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US History Notes from the beginning of the United States to the end of the Civil War. For Prof. Skeen's class.
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8/158/17 Britishpaying3xtaxesofcolonists ThesunneversetsonGreatBritainRudyardKipling Roanokeexpedition
o 15851590BayoftheChesapeakeo firstcolonistso namedafterJamesI,ledbyRaleigho failed
VirginiaCompanyo CreatedbyHouseofStewart(JamesI)o TransactionwealthbetweenEnglandandthecolonieso SoldstockstoBritishtofundexpeditionso Sought:fur(blackbear,beaver),lumber,pitch,tar(madefrompitch)o ResourcesforboathullstradewithSpain
Jamestowno Dec20,1606o 100settlers,4boys,3shipso AllGentryupperclass,refusedtoworko Beganlookingforslaves,layingseedforslavetradeo May23,1607endofJamestowno NativeAmericansPowhatan
Conquerinvaders Takewomenandchildren,killmen
o CaptainJohnSmith(ColdstreamGuards) fighter,diplomat bridgedgapw/NativeAmericansmarriedPocahontas 1609wenthome(gunpowderexplosion) Martiallaw(loserights,militaryincharge)
o 16091610winter 500settlers5060
VirginiaCompanyo 16188yearsreforms(attractcapitalandrevenuemoreimmigrants)o Headrightsystem
Existingcolonists100acres Immigrants50acres Landownerpaysforimmigrant50acres LandproductsellbacktoEnglandprofitforVirginiaCompany
o VirginiaReforms Nomoremartiallaw 22Plots(Burgesses)2farmers/plantersperplotgeneralassemblyinJamestown HouseofBurgesses(alsojudicialcourt)
Aug1619firstmet Composedofwealthiestlandowners(ruleagainstpoorfarmers) Housesuccessful,judicialfails
1700sreformsbring130000to150000newimmigrants Immigrantshadnowealth/skill(learnonown)
6:1mentofendoffNativeAmericans IndianConfederacy
o OpechancanoughofPamunkeyo 16221/5settlerskilled
StewartfamilysendslargestmilitaryincursioninAmericao 1624settlersstilldying
VirginiaCompanydissolveddirectcontrol Maryland
o Newsettlemento FundedbyCalvertfamily(Catholic)
Take10milacresforthemselves CreatePlantersCouncilunconditionalcontrol
o AnglicanChurchofEngland CreatedbyHenryVIII
o Calvertsstartgrowingstapleproducts(tobacco,rye,rice,barley,corn)o Beyondcontrolofcrowneconomicbattle
8/19 JamesI
o Believedhewasordainedbygodtobemonarcho Parliamentwastellinghimwhattodoo Dies1625
CharlesIo 1629dissolvesParliament,takesonresponsibilities
Raisingmoney,defendingthecrowno Scotlandtakesadvantageinvadeso 1642reinstatesParliament
Handpickedelites MajorityareAnglican(Puritan)
o PuritansseeCharlesasweakandmustberemoved Raisearmy1649Charlesbeheaded
OliverCromwello 16491660militarydictatorshipmartiallaw(endswithCromwellsdeath)o CharlesIIisconvincedbyparliamenttotakethethrone
Rich/Pooro Peopleinthecoloniesarelivinglongero Indenturedservants(freeafterworkingoffdebt)introducingcompetitiontoeliteso Surpluslowerprices(badforelite)o Response
elitistcoast(BayofChesapeake),poorfarmersliveinland
eliteschargemoneytopassthroughcontroltraffic,infrastructure,tradeo poormovefurtherinlandIndianso GovernorWilliamBerkeley(Virginia)
MonopolizedtradewithIndians Responsibilitytoprotectallincludingthepoor Builtfortswithlargeplantationsappeasebothrichandpoor
o 1676NathanielBacon(rich)arrivesBaconsRebellion WantstoworkwithelitesandsetuptradewithIndianseliterefuse TurnstopooruseswealthtoraisearmyagainstStewartfamilyandBerkeley MarchesonJamestownwinsauthorityfromBurgesses(takenhostage)totradewithIndians DeclaredenemytocrownbyBerkeley WipesoutIndianstothewestforland Sept1676burnsJamestown Oct1676dies
o 1689CoodesRebellion JohnCoodememberofPlantersUnion(Calverts) WantsbettertreatmentformiddleclassfromCalverts(Catholic) 1689raisesarmywithProtestants
ArrestsCalvertholdingsmanagers SendstoEnglandtostandtrialinAnglicancourts
CalvertsloseallholdingscrowncontrolsMarylandharmonyo Richmoreworkersproducemoreo Poorcantproduceenoughtosurvive
Slavetradewillbalancethisdisparity8/228/24
Slaveryo NotatraditionforEnglisho Servants/indenturedservantslossofprofito Slaveswerecostly(noestablishedslavetriangle)o 17655%slaves(England)o FirstslaveswerefromCarribean
SpokeEnglish,Christianproducveo 1680decliningmortalityratesmeantmoreslaves,lesswhiteservants
Profitabilityincreasingo ChildrenofslavesbelongedtoRoyalAfricaCompanyuntil1680o RoyalAfricaCompany(charteredin1660)
MonopolyoverEnglishslavetrade Restrictednumberofslavesandnumberofships
o 1698RAClosesmonopolyandtradeincreasesfrom45000to20000slaves/yearo NorthAmericanotsolelyresponsibleforgrowthofslavetrade(plantationsintheCaribbeanandSouthAmerica)o Mid15thtoearly19thcentury
21millionslavesdepartAfrica 13millionarriveinAmerica
o 174040%slavesinChesapeakecolonieso Africanslaves
NoEnglish,opentoconversion Nofreedomsystem
o WilliamWilberforce AmemberofParliamentresponsibleforendingslaveryinBritaininearly1800s
