Collegiate

Case

Study

THE NATION’S NEWSPAPER

Anti-gambling groups seekmoratorium on office poolsBy Stephanie Armour

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Point-shaving remains aconcern in college athleticsBy Michael McCarthy

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Identifying gambling problemBy Michael McCarthy

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Gamblers can use manymethods to entice athletesBy Michael McCarthy

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NCAA aims to avoid NBA’sreferee problemBy Eddie Timanus

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Critical inquiryDiscussion and future implications

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CCaassee SSttuuddyy EExxppeerrttss::Dr. Wendy Stuhldreher Slippery Rock University

Dr. Thomas Stuhldreher Clarion University

www.usatodaycollege.com

© Copyright 2007 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

In an age when billions of dollars are bet on pro and college sports, questions related togambling, game fixing and unethical practices are all raised. Recent news that an NBAreferee is under federal investigation for betting on games and sharing inside informa-tion with gamblers has changed everything, and fans now have good reason to be suspicious. Much about big-time sports tempts just this sort of criminal behavior — so much opportunity, so little real deterrence, so much money to be made, and suchdire consequences. This case study will examine how sports gambling affects collegestudents and college athletics.

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College kids caught ingambling madnessBasketball tournament increases interest in wagering

By Michael McCarthyUSA TODAY

Most of the people giddily filling outbrackets for their NCAA March Madnessoffice pool will never have a problem.But for a few unfortunate young peopleand their families, the Road to the FinalFour, the nation's fourth-biggest gambling event,is paved with personaland financial ruin.

Some college studentsaddicted to sportsbetting or online pokerhave taken it toextremes. They havecommitted crimes,including bank robberyand murder, overgambling debts. Others, unable to facethe guilt or consequences of bettingaway tuition, have committed suicide.

The NCAA hopes the student-athletesin the men's and women's basketball

tournaments won't be among them. Tothat end it is launching a national studythis year to try to measure how manystudent-athletes across sports arebetting on games, taking money tothrow games or sharing insideinformation. Results will be released in2008. The last study, released in 2004,

found "disturbing"evidence of sportswagering.

The FBI, meanwhile, is onthe lookout for tamperingwith student-athletes inAtlanta, site of the men'sFinal Four. During lastyear's round of 16, a playergot a suspicious text-mailasking for insideinformation, says Rachel

Newman Baker, NCAA director of agents,gambling and amateurism activity. Shewon't name him.

If the NCAA wants information on thehuman toll from gambling, it should ask

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Sandi Snook. The 41-year-old motherfrom Charles City, Iowa, says she lost two17-year-old sons, directly or indirectly, tothe sports betting addiction of Meng-Ju"Mark" Wu, a 19-year-old freshman atthe University of Wisconsin.

Dane County (Wis.) prosecutors saidWu, furious over a $15,000 sportsbetting debt, shot Snook's son DustinWilson to death in his sleep June 26,2003, in Verona, Wis., with Wu's bookieJason McGuigan, 28, and Dan Swanson,25. McGuigan was the real target, saysBernie Coughlin, Verona's police chief.Wilson and Swanson, McGuigan'sroommates, were in the wrong place atthe wrong time. Hours before his trialwas to begin, Wu hung himself in jail Jan.17, 2005.

Wilson's death devastated his brotherand best friend, David, and Nov. 19, 2005,David Snook locked the door of hisbedroom and hung himself in his closet.

"My advice to kids about gambling isdon't do it, don't think about it, don'teven be around anybody who does it,"Sandi Snook says.

Wu committed the triple-homicide,Coughlin says, shortly after his parentsconfronted him about gambling away histuition and expense money with anonline sports book. "It was too much forhim, the embarrassment, the shame oflosing the money," Coughlin says.

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Money drives the real March Madness.The $6billion illegally wagered on theNCAA tournament through office pools,online sports books and street-cornerbookies trails the $8.5billion bet on theSuper Bowl, USA TODAY sports analystDanny Sheridan says. Final Four gameswill generate $2.25billion in illegalbetting, he predicts.

"It's like spring break for sportsbettors," Sheridan says.

