Uses of Ethicsl Theories

8/3/2019 Uses of Ethicsl Theories

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Uses of ethical theories

Ethical Theories

Utilitarianism Duty Ethics

Rightsethics

Rawls’ principles



Utilitarian Theory

• the standard of right conduct is maximization ofgood consequences

• ACT UTILITARIAN theory

• focuses on actions, rather than on general rules.

An action is right, if it generates the most overallgood for the most people involved

• RULE UTILITARIAN theory

• individual actions are right when they arerequired by set of rules which maximizes the

public good.



Duty Ethics ( proposed by Immanuel Kant)

• actions are consequences of performance ofone‟s duties such as, „being honest‟, „not cause

suffering of others‟, „being fair to others including

the meek and week‟, „being grateful‟, „keepingpromises

• Rawl’s Principles • (1) each person is entitled to the most extensive

amount of liberty compatible with an equalamount for others,

• (2) differences in social power and economicbenefits are justified only when they are likely tobenefit every one, including members of the

most disadvantaged groups



Rights theory

• The right to access the truth

• The right of privacy

• The right not to be injured

• The right to what is agreed



Uses of Ethical Theories

• In understanding moral dilemma

• In Justifying professional obligations anddecisions

• In relating ordinary and professional morality



Resolving moral dilemmas

• Ethical theories aid in identifying the moralconsiderations that constitute a dilemma

• Ethical theories provide a more precise sense ofwhat kinds of information are relevant to solving

moral dilemmas• To rank the relevant moral considerations in

order of importance thereby provide guidance insolving moral problems

Provides a framework for moral reasoning



Justifying Moral obligations



© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 –8

Relating Professional and Ordinarymorality

View 3

View 2InterpersonalCommunication

View 4

View 1



Relating Professional and Ordinary morality

• View 1 engineers acquire moral obligationsconcerning safety through laws or enforced codes.

• View 2 engineers acquire special obligations by joining special society and agreeing to live by thatsociety‟s code of ethics.

• View 3 through contractual agreements

• View 4 vow to protect and safeguard the public




Overcoming the Barriers to EffectiveInterpersonal Communications

• Use Feedback• Simplify Language

• Listen Actively

• Constrain Emotions• Watch Nonverbal Cues




Exhibit 11 –3 Active Listening Behaviors

Source: Based on P.L. Hunsaker, Training in Management Skills (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001).




Communication Flows

Lateral

Downward

Upwa rd




Exhibit 11 –4 Three Common Organizational Communication Networksand How They Rate on Effectiveness Criteria




The Grapevine

• An informal organizational communication

network that is active in almost everyorganization.

Provides a channel for issues not suitable for formalcommunication channels.

The impact of information passed along the grapevinecan be countered by open and honest communicationwith employees.




Current Communication Issues (cont’d)

• Managing the Organization‟s Knowledge

Resources

Build online information databases that employeescan access.

Create “communities of practice” for groups of people

who share a concern, share expertise, and interactwith each other.




“Politically Correct” Communication

• Do not use words or phrases that stereotype,

intimidate, or offend individuals based on theirdifferences.

• However, choose words carefully to maintain as

much clarity as possible in communications.

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Uses of Ethicsl Theories