CodificationofEnglishSlaveLawo Blackslavesarepropertyo Whitecantreatblacksasbadlyastheywantedo Elevatedthestatusofpoorwhiteso Createdunitybetweenrich/poor
VirginiaAssemblypasseslawshelpingthepooro Lowertaxesonlandholdingsmoremoney,moreopportunityo Increasedsuffrageforwhitemenvoicegrievances
WhitecanexpandlandholdingsbecauseBaconsRebellionwipedoutIndians Poorwhites
o Longerlivesgreaterdomesticlivesmorefamilialcontact GentryofChesapeake
o Nuclearfamilystayincontactlonger Familyholdingssavedasfamilystaystogether
o SonsofLondonmerchants,marriedintoeliteo ControlledtheDomesticMarketsoldgoodstolowerclasses
manufacturedgoods,legalassistance,medicalassistance,slaves,loans,tobacco Whytobacco?Didntwanttoconsumeowngoods
o Openballotvotingsystemnotanonymouso Militia16,male,white
Gentryinchargeworeuniformsprovidedbythecrowno HierarchyinChurchgentry,middleclass,lowerclasso Courtsgentryjudges
NorthCarolinaColonyo IdeaofWilliamBerkeleyricho SirJohnColleton
BoardofdirectorsoftheRoyalAfricaCompany,BoardofForeignPlanters StaunchsupporterofCharlesIexileinCaribbeanaerCharlesremoved ReturnedafterCharlesIItookthethrone
o 1660charterfromCharlesIIforNorthCarolinacolony NamedafterCharlesII AlbemarleSoundnorivers
o 1701colonialstatuso FailsduetolackofriversinAlbemarlesoundo BerkeleyandColletonlosepoliticalstatus
SouthCarolinao SirAnthonyAshleyCooperwantedmoremoneyandpowero EarlofShaftsburyswayinHouseofStewarto 1669200EnglishBarbatonsfirstsettleSCsuccesso 1680fullchartero AshleyandCooperRiverswentthroughCharlestono Largelandgrants,religioustoleranceo Representativegovernmentanswerstothepeopleandreportsthecrown
Richlistenedtothepeopletheyrepresentedo FundamentalConstitution
Gentrycollectedmoretaxesandgavelesstothecrown
Eachdistrictdistrictgovernor(universalpower)andrepresentativegovernment Startchargingquitrentspocketsofgovernors 16771711twomajorrebellionsendFundamentalConstitution
o Crowntakescontrolputsonegovernorincharge Georgia(notforprofit)
o GeneralJamesOglethorpe BestfrienddiedinFleetDebtorsPrisonofsmallpox Lookstobringbetterlivestodebtors Becamedebtorhimself
o SettlershadtobeProtestant 50acres,tools,ayearsworthofsuppliesforfree
o Laterchangedtoreligioustolerance Payownwaylargertractsofland
o InfluxofJewishpopulation AshkenaziGermanJews SephardiOrthodoxJewsfromPortugalandSpain VerywealthyfoundSavannah
o OglethorpewantsSavannah,Georgiatobeautopia Liquorfree,slavefree
o Norepresentativegovernment(novoice)GeorgianstogoSouthCarolinaforvoice Trytobringbackslavesandliquor
o Onyear20of21yearlease,Oglethorpeallowsslaveryandliquorbecausecrownwouldhaveendedupallowingitanyways
1603ElizabethIdieso Toleratedanyreligion
JamesIo persecutedanyfaithnotAnglicano directlytaxedsubjectswithoutthepermissionofParliament
Puritanso Believedinpredestination(theyareinthegoodgracesofGod)o Notalloweddrunkenness,gambling,breakingtheSabbath,goingtothetheater,extravagance,publicprofanityo Nov1620MayflowerPlymouth(headedforVirginia)
HadtheylandedinVirginia,wouldnothaveworkedallthingstheywereagainstareallowedinVirginiao WilliamBradfordarriveswith87othersstarvation,malnutrition,mutinyo Spring1621halfdiefromcoldwintero SquantoandSamoset
Englishspeaking(capturedbyfishermenbeforeandescaped) Showedthesettlershowtogrownativecorn
o WampanoagandPilgrimpeacetreatyo 1621Mayflowercompactrepresentativegovernment
Annualelectionadultmalesonlyo NolandgrantforPlymouth(JamesIdoesnotknowabout)
8/29 NewEngland
o Closeandtightknit,richheritageandtheologyo Closetownslegacyofclosenessbetweentownspeopleandfamily,umbrellaofreligion
o Noagriculturehunting,gathering,fishingo Multiplegenerationsworktogether(notseenelsewhereinthecolonies)importanceofdomeschouseholdo Villages
Familywithmostland(crowngiven)isincharge Security,governmentalability
RhodeIslando NarrangansettBayghettoforhereticso Colonyoffreethinkerso RogerWilliams
Separatist WantedbaycoloniestohavecompletebreakfromAnglicanChurch(heresyandtreason) WasabouttobedeportedwestgoestolivewithIndians 1636escapedtoProvidence,foundedRhodeIsland
o AnneHutchinson(movedtoNewEnglandin1634) SupportsWilliams(womenwerenotsupposedtospeakout) SpreadtheteachingsofWilliams(withafemalespintoit) 1638expelled,headstoRhodeIsland
o Antinomianismmorallawnouseorobligation,faithalonenecessaryforsalvation(MartinLuther) WilliamsandHutchinson Followinggodslawsdidnotspeaktotheinwardstateofthesoul
Algonquinso CaucasiansbelievedtheyweremorallyandreligiouslysuperiortoNativeAmericans
Superstitiousandsavagery(hypocrisyonthepartoftheCaucasians)o Puritansdidnotspreadfaith,butFrenchwereconvertingIndianso AlgonquinshadlotsincommonwiththePuritans
Huntinginwinter,gatheringandfishinginspringandsummer Eatwhattheycouldcultivate Allpoliticalauthoritywaslocal