Bracketology fever reaches its apex inLas Vegas. The money legally wagered oncollege and professional basketball lastMarch more than doubled to$195.7million from $95.9million inFebruary, says Frank Streshley, senioranalyst for the Nevada Gaming ControlBoard. The total then fell by more thantwo-thirds to $59.2million in April.

Organized crime members targetstudent-athletes because they're easymarks, says Michael Franzese, a formermobster with the Colombo Mafia familyin Brooklyn, N.Y.

Many think they know college sportsbetter than pro sports. Once they lose,they commit the typical mistake of"squares," or amateur gamblers, trying toplay their way back to even -- and end updeeper in the hole.

At that point, they're faced with thechoice of paying money they don't haveor doing something they don't want to do.

"If they lose money, and most do, whatother options do they have?" Franzeseasks. "They don't have much money. Alot of them don't have jobs becausethey're so wrapped up with sports andtheir school. They don't want to go totheir parents and admit their problem.So they end up stealing, or do somethingworse, to make up money they owe.

"They're surprisingly naive andunsophisticated," says Franzese, who hasspoken about the perils of betting atmore than 175 Division I collegecampuses.

One-third of the callers to the toll-freehelp line 888-LastBet (888-527-8238) are12 to 25, says Arnie Wexler, a recoveringcompulsive gambler.

The percentage of males 17 and olderwho say they gamble over the Interneton a weekly basis jumped to 5.8% in2006, a 100% increase from the previousyear, according to the NationalAnnenberg Risk Survey of Youth.

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1. Super Bowl

2. NFL playoffs

3. College football bowls

4. March Madness

5. NBA playoffs

6. World Series

7. The Masters tournament,Wimbledon (tie)

8. Indianapolis 500, Daytona 500 (tie)

9. Ultimate Fighting Championship, proboxing (championship fights)

10. Triple Crown horse races (KentuckyDerby, Preakness, Belmont)

Source: USA TODAY analyst Danny Sheridan

Gambling at collegePercentage of college studentswho say they take part in vari-ous kinds of gambling, includingplaying the lottery, in an averageweek:

Source: Annenberg Public Policy Center

By Joni Alexander, USA TODAY

16%

12%

8%

4%

0

All gamblingCard gamblingInternet gambling

’02 ’03 ’04 ’05

8.3%

1.4%0.5%

15.5%

8.4%

2.4%

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The son of a wealthy Taiwanese family,Wu enrolled at Wisconsin to study

Chinese in 2002. He befriendedMcGuigan, a known gambler/bookie, togain access to his world. McGuigan set upan offshore gambling account for Wu and

charged him for betting tips aboutAmerican sports.

The relationship apparently turnedmurderous, Coughlin says, when Wudiscovered McGuigan was lying to him:that Wu had lost, not won, thousandsbetting on sports.

The New York Police Departmentarrested Wu as he was about to return toTaiwan.

In custody, Wu admitted his gamblingaddiction to police. McGuigan father's,Robert, told WISC-T V's News 3 inMadison that his son owed $20,000 ormore to bookies in Illinois.

"I've got triple guilt, for my son and forthe others," he told The Capital Times ofMadison.

Both Wu and McGuigan were seducedby the idea of money for nothing,Coughlin says, that they could make bigbucks and drive expensive cars withoutworking for it: "They got wrapped upinto a lifestyle that was a fraud, adangerous lifestyle that obviouslyreached the point of no return."

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Cleveland police concluded JosephKupchik, 19, stabbed himself in the chestwith a knife and then jumped from theninth floor of a Cleveland parking garageFeb. 12, 2006, Lt. Thomas Stacho says.The accounting student at Cleveland'sCuyahoga Community College lost aconsiderable amount of money in onlinegambling in the weeks before his death,Stacho says.

Kupchik bet $500 on Georgetown towin the 2006 NCAA men's basketballchampionship, eventually won byFlorida, The (Cleveland) Plain Dealerreported. He also transferred more than$3,500 in tuition money to his checkingaccount, the paper reported, whilepaying more than $3,400 to a gamblingwebsite in the Caribbean.

