Use of Soybean Products in Diets fed to Swine

Use of Soybean Products in Diets fed to Swine

Hans H. Stein

University of Illinoishttp://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu

2

Outline • Composition of soybeans

• New varieties of soybeans

• Effect of soybean oil on the digestibility of AA

• Fermented and enzymatically treated soybean meal in diets for weanling pigs

• Soybean meal (SBM) in the US and other countries

• Effect of particle size of SBM on AA and energy digestibility

Composition of Soybeans

4

Soybeans and Soybean Meal

Soybeans

Moisture,% 10.0

Minerals,% 5.0

Fat, % 18.0

Protein, % 37.0

Sugar, o-sacch., % 13.5

Fiber, % 16.5

SBM, not

de-hulled

10.0

6.8

3.0

43.2

15.5

21.5

SBM, de-hulled

10.0

7.5

3.0

47.5

16.5

15.5

5

Sugar and Oligosaccharides• Free sugars: 4.5%• Sucrose: 4.5%• Galacto-oligosaccharides: 4.5%

• Raffinose 0.6%• Stachyose 3.7%• Verbascose 0.2%

6

Effect of StachyoseWeanling pigs, 21 d post-weaning

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

ADG, kg ADFI, kg

Control

1% Stach.

2% Stach.a b c

Liying et al., 2003

7

Effect of StachyoseWeanling pigs, 21 d post-weaning

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

F:G Diarrhea, %

Control

1% Stach.

2% Stach.a b c

Liying et al., 2003

8

Soybeans with no Oligosaccharides

• Select soybeans with low concentration of oligosaccharides

• Remove genes for oligosaccharides• Remove oligosaccharides after crushing

When oligosaccharides are removed, the concentration of sugar and protein is usually increased.

9

New Varieties of SoybeansConv. SB HP SB LO SB SBM

Water,% 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Min.,% 5.0 5.0 5.0 7.5

Fat, % 18.0 15.0 19.0 3.0

Protein, % 37.0 45.0 39.5 47.5

Oligosac., % 4.5 3.5 1.0 5.5

Sucrose, % 4.5 3.5 6.5 5.5

Sugar, % 4.5 3.5 4.5 5.5

Fiber, % 16.5 14.5 16.5 15.5

10

Amino acid and energy digesitibility

in HP and LO soybean meal

Baker and Stein, 2009

11

Soybean Meals• Solvent extracted

– HP SBM

– Conv. SBM

• Extruded-expelled

– EE HP SBM

– EE LO SBM

– EE conv. SBM

12

Soy Ileal AA Digestibility

13

SID for Lys, %

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

Lys %

HP SBMConv. SBMEE HP SBMEE LO SBMEE Conv. SBM

x, y: P < 0.05

x x y y x


14

SID for Met, %

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

Met %


x, y, z: P < 0.05

x xy z z yz


15

SID for Thr, %

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

Thr %


x, y: P < 0.05

x xyyx


16

Conc. of Digestible AA in HP and Conv. SBMTotal Conc. Digestible conc.

Conv. SBM HP SBM Conv. SBM HP SBM

CP 48.4% 55.7% 423 g 492 g

Lys 3.20% 3.51% 28.8 g 31.6 g

Met 0.70% 0.78% 6.25 g 6.91 g

Thr 1.86% 2.09% 15.9 g 17.8 g

Trp 0.69% 0.75% 6.5 g 6.7 gBaker and Stein, 2009

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Metabolizable

Energy

18

Metabolizable Energy

3,300

3,400

3,500

3,600

3,700

3,800

3,900

4,000

4,100

ME kcal/kg DM

HP SBMConv. SBMEE HP SBMEE LO SBMEE Conv. SBMCorn

x, y: P < 0.05

y xyxxyx


Effect of Soybean Oil on Amino Acid

Digestibility

Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008

20

Diets• HP FFSB• Conv. FFSB• Conv. SBM • Conv. SBM + 7.5% soybean oil• SPC • SPC + 7.5% soybean oil

21

SID of Lys

93.0 92.5

87.7

90.6

93.2

97.9

85

95percent

HP-FFSB Conv. FFSB SBM SBM + oil SPC SPC + oil


y y

x

xy

y

z

y

22

SID of Met

94.0

92.2 92.6

95.5 95.997

85

95percent


xyyz

z

x x

yz


23

SID of Thr

87.686.4

83.6

86.1

89.491.2

75

85

95

percent


yxy

z

xyx

yz


24

Effect of Soybean Oil on SID of AA in SBM and SPC

90.5

94.3

86.5

89.6

94.296.3

88.7

92.8

80

90

100

Lys Met Thr Trp

percent

Without oil With oil

* P< 0.05*

*

*

*


Removal of Oligosaccharides via Fermentation or

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Cervantes–Pahm and Stein, 2010

26

Fermentation of SBM • Addition of bacteria and fermentation (Fx. Aspergillus

Oryzae and Bacillus subtillis)– PepSoyGen– Reduced size of proteins– Reduced concentration of oligosaccharides– Probiotic effect– Reduced concentration of antigenic substances

Treatment of SBM with enzymes (and fermentation)– HP 300 – Reduced concentration af antigenic substances

27

Size of Proteins

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

>60 kDa 20-60 kDa <20 kDa

Conv. SBM

HP 300

PepSoyGen


28

Sucrose and Oligosaccharides

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Sucrose Stachyose Raffinose

Conv. SBM

HP 300

PepSoyGen


29

Protein Concentration (%)

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

Protein

Conv. SBM

HP 300

PepSoyGen


30

AA Digestibility (%)Measured in weanling pigs (10-25 kg).