o CommunityleaderSagamoreorSachem Responsibleforeconomicstabilityofthetribe,justiceandlegalauthority,anddiplomacy
NewAmsterdamo DutchWestIndiaCompanyestablishedNewAmsterdamlookingtotradefurso ManhattanIsland(HudsonRiver)ideallocationo About9000peopleDutch,Belgians,French,English,Portuguese,Swiss,Swedish,Finlandizes,Africanso NextsettlementFortOrange(moderndayAlbany)outposttradewithIndians
180milesnortho EnglishdidnotgivepermissiontoDutchmissingoutonfurtrade
CharlesIIgrantsDukeofYorkJamesachartertotakeover JamesarriveswithanarmadaandtheDutchleavewithoutabattle ThecharterextendsfromMaineinthenorthtoMarthasVineyardinthesouthtotheFrenchholdingsin
thewest8/31
TheSevenYearsWar(17541763)o Noformaldeclarationofwaruntil1756
o Britain/PrussiaversusFranch/Spain/Austriao NorthAmerica,WestAfrica,Europe,Indiao Spainjoinedin1762andwasthebiggestlosero BritainandFrancecompetedforNativeAmericansupport
BenjaminFranklin BritishStateDepartment MinistertoFrance WenttoFortOrangetonegotiateNativeAmericantrustandsupport
o GeorgeWashington SentbyBritishtogainasmuchmilitarycontrolaspossible
o FortDuquesne Allegheny,Monongahela,andOhioRivers Tradingpost,security,bigprofit
o 1744PennsylvaniaresidentsmovewestthreatenFrencho CelerondeBienville
OrderedtotakealllandintheAppalachianandlowerOhioRiverValleys FrenchbuildfortinMarietta,Ohio
o VirginiaLieutenantgovernorRobertDinwiddiesendsGeneralEdwardBraddock(withWashington)totakeFortDuquesne
BraddockdiesfromwoundsburiedinmiddleoftrailbyColonelWashington(savageIndians)o EnglishshiftfocusheadnorthtoNovaScotia(largeAcadianagriculturalcommunity)
Drovethe6000Acadiansoutandtooktheirlando 1756warisdeclaredo JohnCampbell(EarlofLondon)commandinggeneralofallforcesinNorthAmerica
Petitionsformoremoneyandtroopsnotpossible BritainwasfightinginNorthAmerica,WestAfrica,Europe,andIndia(warforland)
o LouisJosephdeMontcalmGozonFrenchcommanderofallforcesinNorthAmerica GoalmoveBritishasfarbackaspossible FrenchadvancesouthfromMontrealtowardsthecoast ThreatenthesecurityofNewYorkandtheNewEnglandcolonies
o FrancewaswinningthewarinEuropeandIndiao BritainiswinninginAfricabecauseofthemassivetroopconcentrationfromtheslavetradeo BenjaminFranklin
NegotiatingwithIroquois(north)andCreek,Choctaw,andCherokee(southernnations) FournationssaidtheywouldstayneutralbutjoinedupwiththeFrench
o 1758turningPointWilliamPitttheElderbecomesprimeminister IknowthatIcansavethecountryandthatnooneelsecan. Raisestaxes,increasestroopnumbers RemovesJohnCampbell PullsalltroopsoutofEuropeleavesittothePrussians
o BrigadierGeneralJohnForbescapturesFortDuquesnereplacedbyFortPitt Frenchretreatnorth,ForbesfollowsandtakesSt.LawrenceRiver
o July1758firstmajorvictoryinCanada LieutenantcolonelJohnBradstreet FortFrontenac(Kingston,Ontario)taken Strangletradeandeconomicsuccess
o IroquoisjoinEnglishandstoptradewithFrencho 1759BattleofthePlainsofAbraham
BrigadierGeneralJamesWolfeorderedtotakeQuebec WolfeandLouisJosephdeMontcalmGozon(French)bothdie NavalandlandbattlefoughtonaplateauBritishhighground(guerilla)
Heavycasualties1400French,600Britisho 1760FrenchsurrenderMontreal
EndofFrancesgreatestlandholdingso 1763TreatyofParis
BritainalllandeastoftheMississippiRiver,SpanishFlorida SpainNewOrleansandlandwestoftheMississippiRiver FrenchleftNorthAmerica
9/2 AnonymouseconomistAmericanswouldnotbethoughtpresumptuousiftheyconsideredthemselvesonequalfooting
withBritaino ColonistsareinferiortoBritishcitizens
AftertheSevenYearsWar,troopsareleftincolonies,andhightaxesremainedo SquelchIndianuprisings
Britishbelievedthecolonistsdidntdoenough(onesidedbenefit)o Colonistshadsentmoneyandtroopstosupportthewar
1755JosiahTucker(Englisheconomist)todrivetheFrenchalloutofNorthAmericawouldbethemostfatalstepwecouldtake
PontiacsRebelliono Neolin
ProphetoftheLenniLenapeSocietywhichsoughttopreservethesacredheritageofNativeAmericans Munseestonecountry Unamilivedowntheriver(Hudson) Unalichtigolivebytheocean
GetsattentionofChiefPontiacofOttawatribeo ChiefPontiacandNeolinraiseanarmyandtakeadvantageofBritainsweaknessafterthewaro Inlessthanfourmonths,theytakeallmajorportsandfortswestofPittsburg
FortMichilimackinac,FortPresqueIsle,andFortSanduskyo Britishdividearmy
NorthColonelHenryBouquet GreatLakesColonelJohnBradstreet
o 1766rebellionends Treatyallpropertyreturned,Pontiacpardoned
Proclamationof1763o BritishdefeatedIndiantradingpartner(French)o Soughttradeandwantedtopreventrebelliono NoBritishsettlementswestofthecrestoftheAppalachianso RemainedineffectafterPontiacsRebellion
Taxationo GeorgeGrenvilleFirstEarloftheTreasury
MemberofParliamentresponsiblefortaxes Believedinturnofprofitnotenoughprofitcameoutofthecolonies
o Customshouses Customsinspectorshadsalariestheamountoftaxestheycollectedeveryyear