Compulsive gamblers are experts atdenial, says Michael Franzese, the for-mer New York Mafia prince turnedanti-gambling crusader. They neveradmit they have a problem.

Franzese tells college kids to asksimple questions to check if theyhave a problem.

Are they:

uMissing classes because of gam-bling?

u Having trouble focusing in classbecause they're thinking about gam-bling?

u Buying books, or otherwise edu-cating themselves, on becoming amore skillful bettor?

u Facing more debts than they canhandle financially?

If yes, they should try to deal withthe problem before it takes over theirlives, he says. "If you can't focus onyour studies, or you're reading books(on gambling), those are signs it'ssneaking up on you," warns Franzese,who served seven years in prison onracketeering charges before goingstraight and writing the autobiogra-phy Blood Covenant.

So what should a kid in trouble do?First recognize the problem and thenquit cold turkey, Franzese says. "Youcan't say, 'I'll make up my losses this

weekend, then stop.' Chances areyou'll be deeper in debt. Get somehelp."

Most student gamblers areashamed to admit their problem totheir parents, Franzese says.

So moms and dads should watchout for warning signs of gambling orsports betting addictions.

Among them:

u An unexplained need for money.A sudden increase in credit card debt.Displays of unexplained wealth.

uMoney and valuables missingfrom the home.

u Sudden dip in grades. Poor atten-dance in class.

uWatching more TV sports. Callsto 900 numbers for sports results andbetting lines. Becoming unduly emo-tional over sporting events.

u Depression and anxiety.Withdrawal from family, friends andother outside interests.

"Many parents unknowingly advo-cate gambling. They let their kidshave poker parties in the basement,"Franzese says. "It has to be on yourradar screen."

By Michael McCarthy

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On the eve of last year's NCAA basketball tournament, theson of a Midwest police chief was arrested on charges ofoperating an illegal bookmaking operation catering to Catholichigh school students in the Chicago area.

Daniel Dalzell, 23-year-old son of then-Alsip (Ill.) police chiefRick Dalzell, pleaded guilty to misdemeanor gambling chargesNov.22 and was sentenced to two years' probation and $5,000in court costs and fines, says Tandra Simonton, spokeswomanfor the Cook County (Ill.) State's Attorney's Office.

From Nov. 1, 2005, to March 8, 2006, Dalzell, who had nocriminal record, booked bets on college and pro games for 10to 12 students at his alma mater, Marist High School, as well asSt. Rita's High School, Simonton says. Some kids ran up tabs ashigh as $27,000.

When they were allegedly threatened with collection, theypanicked and ran to the cops.

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The class president-turned-bank robber story of GregoryHogan Jr. proved to be an irresistible cautionary tale for themedia, The New York Times Magazine noted last year.

The former sophomore class president at Lehigh University inBethlehem, Pa., appeared to be the perfect student. The home-

schooled son of a Baptist preacher, Hogan Jr. was a pianoprodigy who played Carnegie Hall twice before 14. But hebecame hooked on online poker at Lehigh.

When his father, the Rev. Gregory Hogan Sr., placed anti-gambling software blocks on his computer, his son played TexasHold'em for up to 10 hours at a time in the school library.

Drinking heavily, he became despondent about his debts tofraternity brothers, his father says. He stole $2,000 in bondsfrom the family to finance his addiction.

Then the unarmed Hogan Jr. stood in line before handing overa note claiming he had a gun and demanding money from ateller at an Allentown, Pa., bank Dec. 9, 2005. He made noattempt to conceal his identity and left with $2,871.

He went to the movies to see The Chronicles of Narnia with acouple of unsuspecting friends and then treated his fraternitypals to pizza. Cops arrested him within hours when he showedup, cello in hand, for orchestra practice on campus. Heconfessed immediately.

Now 21, he's serving time at a state prison in Pennsylvania.

"Greg stood in line because he's a polite young man," hisfather says. "This was the compulsion, the black hole ofgambling he was caught up in. He felt this was the only thing hecould do."

