Use of Radioactive in Medical

7/31/2019 Use of Radioactive in Medical

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GROUP MEMBERS :

NURUSHUHADA BT YAHYA D20091035102SITI MARDIAH BT MOHD BAHARI D20091035103UMMU AIMAN BT ABDULLAH D20091035104SITI NORITA BT MOHD YUNOS D20091035109

ROSNITAH BT YACOB D20091035118


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Medical use of radioactive materials falls broadly into two

categories: diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This branch

of medicine is called nuclear medicine, and the radioactive

materials are called radiopharmaceuticals.

For most diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures, a smallamount of radioactive material is administered.

The radiopharmaceutical collects in the organ or area being

evaluated, where it emits photons that detected by gamma

camera.

The gamma camera produces images that provide

information about the organ function and composition, and

help physicians locate and identify tumors, size anomalies, or

other physiological or functional organ problems.


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The first X-ray device was discovered accidentally by the

German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) in 1895. He found

that a cathode-ray tube emitted invisible rays that could

penetrate paper and wood.

X-rays are a relatively safe method of investigation and the

radiation exposure is low.

X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic

radiation.

WHAT ARE X-RAYS???


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Soft X-rays are the kind used to

photograph bones and internal

organs.

They operate at relatively low

frequency and unless they are

repeated too often, cause little

damage to tissue.

Hard X-rays are very highfrequency rays.

They are designed to destroy

the molecules within specific

cells, thus destroying tissue.

Hard X-rays are used in

radiotherapy, a treatment for

cancer


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Uses ofx-rays

Radiotherapy

for cancer

To detectpathology suchas gallstones orkidney stone

Detection ofpathology of

the skeletalsystem.

Detectingsome diseaseprocesses in in

soft tissue

Detect

intestinal

obstruction

Chest x-rayto detect

lung disease


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TREATMENT OF CANCER BY RADIATION

THERAPY

WHAT IS RADIATION THERAPY??

Is a form of treatment for many cancer patients

Use certain type of energy to kill cancer cells and shrinktumors called ionizing radiation

This therapy may be used to treat almost every type of

solid tumor, including cancers of the brain, breast,

cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, spine,

stomach, uterus, or soft tissue

Radiation can also be used to treat leukemia and

lymphoma

Radiation therapy may be used alone or in

combination with other cancer treatments, such as

chemotherapy or surgery. In some cases, a patient may

receive more than one type of radiation therapy Use of high energy x-rays to help stop cancer cells from

growing and to decrease their ability to divide

To damage many cancer cells as possible, while

limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue

LUNG CANCER

SKIN CANCER


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How it done??

Radiation therapy injures or destroys

cells in the area being treated called

target by damaging their geneticmaterial, making it impossible for these

cells to continue to grow and divide

Although radiation damages both

cancer cells and normal cells, most

normal cells can recover from the effects

of radiation and function properly


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External Beam radiation

uses a linear acceleratorto deliver radiation from

outside of the body.

Internal radiation

Therapy (Brachytherapy)

uses radioactive sources

that are placed into the

body.

EXTERNAL RADIATION INTERNAL RADIATION


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Also known as Dental porcelain.

Porcelain used by a dental

technician to create biocompatible

to lifelike such as:

1) Crowns

2) Bridges3) Veneers

4) Dentures


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Type of RADIOACTIVE

COMPONENT THAT

CONTAIN IN DENTALPORCELAIN.

Natural teeth get their white gleam with

ultraviolet light. This phenomenon is

called FLUORESCENCE

Since uranium does gleam in ultraviolet

light, uranium could be added to dental

porcelain to make it gleam and look more

realistic.

Unfortunately, uranium fluoresces with a

dull yellow-green color .


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After that, the bluish glow of cerium ,

another radioactive element then iscombines with the greenish glow of

uranium to give the white gleam that

dentists were looking for.

However, when used as a fluorescent

agent in Artificial teeth and ceramic

powders uranium must not exceed

0.03% by weight according to the

only standard regulating radioactivecompounds in dental materials

(USA).


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Protect week tooth from

damage.

2) Strengthen the teeth

3) Replaced missing teeth.

4) Cover discolored or badlyshaped teeth.

5) Improved teeth appearance


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1) Many of the components of alternative materials

and their degradation products can cause local

allergic reactions in dental patients (mouth) andworkers (hands).

2) Effect an individuals with certain cataract and other

eyesight problems, patients sensitive to light or those

on photosensitizing medication.

3) Certain electrical equipment used for dental curing

may pose a risk to people with electrical implants

such as pacemakers.


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An intense beam of radiation, from a high-

activity source external to the patient, is focused

on the tissue.

Example : use of a device called the gamma

knife, which use a collimating helmet to focus

radiation from numerous cobalt-60 sources to aspecific location deep within brain tissue.


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Lower activity radioactive sources that are

placed close to, or within cancerous tissues such

as in the breast, prostate or cervix.

Sources include sealed seeds injected or

surgically implanted, then removed after the

prescribed dose is received by the patientintravascular brachytheraphy system use small

sources are placed into arteries using catheres.


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Example : Prostate Seed Implant (Bracytherapy)

Also, known as Interstitial Radiation,

brachytherapy is the permanent radio active seeds intothe prostate gland under ultrasound guidance while

under anesthesia.

Brachytherapy delivers a prescribed dose of radiatiation

directly to the cancer cells while decreasing the risk of

radiating surrounding tissues or organs.

Generally, it is an outpatient procedure. In certain

situations, both prostate brachytherapy and external

radiation many be recommended.

The seeds are approximately four millimeters long and less

than a millimeter in diameter. An average of eighty to one

hundred seeds are implanted.


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High dosage of radioactive materials are

injected into, or injected into, or ingested

by the patient.

Example; use of radioactive iodine to

destroy or shrink a diseased thyroid.

THEREPEUTIC NUCLEAR MEDICINE


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The radionuclides that are used in thyroid

scans are two isotopes of iodine, I-131 and I-123,

and an isotope of technetium known as 99m Tc.

Technetium scanning is preferred for some

diagnostic workups because it is relatively fast

and does not require the patient to fast

beforehand.

Some professionals prefer to reserve I-131 for

follow-up evaluations ofcancer patients, and

use I-123 for thyroid uptake tests and routine

thyroid scans.

The reason for the distinction is the higher

radiation burden of I-131.


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Teletheraphy machine


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Use of Radioactive in Medical