o 1733MolassesAct 6pencepergallontariffonimportsofmolassesfromnonBritishcolonies
MademolassesfromDutchandFrenchplantationsintheCaribbeanmoreexpensive Molassesareusedtomakerum
o 1764SugarAct Molassestariffreducedto3pencepergallon AllshipsgoingintoorcomingoutofNorthAmericamustregistertheircargo(includingpassengers)with
thecrown ViolatorsmuststandtrialinNorthAmericanAdmiraltyCourts(thenavalofficersareappointedbythe
crown)9/79/14
JohnAdamsfilmo BostontroopshadbeenstationedinAmericafor2yearstomaintainorder,followingnewtaxmeasuresonpaper,
tea,paint,andglass.o TheBostonMassacreonMarch5,1770
DescribedbyAdamsTheSlaughterinKingStreet 5dead,6wounded
o JonathonSewelllastBritishattorneygeneralofMassachusettso AftertherepealoftheStampAct,theTownshendActtaxedvariousimportedgoodsaswellasinstitutinganew
systemofcustomsofficers.o PaulRevereSonofLibertyo JohnDickinsonfromPennsylvania,Quaker,Toryo BattleofBunkerHill400Massachusettscitizens,1000soldiers,100officerdeado OliveBranchPetition
TokingGeorgeIII Suppressrebellionandbringtraitorstojustice
o HessianshiredGermansoldierso Quiz
AdamswasnotasuccessfullawyerupongraduationfromHarvard VoteforAmericanindependencethroughDunlapBroadsidesonJuly2,1776 LifeandcareerofJohnAdamsbeginning1770 AdamsfamilydoctorGeneralWarrendiedatBunkerHill CapturedBritishgunsIndependenceandLiberty(HenryKnoxatFortTiconderoga) OliveBranchPetition
9/219/26 TheAmericanRevolution
o Britishtrainedinconventionalwarfareopenfields,nochasingifenemyretreatso Americanusedguerillawarfareo Hessianswereransackingcountrysidebattleforheartsandmindsnotworking
Torysupportgoesdowno HoweBrothersledBritishtroopsinAmerica
PrimarytargetNewYork Seaside(closetoarmada) LargenumbersofTories
GeneralWilliamHoweallfieldtroopsinNorthAmerica LordGeorgeGermainadjutant
SirGuyCarletoninchargeofCanadiantroopsforBritish
GoalnorthupHudson,cutofftradewithcoast,joinupwithtroopsinCanadasandwichGeorgeWashington
WashingtonheadstoNewJerseynearthecoastwheretherewereshipstoevacuate WilliamHowewastoocautiousfearedbeingloweredinrankifhelostmen LordAdmiralRichardHoweallnavyinNorthAmerica
SoughtreconciliationstillthoughtofrebelsasBritishcitizens Reluctanttousenavalpower OverestimatesTories
Britishcouldhaveendedthewarquickly,butdidnothavetherightpeopleincommand July1776largestexpeditionaryforceof18thcenturylandsatStatenIsland
36000troops,8000Hessians ColonialsareduginonBrooklynHeights23000troops
Aug22,1776NewYorkfalls,colonialsretreat WashingtonretreatswestoftheDelawareRivertoNewJersey
Howepursuesbutdoesnotengage Dec7pursueofWashingtonendsinTrentonbecausetheBritishdontfightinthewinter
IfHowehadcontinued,hecouldhavewipedoutWashington BattleofTrenton
HessiansfeastandgetdrunkChristmasEve Dec24,177610pmloadedupcannons,horses,troops,andsuppliesinboatsvolunteeredby
colonistsandcrossedtheDelawareRiver Trentonwas7milesfromtheriver Plannedtoarrive7am,butarrived11am ColonelJohannRallkilled Wholeprocesstooklessthan24hours
o Howebrothersdidnotretaliateuntilsummer1777 WilliamHowefocusesonPhiladelphiaheart Sept1777defeatsWashingtonatBrandywineCreek Oct1777defeatsWashingtonatGermantown ThesebattlesboughttimefortheContinentalCongresstopackupandleave Oct1777PhiladelphiaislosttotheBritish
o 17781778WashingtonretreatstoValleyForge,aridge7milesoutsidePhiladelphia Coldandbrutalwinter Couldhaveeasilybeenwipedout 1/10peopledied2500 HessiansstillransackingIoftenfeelafraidtogotobedElizabethDrinker
o Saratoga,NewYork MajorAmericanvictory JohnBurgoyne(GentlemanJohn)commanderoftroopsaroundQuebec
Brings9500mensoutheast(+2000womenandchildren) Lotsoffood,wagonsofchinaandfurniture BenedictArnoldcreatesatrapatFreemansFarm,andHoratioGatesatBemisHeights BurgoyneresignsOctober17,1777(surrender)
o ArticlesofConfederation RepresentativeRichardHenryLeefromVirginia Taxeswereneededtopayoffthewardebt Surveyorsweresentoutfordetermininglandtaxes ProvedtotheFrenchthattheAmericanswereseriousaboutindependence
o Feb6,1778thetreatywithFranceturnsthisintoaglobalwar BenjaminFranklin,JohnJay,JohnAdams
o HenryClintonreplacesHoweasCommanderinChiefofNorthAmerica Experiencedandfollowedorders OrderedtoabandonPhiladelphiamovesthearmytoNewYork Goalcontrolfortsandstranglecommunication
o FriedrichWilhelmvonSteuben Prussiansoldieroffortune TrainedtheAmericantroopsinconventionalwarfare Withincreasedprideandmorale,13500troopswerelookingforafight
o CharlesLee CommanderrecentlytradedasPOW(capturedin1777for9months) Didntknowhowtocommandgavevague,disjointedorders
o June28,1778LeefindsClintonsarmyatMonmouthCourthouse Leeiscrushedandretreats
o June29,1778Washingtonarrives,removesLeefromcommand,andwinso BattleofWhitePlains(NewYork)wastheendofBritishoccupancyinthenorth
WashingtontakeshistroopstoWhitePlainsandsetsupheadquarterso Britishturntosouth
