U.S. U.S. Imperialism’s Imperialism’s

Impact on Impact on Other NationsOther Nations

U.S.-Japanese U.S.-Japanese RelationsRelations

Japan had closed itself to Japan had closed itself to outsiders in the late outsiders in the late 1400s; held a strong 1400s; held a strong mistrust of Western mistrust of Western culturescultures

In mid-1800s, US In mid-1800s, US businesses began to businesses began to view Japan as an view Japan as an untapped market for untapped market for tradetrade

1852: Pres. Franklin 1852: Pres. Franklin Pierce sent a naval Pierce sent a naval expedition to force Japan expedition to force Japan to sign a trade treatyto sign a trade treaty

Perry’s Trade Perry’s Trade MissionMission

US Navy under US Navy under Commodore Commodore Matthew PerryMatthew Perry arrived in arrived in Tokyo Bay in July 1853Tokyo Bay in July 1853

Japanese were awed by Japanese were awed by American technology (steam American technology (steam powered ships, naval powered ships, naval firepower); quickly realized firepower); quickly realized that they could not compete that they could not compete militarily with the USmilitarily with the US

Japan reluctantly signed the Japan reluctantly signed the trade agreement and opened trade agreement and opened its ports to US merchantsits ports to US merchants

Japan learned quickly, and by Japan learned quickly, and by the 1890s had adopted the 1890s had adopted western technologies, western technologies, industrialized, and completely industrialized, and completely modernized their militarymodernized their military

US interference in theUS interference in theRusso-Japanese WarRusso-Japanese War

1904-1905: Russia and Japan 1904-1905: Russia and Japan went to war over control of went to war over control of Korea and ManchuriaKorea and Manchuria

The world expected the “old The world expected the “old world” power (Russia) to easily world” power (Russia) to easily beat the upstart Japanese, but beat the upstart Japanese, but Japan militarily dominated Japan militarily dominated Russia throughout the warRussia throughout the war

US President Theodore US President Theodore Roosevelt oversaw peace Roosevelt oversaw peace negotiations (Treaty of negotiations (Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905)Portsmouth, 1905)

Japan was angered that Japan was angered that Roosevelt supported Russia in Roosevelt supported Russia in the peace treaty; Japan gained the peace treaty; Japan gained no territory, Russia paid no no territory, Russia paid no war indemnities to Japanesewar indemnities to Japanese

Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize for his effortsPrize for his efforts

U.S. v Germany in U.S. v Germany in SamoaSamoa

US, Britain, & Germany all US, Britain, & Germany all competed for control of the competed for control of the Samoan Islands in the PacificSamoan Islands in the Pacific

After attempts to settle their After attempts to settle their disputes peacefully failed in disputes peacefully failed in 1887, war seemed imminent 1887, war seemed imminent & was only prevented when a & was only prevented when a hurricane destroyed all 3 hurricane destroyed all 3 nations warships in the areanations warships in the area

Tripartite Convention of 1899 Tripartite Convention of 1899 divided the islands between divided the islands between US and Germany (Britain US and Germany (Britain received other islands in received other islands in Pacific), giving all parties Pacific), giving all parties prime naval basesprime naval bases

US Interests in US Interests in ChinaChina

China had shown political China had shown political and military weakness and military weakness after being easily beaten after being easily beaten in a war with Japan in in a war with Japan in 1894 and being bullied 1894 and being bullied into “leasing” Manchuria into “leasing” Manchuria to Russia in 1898to Russia in 1898

US exports to China were US exports to China were growing and the Chinese growing and the Chinese market held tremendous market held tremendous potential for American potential for American business & investmentbusiness & investment

Spheres of Influence in Spheres of Influence in ChinaChina

China was rapidly China was rapidly divided into divided into economic spheres economic spheres by Russia, by Russia, Germany, France, Germany, France, Japan, and BritainJapan, and Britain

US was in danger of US was in danger of losing China as a losing China as a market for US market for US products, sought a products, sought a way to protect its way to protect its economic interestseconomic interests

The Open Door The Open Door PolicyPolicy

1899: 1899: US Secretary of State US Secretary of State John HayJohn Hay sent his “open sent his “open door note”: notification to door note”: notification to other world powers that the other world powers that the US supported open trade in US supported open trade in ChinaChina

