1. US history surveySlavery in 19th century March 20, 2012

2. announcements Paper # 1 is due Tuesday, March 27. Late papers will be penalized. Please ask questions if instructions are not clear.

3. closing of slave trade, 1808

4. Internal slave trade

5. slavery moves farther west With cotton boom, slavery expands into Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas. Slave owners of upper south & Atlantic states either move to new cotton areas, or sell their excess slaves to those areas. 1 million slaves forcibly uprooted, 1820 1860 more than total number of Africans imported to US, 1619 1808 (400,000).

6. cotton states (dark red)

7. cotton slavery makes huge profits By 1860, cotton accounts for 60% of US exports. S economy is concentrated on plantation agriculture, so urban & commercial development are much slower than in N. S industrialized much more slowly. S capital tied up in land & slaves. 1850 slave labor is primarily agricultural 55% cotton. 20% tobacco, rice, sugar, hemp. 15% domestic servants. 10% mining, lumbering, industry, construction.

8. Small elite group owned most slaves. Almost 2/3 white southerners owned 0 slaves. 2.5% white southerners owned 50 or more slaves, big plantations. Paternalistic. Saw their wealth & ownership as a duty & a burden.

9. Slave life varied, but all enslaved. large or small plantation. type of crop. domestic servants, close contact with whites. urban slaves. Field laborers worked from can to cant. Families & African-American Christianity created culture of endurance & resistance.

10. Georgia

11. Alabama

12. South Carolina

13. Louisiana

14. survival Slave community acted as family. Fear of separation 1/3 children sold away from parents. Couples separated. Rough equality between women & men; women not treated as weaker. African-American Christianity a way to express longings for freedom & justice. Daily resistance working slowly, sabotage, destruction of tools, animals, crops.

15. Resistance & revolt Denmark Vesey (free man), Charleston, 1822. Nat Turner, Virginia, 1831, killed 55 whites. Both literate & preachers. Both executed. Result: tighter laws prohibiting slaves from learning to read.

16. Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman

17. http://www.freedomcenter.org/visit-the- center/ National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, on Ohio River

18. extension of slavery Missouri applied for admission to union as slave state, 1819. Recall that Northwest Ordinance said northwest states would be free. Equal number of slave & free states existed. Southerners believed slavery was property, so a matter for state legislation, not federal. Slavery as a constitutional issue.

19. Missouri Compromise 1820, 1st extended debate in Congress over slavery. Missouri Compromise, 1820 Maine admitted as free, Missouri as slave. Slavery prohibited north of 36 30 latitude line (S boundary of Missouri). Most of Louisiana Territory would be free. Did not address future balance of slave/free states.

20. announcements Paper # 1 is due Tuesday, March 27. Late papers will be penalized. Please ask questions if instructions are not clear.

21. reading assignment for March 27 Zinn & Arnove, Voices of a Peoples History of the US, 2nd ed. P. 153 166. War with Mexico