AmericanindependenceiswoninNorthCarolinaandGeorgia,wheretherevenueis BritainwantedtowintheheartsandmindsoftheSouth TheybelievedthatplantownerswantedtokeepslavesinsteadoffighttheBritish(miscalculation)
o Britishseektohaveslavesrevolt Dec1779ClintonsailsforCharlestonHarboroutofNewYork Bringsarmadaand3500troops30milessouthoftherebelsinanattempttoflankthem
PeninsulabetweenAshleyandCooperisswamplosetroopsduetomalariaanddysentery May12,1780takestheharborwith2600troops Clintoncantstay(ascommanderofallforces)andputsLordCharlesCornwallisinchargeofthesouth Clintonincreasesto8300troopstostoptheFrenchfromassistingrebels FlashbackCornwallis(Britishtroopsinsouth)isinabadplacerebelsandloyalists
Summerandfall1775thesouthwasgettingwordfromthenorthaboutBritishatrocitieso SouthCarolinaCivilWar
LoyalistsweredislodgedinthenameofAmericanfreedomupsetatcrown Britisharenotwinningheartsandmindsofloyalists Allofsocietyend,everyoneelse,robbery,poverty,hardshipAnonymous Cornwalliswasbrutal,doingeverythingpossibletoendtherebellion
o FrancisMarion(TheSwampFox) Ledabandofguerillas(whitesandblacks) Slavescouldgainfreedombyfightingwithhim Primaryfocusstopcommunication(couriers)
o ThomasSumter(Thegamecock) GroupcalledOverMountainMengobigorgohome Aftercommunicationsweredown,largeforcesattacked Oct1780BattleofKingsMountainoneofthelargestvictoriesinthewar
Greatlyincreasedmoraleo Rebelsarelosingconventionalwarinsouth
HoratioGatesisremovedo NathanielGreene(bigAmericangeneral)takesoverBlueCoats
HiresBrigadierGeneralDanielMorganasadjutant vonSteubenstudentfromVirginia
Dividesarmy,attacksonseparatefrontstotrapCornwalliso CornwallisdividesKingsarmy
LieutenantColonelBanastreTarletongoessouth
o Morgansarmymuchbiggerthanbefore 1780TarletonsurroundedandsurrendersatCowpens,SC
o CornwallishasarrivedinChesapeakeBayareaseekingsuppliesandloyalists Stillbelieveshecanwin
o Spring1781CornwallismeetswithBenedictArnoldo ConnecticutWashingtonmeetswithFrenchcommandercomtedeRochambeau
FrenchnavyarrivesCornwallis/Arnoldhavetofightonlando Washingtonplansland/seaassault
Washingtonattacksfromnorth,Greenefromsoutho Sept1781WestYorktown
7800French,5300professionalContinentals,3600militia CornwallisandArnoldaretrapped Ifyoucannotrelievemeverysoon,youmustexpecttoheartheworstCornwallistoClinton
o October19,1781Cornwallissurrenderso October26,1781Britishnavyarriveso Sept3,1783TreatyofParis
JohnAdams,JohnJay,BenjaminFranklin BritishleavesNorthAmerica BritishmustrecognizetheUSasaseparate,individualcountry
9/28 NewRepublicangovernment
o Governorscoulddissolvethelegislatureandappointstateofficials(patronage)o SamuelAdamseverylegislatureofeverycolonyoughttobesovereignanduncontrollable
Legislaturesshouldhaveuncontrollablepower OpposeDeclarationofIndependencelackchecksandbalances
o Statesdeveloppolicies Annualelections(candidatesmustlivewithindistrictsservedforatleast30days) WrittenstateConstitutions Jefferson(humble)wantstogobackandworkonstateconstitutions
ArticlesofConfederationo bringstatestogethero ExtendsSecondContinentalCongresso GivesSCCpowertodeclarewar,treaties,diplomatso RegulationofIndianaffairso abilitytoraisemilitaryandnavy,assigntroopsfromstateso powerofpurseremainswiththestateso statesexecuteandenforcelaws(SCCcantcarryoutlaws)
Westernlandso RevertedbacktoRoyalCharterstodeclarestateboundarieso StatesclaimedtheirchartersstretchedtotheMississippio Largestatescanselllandforprofit,smallstatescanto 1784Jeffersonwantstocreate10newstatesinthewest,runbyfreeresidents(whiteorblack)o Townships36plots,640acres,$1anacre
Norepresentativegovernment,landspeculatorswillnotpurchasefailso NorthwestOrdinanceof1787creationofstates
Eachstatehasgovernor,secretary,anda3judgepanel
5000freementerritory,onerepresentativetoCongress(cantvote) 60000residentsapplyforstatehood
Insurrection#1o MississippiRiverhighwayfortradeo SpanishcontrollinglowerpartWesternsettlermistreatedandUSgovernmentfailedtorespondo 1785ResidentsthreateningsecessiontobecomeSpanishsubjects
USdoesnothaveanarmytoputdowninsurrectiono JohnJaysentwesttonegotiatewithSpanishrepresentativeDonDiegodeGardoqui
AgreementSpanishget25yearleaseforMississippiRiver,favorednationstatus Didnotappease
10/510/7 Insurrection#2ShaysRebellion
o Autumn1786Spring1787o Americalackedshipsandtradeagreementsunabletogetproductstoglobalmarketso AgriculturewasnumberoneindustryinUSo PoorfarmersinwestMassachusettswereunabletopaydebtsandmortgages
1768wagesandpricesfallentorockbottomo FarmersgotoMassachusettsAssemblyredressgrievances
Lowerhouse(commonpeople)approveoflowermortgageandinterestrates NotapprovedinUpperhouse(elites&estateownerswhorepresentdebtorsandbankersineast
Massachusetts) Debtorsandbankersthreatentocutoffsupport,soUpperhousekillsthebill