Foreign powers were Foreign powers were angered over US demands, angered over US demands, but were unwilling to risk but were unwilling to risk war (US had just beaten war (US had just beaten Spain in 1898); they made Spain in 1898); they made no move to block US trade no move to block US trade with Chinawith China

The Boxer The Boxer RebellionRebellion

1900: Chinese 1900: Chinese nationalists, unhappy with nationalists, unhappy with foreigners’ influence on foreigners’ influence on China, rose up in revoltChina, rose up in revolt

Hundreds of foreigners Hundreds of foreigners were killedwere killed

US contributed troops to US contributed troops to an international force an international force which crushed the which crushed the rebellionrebellion

After the rebellion, US After the rebellion, US worked hard to prevent worked hard to prevent division of China by angry division of China by angry foreign powersforeign powers

Pan-AmericanismPan-Americanism US began applying US began applying

pressure to Latin American pressure to Latin American states to buy their states to buy their manufactured goods from manufactured goods from US instead of Europe and US instead of Europe and to create an organization to create an organization for settling disputes for settling disputes between American statesbetween American states

1889: Conference in DC led 1889: Conference in DC led to creation of organization to creation of organization which became the which became the Organization of American Organization of American States (OAS) which States (OAS) which promotes peaceful promotes peaceful cooperation among nations cooperation among nations of the western hemisphereof the western hemisphere

The The BaltimoreBaltimore CrisisCrisis

1891: US Navy seized 1891: US Navy seized weapons headed to weapons headed to rebels in Chilerebels in Chile

US sailors from the ship US sailors from the ship USS BaltimoreUSS Baltimore were were attacked by a pro-rebel attacked by a pro-rebel mob in Valparaiso, mob in Valparaiso, Chile; 2 US sailors were Chile; 2 US sailors were killed, 17 injuredkilled, 17 injured

US threatened war US threatened war unless Chile made unless Chile made reparations; Chilean reparations; Chilean government paid government paid $75,000 in damages$75,000 in damages

Venezuela Crisis of Venezuela Crisis of 18951895

Venezuela and Great Venezuela and Great Britain disputed the Britain disputed the border between border between Venezuela and the Venezuela and the British colony of British British colony of British Guiana in South Guiana in South AmericaAmerica

Great Britain accepted Great Britain accepted the US as an arbitrator the US as an arbitrator under the principles of under the principles of the Monroe Doctrine, the Monroe Doctrine, establishing the establishing the precedent of the US precedent of the US holding the final say in holding the final say in all affairs in the all affairs in the AmericasAmericas

Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt

1858 – 19191858 – 1919 2626thth President (1901-09) President (1901-09) Made William McKinley’s Made William McKinley’s

running-mate in 1900 running-mate in 1900 because of his heroic because of his heroic war record and to rein in war record and to rein in his criticisms of the his criticisms of the administrationadministration

Became youngest US Became youngest US President (age 42)President (age 42)

VERY aggressive in VERY aggressive in dealing in foreign affairsdealing in foreign affairs

““Big Stick” Big Stick” DiplomacyDiplomacy

Roosevelt adopted the Roosevelt adopted the African proverb “Speak African proverb “Speak softly and carry a big softly and carry a big stick; you will go far” as stick; you will go far” as his motto for foreign his motto for foreign policypolicy

Under Roosevelt, the US Under Roosevelt, the US would pursue peaceful would pursue peaceful negotiation, but would negotiation, but would not hesitate to threaten not hesitate to threaten use of its military use of its military strength to protect its strength to protect its interestsinterests

The Great White The Great White FleetFleet

Fleet of 16 US Fleet of 16 US battleships sent battleships sent out on a world out on a world tour to tour to demonstrate demonstrate America’s military America’s military might was a might was a major piece of major piece of Roosevelt’s “Big Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” threatStick” threat

Roosevelt Roosevelt CorollaryCorollary

1904: Roosevelt 1904: Roosevelt expanded the Monroe expanded the Monroe Doctrine by declaring Doctrine by declaring that the US would that the US would intervene in Latin intervene in Latin American affairs when American affairs when necessary to maintain necessary to maintain economic and political economic and political stability in the regionstability in the region

Roosevelt wanted to Roosevelt wanted to prevent European prevent European interventions in Latin interventions in Latin America over unpaid America over unpaid debtsdebts

Hay-Pauncefote Hay-Pauncefote TreatyTreaty

1901: US & Britain 1901: US & Britain agreed that US would agreed that US would have sole claim to have sole claim to build a canal in build a canal in Central AmericaCentral America