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By Stephanie ArmourUSA TODAY

The hype around March Madness and this weekend's FinalFour is focusing attention on gambling addiction in theworkplace, with anti-gambling groups calling on employers tostop sanctioning office betting pools.

Gambling on the job is especially commonplace this time ofyear because of NCAA basketball tournaments: Almost half ofemployees have participated in an office pool at some point,according to a study by Harris Interactive for Spherion, arecruiting and staffing company.

That focus on gambling can trigger an addiction or causesomeone who has had a gambling addiction to relapse. Morepeople seek help to stop or control their sports betting duringMarch and April than at other times during the year, accordingto a March survey by Bensinger DuPont & Associates (BDA), aChicago-based employee assistance provider that also runs atoll-free gambling addiction hotline.

"(Addiction) can be initiated by a big win, and that's whatconcerns me about March Madness. They can win, and winbig," says Marie Apke at BDA.

Among the concerns:

u LLeeggaall rriisskkss.. A gambling addiction is not considered a disabil-ity covered under the federal Americans with Disabilities Act.But an employer could be sued by workers who claim thecompany is responsible for their financial losses, says RichardMeneghello, a lawyer at Fisher & Phillips in Portland, Ore. "If anemployer sanctions it, and someone loses money, they can goback and say the employer was the cause," he says.

u PPrroodduuccttiivviittyy. Employees who are problem gamblers aremore likely to have problems with absenteeism, according toemployee assistance providers such as BDA. The Spherionstudy found that 10% of workers have called in sick to watch orattend a sporting event.

u FFiinnaanncciiaall.. Problem gamblers also are likely to borrowmoney from co-workers or to take money from the workplace,according to DBA and other employee assistance providers.

That's one reason that Benchmark Media Group in LovesPark, Ill., doesn't allow employees to participate in anygambling while on the job.

"There can be money issues. Addiction can happen," says R.D.Smith, who owns the firm, which provides marketing tochiropractors and others in the medical field. "Productivity alsogoes down."

An estimated 2 million U.S. adults meet criteria forpathological gambling in a given year, according to Washington,D.C.-based National Council on Problem Gambling. Anadditional 4 million to 8 million could be considered problemgamblers.

"In terms of March Madness, the saturation level makes ithard for someone who is recovering," says Keith Whyte,executive director of the council.

"You can see that they get that high. They get into the officepool and win, and then they try to re-create that high."

Anti-gambling groups seekmoratorium on office pools

Betting on online sportsThe business of placing sports bets online gets a big boost with basketball’sMarch Madness.

Sources: Political Capital, Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein

Revenue (in billions)

$2,000

$1,600

$1,200

$800

$400

02002 200612003 2004 20051

U.S. sports Online Worldwide

2001

$578.8

$1,747.0

$354.2

$451.3

$1,216.8

$131.3

1 – Estimate

By Marcy E. Mullins, USA TODAY

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By Michael McCarthyUSA TODAY

When gambler Ghazi "Gary" Manniallegedly bribed University of Toledorunning back Harvey "Scooter"McDougle Jr. and other players to rigfootball and basketball games from 2003to 2006, he didn't ask them todeliberately lose, according to federal lawauthorities.

The alleged game-fixer's pitch toMcDougle was more insidious -- andpsychologically effective: Play to win, justby fewer points than the betting line setby the oddsmakers of Las Vegas. Don'tbeat yourself, beat the spread.

This illegal scam is known as point-shaving. The most common forminvolves paying athletes on favoredteams to win the game — but by fewerpoints than the betting line.

If the Toledo Rockets football teamwere favored by 10, Manni would askplayers to try to win by nine or fewer,according to an affidavit in the case filedby FBI special agent Brian Max. Manniallegedly would then bet big money onthe opponent to "cover the spread." Andclean up.

"Is it a huge problem? I wouldn't saythat. But it's a continual problem," saysMatt Heron, chief of the organized crimesection at FBI headquarters inWashington. "It's out there. We know it'sout there. Whether we can prove it is adifferent matter."

Shaving points might seem like a no-harm, no-foul way to make easy money,

Heron says. But a college athlete risks hiseducation, future career, even freedom.