o CaptainDanielShays Mediumsizefarmer Raisesanarmyof2000 HeadstoSpringfield(seatofgovernmentinMassachusetts)toseizefederalweaponsarsenaltreason Wantstoabolishtheupperhouse
o Nofederalresponse(nocentralmilitary)o 1787statemilitiaendstherebelliono TheJayGardoquiTreatyandShaysRebellionpromptthecreationoftheConstitution
TheConstitutiono Spring178755delegates(notRhodeIsland)meetinPennsylvaniaStateHouse
Largefarmers,lawyers,merchants Windowswereclosedallsummerforsecrecy
o AssemblyofdemigodsThomasJeffersono GeorgeWashingtonchairstheconvention
presidingdeityJohnAdamso JamesMadisonfatheroftheConstitution
Wasahypochondriac,tooklotsofailments Nottakenseriously SoughttocreateTrueAmericanRepublic
o VirginiaPlan(JamesMadison)2weeksdebate 3branchesofgovernment GaveCongresspowertovetostatelaws(judicialbranchhasthispowertoday) Bicamerallegislaturelowerbypopulation,upperappointedbystatelegislature
MadisonwasrespectedbecausehewasfromVirginiao NewJerseyPlan4daysdebate
WilliamPattersonlawyerfromNewJersey Powertotaxstatesandregulatetrade Unicameralonevoteperstate
o Southhasarisingpopulation(opportunitytomakemoney)o Northhasmorestateso BenjaminFranklinarrivesGreatCompromise
Equalrepresentationinupperhouse Representationbypopulationinlowerhouse Chiefexecutivechosenbyelectoralcollege Amendments
2/3lowerand2/3upperhouseinfavorstatesratify Sept17,1787ratified393
Federalists/Antifederalistso Antifederalistswantedtoavoidanewaristocracy(chiefexecutivemighthavekinglikepower)o 17871788FederalistPapers85monographswrittenbyJamesMadison,AlexanderHamilton,andJohnJay
DavidHumeadvocatedastrongcentralgovernmento Thissocietybecomesbrokenintoagreatervarietyofinterests,ofpursuits,ofpassionswhichcheckeachother
(checksandbalances) MadisonadmitstherearenoguaranteedindividualrightspromisesBillofRightsifAntifederalistsratify GeorgeWashington
o onlypresidentwithunanimousvoteo AsksCongresstoappoint4cabinetmemberstostartwith
SecretaryofStateThomasJefferson SecretaryofWarHenryKnox SecretaryoftheTreasuryAlexanderHamilton AttorneyGeneralEdmundRandolph
JudiciaryActof1789o EstablishestheSupremeCourt1chiefjusticeand5associateso JohnJayisthefirstchiefwonderfulthinkero 13districts,3circuitcourtsestablished
BillofRightso 200amendmentsreducedto12forratificationo NorthCarolinaandRhodeIslandareAntifederalisthotbedso Dec15,1791BillofRightsratified
1. Speech,religion,press,assembly,redress(petition)ofgrievances2. Militiatokeepandbeararms3. Noquartering4. Nosearchwithoutwarrant5. Nodoublejeopardy,trialbyjuryguaranteed6. Righttospeedytrial7. Nocivilsuitsinfederalcourtsystem8. Noexcessivebail
9. Rightsnotinthisdocumentarenotnecessarilynonexistent10. Powernotgrantedtonationalgovernmentaregiventothestates
10/10 ThepresidenthastogiveanannualreporttoCongressStateoftheUnionAddress FinancialProblems
o HamiltonproposesfinancialplanbasedonEnglishsystem Trickledowneconomicsbenefitstowealthywillbenefitpoorbyimprovingeconomyasawhole Associationalismfederalgovernmentworkswithprivatebusinesses
Encouragesmanufacturing Providedlineofcreditandrevenue Chokesoffpurecapitalism
o Governmentneedstoraiserevenueandcredit 52millionnationaldebt 25millionstatedebt
o Franklinnegotiates2millionfromDutch o Hamiltonproposes25%excisetaxonwhiskeyapprovedbyMadisonandJefferson,butmechanismtocollect
taxesneededo Hamilton,Madison,andJeffersongetCongresstopassResidenceActof1790
In10years,thefederalcapitalwillmovetoVirginia(MadisonandJeffersonsidea) Thenationalgovernmentwouldtakeonstatedebts(AssumptionBill)
o HamiltoncreatesFirstBankoftheUnitedStates CreatedwithoutCongressionalapproval(inherentpower)9thamendment Setsdangerousprecedent Washingtonapprovesbecausehetrustshiscabinet MandatedgamblingJefferson Firstday$25/sharestocks$350/share
Antifederalistsdontlikethis MiamiConfederacy
o Congresssayswilltreatyforlandiftheywantito AmericawantsthelandoftheMiamiConfederacy(upperOhio)
SaytoWashingtonComeandgetito WashingtonsendsMadAnthonyWayneo 1794BattleofFallenTimbers
WayneoverwhelmstheIndianswith2000militiao TreatyofGreenville
Indianslose2/3ofland Setsaprecedent
WhiskeyRebelliono WesternPennsylvaniarefusetopayWhiskeytaxo Uniontown,PAGeneralNevilleshomeburneddowno MarchonPhiladelphiacapitalo Shalltherebegovernment,ornogovernment?Hamiltono Washingtontakes13000troopstowestPennsylvaniaandtherebellionendso AlbertGallatingetsthetaxrateloweredo HamiltonseestheerrorinhisWhiskeytax
FrenchRevolutiono Washingtonsaystostayneutralo Jeffersonwantstosupportresigns
JohnAdamso 1796electionJohnAdamspresident,ThomasJeffersonvicepresidento FirstpresidenttooccupyWhiteHouseo Iamsquarelyout,andyouaremostsquarelyinWashingtono AdamswasfirstUSambassadortoBritaindualunderstandingo WantstobalancerelationsbetweenUS,Britain,andFranceo 1794JohnJayallBritishgarrisonsinAmericaremovedfavorednationstatus