Britain acknowledged Britain acknowledged that it had insufficient that it had insufficient influence in Latin influence in Latin America, allied itself America, allied itself with the US to ensure with the US to ensure canal got builtcanal got built

The Panama The Panama CanalCanal

US offered Colombia $10 US offered Colombia $10 million to buy the rights million to buy the rights to build a canal across to build a canal across Panama, but Colombia Panama, but Colombia refusedrefused

Roosevelt responded by Roosevelt responded by supporting a rebellion by supporting a rebellion by Panama against ColombiaPanama against Colombia

Once Panama was Once Panama was independent, they agreed independent, they agreed to a treaty allowing the to a treaty allowing the US to build and operate a US to build and operate a canal connecting the canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Atlantic and Pacific OceansOceans

Building the CanalBuilding the Canal Canal was started by a Canal was started by a

French company in 1880, French company in 1880, but had been abandoned but had been abandoned in 1889 after over 20,000 in 1889 after over 20,000 workers died from workers died from disease & accidentsdisease & accidents

US bought out French & US bought out French & resumed work in 1904 resumed work in 1904 (with new measures to (with new measures to control mosquito-borne control mosquito-borne diseases) and completed diseases) and completed the canal in 1914the canal in 1914

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft 1857 – 19301857 – 1930 2727thth President (1909- President (1909-

13)13) Roosevelt’s hand-Roosevelt’s hand-

picked successor, but picked successor, but would be nothing like would be nothing like Roosevelt as presidentRoosevelt as president

After leaving the After leaving the presidency, he would presidency, he would be appointed Chief be appointed Chief Justice of the US Justice of the US Supreme COurtSupreme COurt

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Taft chose to “buy” Taft chose to “buy” friendship with Latin friendship with Latin American states by American states by guaranteeing low-guaranteeing low-interest loans, paying interest loans, paying off existing loans from off existing loans from European powers to European powers to Latin AmericaLatin America

Taft’s policy kept Latin Taft’s policy kept Latin states from borrowing states from borrowing money from European money from European powerspowers

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson 1856 – 19241856 – 1924 2828thth President (1913- President (1913-

21)21) DemocratDemocrat Tried to abandon Tried to abandon

both Roosevelt’s both Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” policies “Big Stick” policies and Taft’s policy of and Taft’s policy of “buying” friends in “buying” friends in Latin AmericaLatin America

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Wilson would support only Wilson would support only Latin American states that Latin American states that were democratic and were democratic and provided human rights provided human rights protections or otherwise protections or otherwise supported the interests of supported the interests of the USthe US

Wilson hoped to influence Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries and control other countries through economic through economic pressure; nations which did pressure; nations which did not abide by the US wishes not abide by the US wishes would not receive financial would not receive financial support from the USsupport from the US

US & MexicoUS & Mexico During the Mexican During the Mexican

Revolution, fighting Revolution, fighting spilled across the spilled across the border into the USborder into the US

This, coupled with This, coupled with cross-border raids cross-border raids for supplies led for supplies led Wilson to order the Wilson to order the “Punitive “Punitive Expedition” of Expedition” of 1916-19171916-1917

Francisco “Pancho” VillaFrancisco “Pancho” Villa 1878 – 19231878 – 1923 Popular revolutionary in Popular revolutionary in

Northern MexicoNorthern Mexico Punitive Expedition’s Punitive Expedition’s

target was the capture of target was the capture of VillaVilla

1916: Villa had raided into 1916: Villa had raided into New Mexico to seize New Mexico to seize weapons and supplies for weapons and supplies for his fight against the his fight against the government of Venustiano government of Venustiano Carranza; Villa’s raid had Carranza; Villa’s raid had killed 18 Americanskilled 18 Americans

US Expedition failed, but US Expedition failed, but Villa was eventually Villa was eventually murdered by his political murdered by his political enemies in 1923enemies in 1923

Gen. John “Black Jack” Gen. John “Black Jack” PershingPershing

1860 – 19481860 – 1948 US ArmyUS Army Officer in charge of Officer in charge of

Buffalo soldiers early Buffalo soldiers early in his careerin his career

Fought in Indian Wars, Fought in Indian Wars, Spanish-American Spanish-American Wars, and WWIWars, and WWI

Spent 2 years hunting Spent 2 years hunting Pancho Villa in Mexico Pancho Villa in Mexico with little successwith little success