Point-shaving is a federal crime. Anyplayer caught shaving pointspermanently loses NCAA eligibility in allsports and can be arrested andprosecuted.

Just ask Stevin "Hedake" Smith, an ex-team captain of Arizona State whoserved nearly a year in prison in 1999-2000. He played briefly with the DallasMavericks early in 1997, but his NBAprospects disappeared after he pleadedguilty in late 1997 to conspiracy tocommit sports bribery for shaving pointsin four games in 1994.

Some Las Vegas sports gamblingexperts are suspicious of the Toledofootball team's performance in the '05season. Lopsided betting to one side orthe other of a line changes the pointspread — and raises questions in thegambling community.

During that season, the lines moved bytwo points or more on seven games, saysRJ Bell, president of Pregame.com. Eachtime, the bettors driving the changeswon. "The odds of that happeningrandomly are 128-1 … which tells methese guys knew something."

The "betting patterns" on Toledoduring the 2005 season became sosuspicious that Nevada's State GamingControl Board investigated two games,chief enforcement officer Jerry Marklingsays. After concluding there were noviolations by state casinos, the boardclosed its investigation in December2005.

McDougle was arraigned March 30 inU.S. District Court in Detroit on chargesof participating in a bribery scheme toinfluence games. He has been suspendedfrom the football team but is stillenrolled at school, University of Toledospokesman Larry Burns says.

The FBI says it is still gatheringinformation to make its case againstMcDougle. Manni, 50, from the Detroitarea, has not been charged.

Once a player gets in with mobstersand gamblers, there's no turning back,warns former gangster Henry Hill, theinspiration for the movie Goodfellas, whoorchestrated a point-shaving schemewith the Boston College's men'sbasketball team during the 1978-79season. Players are forced to continueshaving points until the caper blows upor they're off the team.

Hill vividly recalls the warning he gavethe players from New York gangsterJimmy "The Gent" Burke after theybotched a point-shaving attempt: "'Tellthose Boston kids they can't playbasketball with broken arms.'"

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A less common form of point-shavinginvolves paying players on underdog

The most common form[of point shaving] involvespaying athletes on favoredteams to win the game —but by fewer points than thebetting line.

Point-shaving remains aconcern in college athleticsGamblers seek ways to lure players into game-fixing fold

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teams to deliberately lose by more thanthe point spread. If the Rockets werepredicted to lose by two points, Manniwould tell players to lose by three ormore, according to the FBI affidavit.

The problem? Even the greediestcollege athletes are highly competitive,experts say. It's much easier for game

fixers to sell them on shaving pointswhile still winning than losing onpurpose.

"If the spread is 12 points, he doesn'tcare if he wins by 10 or 14," says JustinWolfers, assistant professor of businessand public policy at the University ofPennsylvania's Wharton School.

After studying 44,120 NCAA Division Imen's basketball games from 1989 to2005, he concluded in a research paperlast year that 1%, or nearly 500 games,involved "gambling-related corruption."

Point-shaving is easier to pull off andharder to catch than dumping games,says Michael Franzese, who refers to

Rick Chryst, commissioner of the Mid-AmericanConference, says he's taking the University of Toledo point-shaving allegations "very seriously."

"Certainly, there's different ways people get approached,"Chryst says. "It might be that the point spread is an easierway."

The alleged mating dance portrayed by authoritiesbetween gambler Ghazi "Gary" Manni, Toledo runningback Harvey "Scooter" McDougle Jr. and other football andbasketball players provides insight into the ways gamblersseduce athletes.:

GGeett tthheemm ggaammbblliinngg:: The quickest way to corrupt an ath-lete is to help him run up a gambling tab he can't pay, saysFBI special agent Jon Bunn, who briefs college men's andwomen's basketball teams during the Sweet 16 round ofthe NCAA basketball tournament. The jock then has achoice: Cough up cash he doesn't have or "provide a serv-ice," Bunn says.

"They come from behind on the court, so they can thinkthey can come from behind in the gambling arena. But itdoesn't end up that way. They wind up further in thehole," he says.