TicksoffFrencho 17941797Francesendsprivateersonhighseastodisrupttrade
USneedstosendenvoytoendJohnMarshallo XYZAffair3FrenchenvoysandJohnMarshall
Hottinguer,Bellamy,Hauteval $250000bribetogetstarted $10millionloantoFrance(FrancewasinwarwithBritainandcivilwar) Briberefused
o WashingtontriestocommandAdamsthroughHamilton AntifederalistsareworriedthatHamiltonwillinfluenceJohnAdamsintobringingGeorgeWashington
backintopowerasageneral Militarydespotismrulebymilitarystrongman
o Jeffersonresignsvicepresidencyo AdamsreplacescabinetafterXYZaffairo Federalists(Hamilton)wantafootholdrepudiate1778TreatyofAlliancewithFrance
Armmerchantshipsstrongnavy Nostandingarmy
o JohnQuincyAdamssenttoFrancetobolsterMarshall Reachagreementwherebothsidesaresatisfied
AlienandSeditionActso HaitianRevolution
179113yearslaverevolutioninFrenchHaitiagainstsugarbaronsledbyToussaintLouverture 25000FrenchrefugeesinUSwrite,publish,andspeakout
o 1798FederalistspassAlienandSeditionActs(repealed1801) Anyalienspeakingoutagainstgovernmentwasremoved Seditionanycitizenwritingorspeakingagainstfederalgovernmentwasimprisoned DangerousprecedentsetbyAdamscostshimreelection Erodestheconstitutionfederaljudiciaryhasnovoice AdamswantedtosatisfytheFederalistsandbuildanavy
10/17 ThomasJefferson
o TakesofficeMarch1801o RemovesAlienandSeditionActso Antifederalistgovernmentwasanecessaryevil,rulebypeoplethroughgovernmento Federaliststrongnationalgovernment
o AntifederalistsDemocraticRepublicParty(moderndayDemocrat) Hiselectionstartedtwopartysystem
o VirginiaaristocracylargestslaveholderinAmericao Simpleman,notoutspokeno Enlightenmentfaithinpowerofhumanreasoning
Helpsocietydeciphertheuniverse Basicrightslife,liberty,pursuitofhappiness
o Fanoftheyeomanfarmerbackboneofeconomy Governmentisproductofagriculturalsocietyvirtuousandproductive ThegovernmentwouldremainvirtuousaslongastheAmericanpeoplearechieflyagricultural.
o Rightofenfranchisementlandholderandfarmerso Didntlikebeholdenment(favorsinexchangeforvote)
Votersshouldbelandownersonlyforgoodrepresentation Plutocracygovernmentinhandsoffew
o Believedthosewhospokeoutagainstgovernmentshouldbepunishedo InordertoappeaseFederalistsembracedsomeaspectsofHamiltonsplan
KeepstheNationalBank(expires1811)o Fiscallyresponsiblecutsspending
IfcountrycontinuesfollowingEnglishsystemrevolution SecretaryofTreasuryAlbertGallatin Reducessizeofgovernmenttopayoffnationaldebt AbolishesWhiskeyTaxtoreigninlargegovernment(inspectors/taxcollectors) Cutsmilitaryspendingreducesarmyto3000men(relyonstatemilitia) Reducesnationaldebt77(Hamilton)87(Washington/Adams)57
o Increasesnavy,butdecreasessizeofshipso GallatinstayedafterJeffersonleftoffice,allowingJeffersonsidealstostayinplaceo LikesHamiltonsassociationalismworkingalongsiderichandindustry
JudiciaryActof1801o NotuncommonforoutgoingadministrationtodothingsCongressdoesnothavetoapproveo Washingtonstrippedcleantheresidencyo AdamsappointedanewstaunchlyFederalistjudiciary
1801JudiciaryActlargerfederalruledjudiciary 6newcircuitcourts,16newjustices(Federalists) 1802Partylinevote,AntifederalistsrepealJudiciaryAct
TheJudiciaryo Marburyv.Madison
SecretaryofStateMadison WilliamMarburyappointedjusticeofthepeaceofWashingtonDCasAdamsleftofficecommission
nevergotdelivered JeffersontellsMadisontodestroystackofappointmentpapers MarburygoestoSupremecourtseekingwritofmandamustoenforceruleofAdams SupremeCourtandChiefJusticeMarshallMarburycanttellthemwhattodo
Unconstitutionalundersection13ofJudiciaryActof1789 EstablishedimportanceofSupremeCourtintheUS
o FletcherV.Peckruledstatelawunconstitutional(Georgia)o Martinv.HuntersLessee1816(MarshallCourt)
VirginiaSupremeCourtunder4thand9thamendment,notunderauthorityofSupremeCourto Cohensv.Virginiadecisionsbystatecourtsmustalignwiththefederalcourt
10/1910/21 LouisianaPurchase
o 1802BritainandFrancewereatwarFrancewasindebto JamesMadisonandRobertLivingstonapproachrequestingtobuyNewOrleanso $8millionfromMississippitothecoast(830000squaremiles)o Senate247ratifyo JeffersonlookstoGallatintofundexplorationofLouisianaPurchaseo 1803CorpsofDiscoveryLewisandClarkExpedition
StartatMonongahelaRiver,Pennsylvaniabestboats(Gallatinshome) GotoPittsburgandpickupwhattheythinktheyllneed OhioMississippiSt.Louisnorthwest Surveyedland(floraandfauna),sentbackcodedmessages Encounteredblackgnats,grizzlybears,andpricklypearcacti TooktwoyearstogettoPacific MultilingualmemberstocommunicatewithIndians
Sacagawea,Cameahwait(Chiefofnorthwesttribe) Lewis(French)GeorgeDrouillardNativeAmericanSacagaweaCameahwait
1806backtoSt.Louis Louisdiedafterwards(suicide)inKentucky
