No HBR


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Location Journal volume and issue number in Arabic numerals

33(4)

Volume of a book

Vols. 1-20(Vol.26, pp. 501-508)

Start and end (inclusive) page numbers for journalarticle or book chapter

215-224(pp. 215-224)

Discontinuous pages5-7, 11-12


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URL or DOI Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

http://www.topicsinclinicalnutrition.com

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482


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Nonroutine information Give nonroutine but important

information in square brackets

[Letter to the editor][Special issue]

[Brochure][Abstract]


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Citing in text


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Authors name in sentence

Schwepps (1998) states that the

solution sat dormant for several months

before any of the employees tested it

(p. 743).


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Authors name in parentheses

When the solution had been sitting for a

number of months, the employees tested

for bacteria (Schwepps, 1998).


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Short quotation When fewer than 40 words

Put prose quotation in running text

Put quote marks around quotedmaterial

Authors last name, publication year,and page number(s) of quote mustappear in the text


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ExampleShort quotationCaruth (1996) states that a traumatic

response frequently entails a delayed,uncontrolled repetitive appearance ofhallucinations and other intrusivephenomena (p. 11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a

delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearanceof hallucinations and other intrusivephenomena (Caruth, 1996, p. 11).


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Long quotations When 40 words or more In block form

Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotationmarks. If the quotation has internalparagraphs, indent the internal paragraphs afurther 5-7 spaces

Do not use quotation marks Double space the block quote Cite the source after the end punctuation of

the quote


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ExampleLong quotationMeile (1993) found the following:

The placebo effect, which had been

verified in previous studies, disappearedwhen behaviors were studied in thismanner. Furthermore, the behaviors werenever exhibited again, even when real

drugs were administered. Earlier studieswere clearly premature in attributing theresults to a placebo effect. (p. 276)


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Secondary referenceIn 1947 the World Health

Organization proposed the following

definition of health. Health is a state ofcomplete physical, mental, and socialwell-being and not merely the absence of

disease and infirmity (World HealthOrganization, as cited in Potter & Perry,2001, p. 3).


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Multiple authors 2 authorscite both names separated by &

Example:(Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)

3-5 authorscite all authors first time; afterfirst time, use et al.Example:

(Wilson et al., 2000)

6 or more authorscite first authors nameand et al.Example:

(Perez et al., 1992)


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Multiple citations Multiple sources from same author

chronological order, separated by comma

(Burke, 1998, 1999, in press) Within same year:

(Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)

Multiple sourcesseparated by semicolon,alphabetical order

(Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)


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Personal communication Personal communication (email, phone,

conversation, letter, etc.)

(T.K. Lutes, personal communication,September 19, 2001)

Not included in reference list


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Handling parenthetical citations More than one author with the same

last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)


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Handling parenthetical citations If the source has no known author,

then use an abbreviated version of the

title:Full Title: California Cigarette TaxDeters Smokers

Citation: (California, 1999)


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Sample parenthetical citationsRecently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised

by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997)to include womens personal and cultural responses to battle andits resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur

that It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to thewar have been ignored (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studiesfocus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectivelyperpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating inFussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).

However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing thathis study treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a

sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control ofinstitutions (p. 6).


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Reference List / Bibliography


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Reference list Place the list of references cited at the end of

the paper

Start references on a new page Begin each entry flush with the left margin

Indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces(hanging indent)

Double space both within and betweenentries

Italicizethe title of books, magazines, etc.


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Reference list order Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with

authors last name

If author has more than one source, arrange entries

by year, earliest first When an author appears both as a sole author and,

in another citation as the first author of a group, listthe one author entries first

If no author given, begin entry with the title andalphabetize without counting a, an, or the

Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks fortitles used instead of an author name


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ExampleReference list order Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control

Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of

Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention

Kumpfer, K. L.,Alvarado, R., Smith, P.,

Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions


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Group author

American Psychological Association.

(2001). Publication manual of the

American PsychologicalAssociation (5thed.). Washington,

DC: Author.


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Book with one author

Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.

Berkeley, CA: University of

California Press.


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Book with two authors

Struck, W., & White, E. B. (1979).

The elements of style(3rd ed.).

New York: Macmillan.


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Book with six or more authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,

Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,

et al. (2000).An experimental

evaluation of


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Book with no author

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary

(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster.


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Book with editors

Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.).

(2000). Diversity and the recreation

profession: Organizational

perspectives. State College, PA:Venture.


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Chapter in bookStern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990).

The ocular system. In J. T.

Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.),

Principles of psychophysiology:

Physical, social, and inferential

elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley,

CA: University of California Press.


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Multivolume book

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology:

A study of science(Vols. 1-6). NewYork: McGraw-Hill.


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Article in press

Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcarelexicon. Journal of Health.


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AbstractMisumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects

of PM organizational development in

supermarket organization. Japanese

Journal of Experimental Social

Psychology, 21,93-111. [Abstract]

Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68,

Abstract No. 11474


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Magazine

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29).

Seeing the mind. Science, 262,

673-674.


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Newspaper

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30).

Obesity affects economic, social

status. The Washington Post, pp.

A1, A4.


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Encyclopedia articleBlaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Gale

encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15,

pp. 82-86). New York, Gale

Encyclopedia Co.


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ThesisHo, M. (2000). Coping strategies of

counseling professionals

(Unpublished masters thesis,

Nanyang Technological University,

Singapore).


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Videotape

National Institute on Mental Health. (1980).

Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda:

Author.


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Electronic sourcesVelmans, M. (1999). When perception

becomes conscious. British

Journal of Psychology, 90, 543-

566. Retrieved from theExpanded Academic ASAPdatabase.


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Web page

Green, C. (2000, April 16). History &

philosophy of psychology webresources. Retrieved fromhttp://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm


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Article with DOIStultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure

therapy and analytic therapy in trauma

treatment.American Journal ofOrthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482488.doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482


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Preprint version of article

Philippsen, C., Hahn, M., Schwabe, L., Richter,

S., Drewe, J., & Schachinger, H. (2007).Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress isnot affected by alpha2-adrenoreceptoractivation or inhibition. Psychopharmacology,

190(2), 181188. Advance online publication.doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0597-7


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Online dictionaryHeuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Websters

online dictionary. Retrieved from

http://www.m-w.com/dictionary


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Presentation slides

Columbia University, Teachers College,Institute for Learning Technologies.

(2000). Smart cities: New York:Electronic education for the newmillennium [PowerPoint slides].

Retrieved fromhttp://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/index.html


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Press release

American Psychological Association.(2006, April 30). Internet use involves

both pros and cons for children andadolescents[Press release]. Retrievedfrom http://www.apa.org/releases/

youthwww0406.html


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Message posted to an electronicmailing list

Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputedestimates of IQ [Msg 670]. Message

posted to ForensicNetwork electronicmailing list, archived athttp://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/Fo

rensicNetwork/message/670


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Sample Reference List References

Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August

21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html

Flory, R. K., (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food

interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12,825-828.

Flory, R. K., (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of

reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16,383-386.

Flory, R. K., & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on

schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9,

383-386.

Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression.Journal of the

Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11,813-817.


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7-Citing sources APA.ppt