Manni, for example, would place wagers for the athleteswith his cash, then pay them the profits if they won,according to an FBI affidavit. Electronic surveillance onManni's phone captured McDougle asking the gambler tobet $2,000 for him on the GMAC Bowl between Toledo andthe University of Texas-El Paso on Dec.21, 2005.

"Gary informed McDougle that another player would behelping out," reads the affidavit.

Toledo won 45-13.

In a phone call in November 2005, according to the affi-davit, the FBI heard Manni telling a Rockets basketball play-er, "Scooter had taken care of certain players on the teamwho would be helping (Manni) influence a game that day."

WWiinniinngg aanndd ddiinniinngg:: Gamblers seduce athletes with fancydinners, booze and drugs and set up opportunities for sex.Manni invited the players he met in Toledo to join him inDetroit for free dinners and paid gambling sprees at theGreektown Casino downtown, the FBI affidavit says.

Similarly, when New York gangster Henry Hill first mettwo Boston College men's basketball players involved inthat point-shaving scheme, he paid them $500 apiece justto have dinner with him. Hill says he also plied the playerswith free booze, cocaine and prostitutes.

MMaaggiicc nnuummbbeerr:: A bribe of $10,000-plus will often per-suade a reluctant athlete to cross over to the dark side, saysMichael Franzese, a former Mafia soldier-turned-anti-gam-bling crusader.

Manni offered an unnamed football player "up to $10,000to sit out particular games," according to the FBI affidavit.Nearly three decades ago, Hill says he paid three BostonCollege men's basketball players about $10,000 apiece toshave points in nine games during 1978-79.

"There's a certain number with these kids -- and it's$10,000," Franzese says. "You buy them a dinner, put a fewbucks in their pocket, and you've got them."

By Michael McCarthy

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himself as a former Mafia soldier and ex-convict turned anti-gambling crusader. Athletes shaving points can still play hardand win. At key moments they try to manipulate the final scoreby slacking off on defense, missing free throws or committing a foul.

In an interview with the FBI on Dec.14, according to theaffidavit, McDougle admitted accepting cash, a car, a phone andother valuables from Manni. Also according to the affidavit,McDougle said he shared inside information and introducedManni to other Toledo football and basketball players whomight also be interested.

In the affidavit, McDougle, a 22-year-old senior with nodeclared major, told the FBI he never changed his play to affecta game's outcome. His best year for the Rockets was in 2004,rushing for 620 yards and seven touchdowns. After kneesurgery, he played sparingly in 2005 and '06.

McDougle's attorney, James Burdick, says his client isinnocent. The initial criminal complaint against McDougle wasdropped April 18. Gina Balaya, spokeswoman for the U.S.Attorney's office in Detroit, says that was done to give the FBImore time to investigate. She says she expects the case to go toa grand jury.

Manni's attorney, Neil Fink, declined to comment. DevlinCulliver, McDougle's coach at Shaw High School in EastCleveland, Ohio, believes "someone tried to corrupt" his starrunning back: "Scooter is not that kind of kid. Maybe he gaveup information he shouldn't gave up. I'm hoping him he didn't."

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Mark Andrews, chairman of the watchdog Casino Watch inChesterfield, Mo., a suburb of St. Louis, says growingacceptance of wagering, from sports betting to poker, hascreated the first generation "to grow up thinking gambling isacceptable. Combine that with being in a position of influence,and they will get into trouble real quick."

Scandals involving dumping games have been scarce recently.Recall the eight Chicago White Sox players pocketing bribes todump the 1919 World Series to the Cincinnati Reds. Or proboxers taking dives in the ring.

But nearly every college betting scandal of the last 60 yearsinvolved point-shaving, such as these in basketball:

u City College of New York, 1951.

u Boston College, 1978-79.

u Tulane, 1985.

u Arizona State, 1994.

uNorthwestern, 1995.

Gamblers don't just target players; they target anyone whocan help them win a bet, the FBI's Heron says.

During the 2006 NCAA Division I men's basketballtournament, a trainer from one of the teams making the Sweet16 received a suspicious text-mail message asking for insideinformation. He reported it to the FBI.

Why a trainer?