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

Lys Met Thr Trp

Conv. SBM

HP 300

PepSoyGen

ab b a ba ab


Growth Performance Studies with PepSoyGen

Experiment 1

33

Diets, Day 0-14SBM Fish meal PepSoyGen

Corn, % 41.2 43.8 40.8

Whey, % 20.0 20.0 20.0

Plasma, % 4.0 4.0 4.0

Soybean meal, % 30.0 23.0 23.0

Fish meal, % 0 7.0 0

PepSoyGen, % 0 0 7.0

Peters and Stein, 2006

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Diets, Day 15-35Item Sojaskrå Fiskemel PepSoyGen

Corn, % 64.9 67.6 65.0

SBM, % 30.0 23.0 23.0

Fish meal, % 0 7.0 0

PepSoyGen, % 0 0 7.0


35

Average Daily Gain

050

100150200250300350400450500

Day 0-14 Day 15-35 Day 0-35

SBM

Fish meal

PepSoyGen


36

Feed:Gain

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Day 0-14 Day 15-35 Day 0-35

SBM

Fish meal

PepSoyGen


Experiment 2

38

Diets, Day 0-14Pos. Cont.

Neg. Cont.

No Fish No whey

All PSG

Corn, % 51.75 58.65 48.0 64.25 60.15

Whey, % 15.0 0 15.0 0 0

SBM, % 20.5 33.5 20.5 20.5 20.5

Fish meal, % 8.0 0 0 8.0 0

PepSoyGen, % 0 0 9.0 2.5 11.5

Lys HCL, % 0.27 0.42 0.43 0.30 0.46

Rojas and Stein, 2009

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Common phase 2 diet, d. 15-35

Item %

Corn, % 63.33

SBM, % 29.0

Fish meal, % 0

PepSoyGen, % 0

Whey, % 0

Lys HCL, % 0.36


40

Average Daily Gain

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Day 0-14 Day 15-35 Day 0-35

PC

NC

No fish

No whey

All PSG


41

Feed:Gain

1.25

1.3

1.35

1.4

1.45

1.5

1.55

1.6

Day 0-14 Day 15-35 Day 0-35

PC

NC

No fish

No whey

All PSG


a bc

abca c

Digestibility of P and Energy in enzyme treated SBM

Goebel and Stein, 2010

42

43

ATTD of P

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

No phytase 500 FTU

HP 310

HP 340

SBM


a b a abba

ME, kcal/kg DM

3650

3700

3750

3800

3850

3900

3950

4000

ME

HP 200

HP 310

SBM

Corn


Soybean Meal in the US and other Countries

46

52.853.6

52.8 52.27 52.8

45

50

55

60

percent

NRC US Argentina Brazil India

Concentration of CP (%DM)

Illini Sand, 2008

47

3.36

2.06

3.34

1.85

3.20

1.95

3.26

1.99

3.39

2.06

1.5

2.5

3.5

Lys Thr

percent


Concentration of AA (%DM)

Illini Sand, 2008

48

0.74 0.720.80

0.720.720.790.73

0.80.76 0.81

0

0.5

1

1.5

Met Trp

percent


Concentration of AA (%DM)

Illini Sand, 2008

49

90.087.0

90.3

86.486.3 86.2

80.0

75.6

88.2

81.5

70

80

90

100

Lys Thr

percent


Standardized Ileal Digestibility

Illini Sand, 2008

50

91.090.0

92.491.591.1

89.5

86.6

84.3

89.287.5

80

90

100

Met Trp

percent


Standardized Ileal Digestibility

Illini Sand, 2008

51

3.02

1.79

3.09

1.76

2.77

1.68

2.61

1.5

2.99

1.68

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Lys Thr

percent


Standardized Ileal Digestible AA (%DM)

Illini Sand, 2008

52

0.67 0.65

0.73 0.74

0.660.70

0.630.680.68

0.71

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Met Trp

percent


Standardized Ileal Digestible AA (%DM)

Illini Sand, 2008

Conclusions

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Conclusions• Oligosaccharides can reduce gain and increase

diarrhea in weanling pigs• Several possibilities for reducing

oligosaccharides in soybeans and soybean meal • Low OL SBM has same or better digestiblity of

AA and energy as conv. SBM• Soybean meal with high conc. of protein is also

available and provides more digestible AA than conv. SBM

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Conclusions, cont.• Fermented and enzymatically treated SBM

contain no oligosaccharides• PepSoyGen may replace fish meal in starter diets

without compromising pig performance– Keep CP low and add synthetic AA

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Websitehttp://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu

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58

Thank you for the Attention

Documents

Use of Soybean Products in Diets fed to Swine