"He knows who's hurt, who's healthy, who's got a bumknee," Heron says.

The only way to eradicate point-shaving, Wolfers says, wouldbe to eliminate point-spread betting on college sports.

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Even game-fixers, however, learn there's no such thing as asure thing. In an account of the Boston College schemepublished by Sports Illustrated in 1981, Hill described thestrategy:

"We wanted BC to win by less than the betting line when itwas favored — and to lose by more than the line when it wasthe underdog. So we'd always bet on the BC opponent andeverything would be perfect. Right?"

Wrong. Despite three BC players on board, Hill says he wonhis bets on only six of the nine rigged games.

Still, Hill says he made $480,000; he says the players got afew thousand a game. Their leader, Rick Kuhn, was sentencedto 10 years in prison and ended up serving 28 months. Kuhncould not be reached for comment.

The dirty secret of college sports is how easy it is for fixers tobribe student-athletes who have little or no money, Hill says,especially if the players don't think they have the size or skill tomake it in the professional ranks after college.

"Everybody has a number. Everybody is corruptible. I don'tcare who it is," says Hill, writing a screenplay about the BostonCollege scam, Final Four. "It's just a matter of how much — andhow much they think they can get away with.

"You offer a kid 10 large ($10,000), he's at least going to thinkabout it."

Contributing: Kevin Johnson and Thomas Ankner

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NCAA aims to avoid NBA's referee problem

By Eddie TimanusUSA TODAY

The news that NBA referee Tim Donaghy is under investigationfor alleged involvement in gambling didn't have a direct impact onthe college sports world. But the story didn't go unnoticed either.

"We'd be foolish if we weren't sensitive to what has gone on andattentive to these kinds of issues in the collegegame," said Dan Beebe, interim commissioner ofthe Big12. "I don't think we'd be very goodstewards of the game if we didn't pay attention to itand take our own measures."

"Obviously this is a very, very serious situation inanybody's mind who sits in the chair that I do,"Atlantic Coast Conference Commissioner JohnSwofford agreed. "It goes to the integrity of thegame."

Historically, gambling issues that have come to light in collegiateathletics have involved players, from the CCNY basketball point-shaving scandal of the early 1950s to the current investigation of aToledo football player. The dismissal of Washington football coachRick Neuheisel in 2003 was in part for participating in an NCAAbasketball pool and is indicative of how seriously the issue ofsports betting is taken.

Some major conferences and the NCAA already have taken stepsto try to establish the integrity of game officials. The ACC approveda system of background checks two years ago for officials infootball and men's and women's basketball. The league employs aprivate investigation firm for the checks for $10,000 to $12,000 ayear. Officials are subject to checks on a four-year rotation. Theycan decline to be checked but then won't be assigned games.

"I'm glad we are doing it," Swofford said. "It is not a catchall byany means. It can raise some red flags if they need to be raised."

The Big Ten league spokesman Scott Chipman confirmed,though he declined to discuss the nature of the checks. Beebe saidTuesday that the Big12 plans to initiate background investigationsfor football and men's basketball officials this school year that willinclude financial information. This was planned before the NBAscandal.

The Mountain West Conference also performs backgroundchecks on officials.

"If any of our officials have gambling issues, that's a red flag rightaway. Any of them who are having financial problems, we need totake a look at and make sure they can explain why they're in thecondition they're in (and) how they're going to get out of it," Beebesaid. "If we run a check, and they're in bankruptcy proceedings,we're going to be very hard-pressed to utilize that person, I think."

In addition, Beebe said this will be the third year the league hashad a contract with Las Vegas Sports Consultants to monitor linesand betting patterns of all Big12 football and men's basketball

games. The NCAA also contracts with firms in LasVegas to monitor lines and betting, according tospokesman Bob Williams.

Of the 31 DivisionI conferences, only three dobackground checks, but Pacific-10 associatecommissioner Jim Muldoon said that could change."Everybody will take a look at it in light of whathappened in the NBA," he said.

"I am comfortable with what we're doing," said JimHaney, executive director of the National Association

of Basketball Coaches, "but it's like anything. If one person does it —regardless of the efforts … to make everyone aware of theimportance of doing things right — it always makes you reassess. Isthere more we could be doing? I think when an event like thishappens, it makes everybody pause and reflect."

The NCAA began its background checks in 1999, and gamblingissues are covered in offseason clinics for officials. The associationeven has a director of agent, gambling and amateurism activities.

Greg Shaheen, NCAA senior vice president for basketball andbusiness strategy, was in New York for unrelated meetings andattended NBA Commissioner David Stern's news conferenceTuesday.

"This is additional impetus for us to review and examine all of ourpractices and procedures … and how we manage the process ofassigning officials," Shaheen said. "Just like, I assume, every othersports entity, this is an opportunity to make sure that we are takingevery possible precaution to assure the integrity of thecompetition."

Contributing: Steve Wieberg, Reid Cherner, Marlen Garcia, Thomas O'Toole

Conferences take closerlook at own practices

Page 10For more information, log on to www.usatodaycollege.com

1. Should gambling be left to the personal responsibility ofthe individual or should government play a role in regu-lating gambling? Look in USA TODAY for other types ofgovernment oversight, or the issue of government regulation vs. personal responsibility (e.g., seatbelt regulation).How do they compare or are dissimilar? Write a USA TODAY Forum piece on whether or not gambling should beregulated by the government and justify your position.

2. Constraints on gambling are more challenging now because of the Internet. Discuss the implications of readilyavailable gambling venues such as Internet gambling. What should be the government’s role regarding interven-tion in this venue? What considerations need to be taken into account for non-US governed online websites?

1. Many communities have pushed for legalizing gambling where it had never been legal before. What do the communities expect to gain from allowing gambling?

Discuss the pros and cons of gambling as a way to help the economy. Elaborate on the conflict of interest governmentmight have since gambling generates state revenue. Watch for examples of debates on legalizing gambling in yourhome state. What are the key issues from both sides?

2. Many drugs have been declared illegal because of the impact on vulnerable individuals. Should gambling be treatedthe same way or is it something different altogether?

3. Smoking has been banned in public places because of the impact on non-smokers. Does gambling impact the non-gambler and how?

4. Is there a gender bias or is it more socially acceptable? Is gambling related to competitiveness? Should athletes be subject to greater penalties?

5. What evidence do you see that indicates gamblers have an addictive personality? Are gamblers more likely to engagein high-risk behavior or take chances? What initiatives can be instigated to deal with this issue?

6. Describe the non-financial consequences of gambling especially among problem gamblers.

7. Debate as a class: Should gambling be considered a legal or moral issue? Depending on your answer, what is the role ofboth the government and the individual regarding control on gambling.

8. What are signs that gambling has become a personal problem? How should the word get out to college students thatgambling can be dangerous and to be aware of the warning signs? As the article states — how should problem gam-bling be placed on all our radar screens

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Page 11For more information, log on to www.usatodaycollege.com

v National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).Executive Summary for the National Study on CollegiateSports Wagering and Associated Health Risks. (2004.)Available at:wwwwww..nnccaaaa..oorrgg//ggaammbblliinngg//22000033NNaattiioonnaallSSttuuddyy//sslliiddeeSShhooww

v Engwall D, Hunter R, Steinberg M. Gambling and OtherRisk Behaviors on University Campuses.

v National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). SportsWagering webpage:wwwwww..nnccaaaa..oorrgg//ggaammbblliinngg//ddoonnttbbeettoonniitt//22000044..ppddff

vWinters KC, Stinchfield R, Botzet A, Anderson N. AProspective Study of Youth Gambling Behaviors.

Dr. Wendy Stuhldreher is currently aprofessor in the Department ofHealth and Safety in the CommunityHealth Program and Assistant to theDean of the College of Health,Environment and Science at SlipperyRock University of Pennsylvania

Dr. Thomas Stuhldreher is a professorin the Department of Finance atClarion University of Pennsylvaniawhere he has taught for the past 23years. He received his MA inPhilosophy from the University ofNotre Dame and his MBA and DBAfrom Kent State University.

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