o ModernequivalentArmyCorpsofEngineers(longestservingbranchofarmy) TheSecondGreatAwakening
o BelievedlosingrelationwithGodFrontierArea(AppalachiantoMississippi)o MajorgroupsCongregationalists,Presbyterians,Baptists,andMethodistso Methodistbestorganizedandfirsttoheadwesto Campmeetingsruralareas(tentrevivals)
1801LargestinCaveRidge,Kentucky100000people(typical70009000) NativeAmericansdestructionoftheirculture
o Landhadtobeacquiredthroughtreatyo WilliamHenryHarrisongovernorofIndianaterritory
WasfinewithkillingasmanyNativeAmericansasnecessaryo NativeAmericanAwakening(precedentbyJefferson)
GreatWhiteFatherJefferson LalawethikaTheProphet
Embraceculture,shouldputfaithinsaviorsnottheGreatWhiteFather ImitatestheWhiteEyeandholdscampmeetingsatShawneevillages LeaderofShawneeTecumseh(OhioValley) Wentintoatrance,wokeupashisfuneralwasbeingpreparedreborn Wentintoafterlife,renamedTenskwatawa(opendoor) Comesbackwithmessagegiveupalcohol Expandsintostopbuyingwhitegoodsandreturntobasicwaysupsetsmerchantswho
becomeangrywithHarrisono LenniLenape(Miamis)hassoldoflandholdingstoUnitedStates
TreatyofFortWayne3millionacresfromMiamiso Tecumsehmilitaryandpoliticalleader
1809stepsupandsayslosingtoomuchlandthatisrightfullytheirs Majortribes
NorthernWyandot,SackandFox,Chippewa,Winnebago,Potawatomi SouthernChoctaw,Chickasaw
Hadhardtimebringinginsoutherntribesbecausesouthernandnortherntribeswereinvadingeachothero 1811Harrisonincreasesthefederalarmyandengages6tribesattheBattleofTippecanoe
StrikeswhileTecumsehisinthesouthrallyingsupport TheProphetwasleadingthe6tribesmilitarynotamilitaryleader NativeAmericanscedemoreland
o 1811TecumsehapproachesBritain Alongwithimpressment,neutralrights,USCanadaborder,openandfreetrade,Tecumsehcontributesto
theoutbreakoftheWarof1812 HartfordConvention
o 18121814unpatriotictobuyBritishgoods DemoralizesuppersocietyofMassachusetts,Connecticut,andRhodeIsland(Federalist)
o Mid1814HartfordConventionmainlyFederalists MassachusettsandRhodeIslandthreatensecessiontoopentradewithBritain
o Dec1814TreatyofGhentendsWarof1812(JohnQuincyAdams) Didnotsettleanyissuesceasefire
EraofGoodFeelingso Withtheceasefirecomesanupsurgeinnationalismo Federalistpartyisdisbandedo Electionof1816landslidevictoryforAntifederalistsinlegislativeandexecutivebranches
Madisonleaves,JamesMonroedefeatsRufusKingo Electionof1820Antifederalistsareunopposed(noFederalistpartyleft)
FederalistsruinedbyHartfordConventiono JamesMonroe
Lastoftheactiverevolutionarypresidents Adoptstheconceptofgovernmentservingthepeople,nottheparty
Seekstoabolishtwopartysystem JohnQuincyAdamsSecretaryofState
Soliddiplomacyinwhitehouseandintheworld ContinentalRepublicSpaindoesnotlike
o SpanishneverrecognizedLouisianaPurchase 18101813UnitedStatesannexesSpanishFloridaclaimingitwaspartofLouisianaPurchase SpanishdistrustbutnotwillingtocomeafteracountrythatsdefeatedBritaintwice Feb1819AdamsOnisTreaty(TranscontinentalTreaty)firmlyestablishedborders
USgetsallofFloridaandterritoryinthenorthwest RecognitionofLouisianaPurchase lostTexas
o Dec2,1823TheAmericancontinentsarehenceforthnottobeconsideredassubjectsforfuturecolonizationbyanyEuropeanpowers.JamesMonroeinhisannualaddresstoCongress
TheMonroeDoctrinewrittenbyAdams StopsallEuropeanincursionintotheUS BasisfordefenseofLatinAmericasetsaprecedenttosubverttheConstitution
AmericanWarinCuba,PearlHarbor,Iraq/Afganistan MixofOldWorldandNewWorldpolitics
10/2410/26
AgricultureandIndustryo Agricultureiskeytoeconomicgrowthmarketeconomyo Transportationnetworksconnectyeomanfarmerstothenetwork
Surpluscanbesoldatdistantmarketso Productionofgrainisincreasing(morestablecashcrop)
Requiredlongerhoursinthefieldo Tobacconumberonecropbuttakesmorenutrientso Marketeconomylongerhours,moreemployees,croprotation,fertilizationanimalmanures
Largerfamilies(freelabor)populationshiftso Bartersystem(old)marketeconomycashcreditriseofbankingsystemo Brokerswouldcomeintoagriculturalcommunitiesoffertotransportsurplusforcommission
Unregulatedlookedforselfgaino EastcoaststopsimportingandlookstoSouthandWest
Selfsufficiencysafetyandsecurity NotableCourtCases
o 1812SecondNationalBankisreinstatedbyCongresso 1819McCulloughv.MarylandtaxonallbanksinMaryland(includingNationalBank)
TaxcollectorsgotoWilliamJamesMcCullough(headcashier) McCulloughsuesstateofMarylandforlackofseparationofpowers MarshallcourtvotesunanimouslyinfavorofMcCullough Statescanttaxfederalbanks
o Gibbonsv.Ogdeninterstatecommerce NewYorkAaronOgdenhasmonopolyfromstatetorunsteamshipsonNY/NJHudsonRiver GibbonshasfederallicensetorunsteamshipsonHudson GibbonssuesNewYorkMarshallgivespowerofinterstatecommercetoCongress
18151850o EnglanddoesnotAmericatobesuccessfulo "AnAmericanwantstoperformwithinayearwhatothersdowithinamuchalongerperiod"
FrancisLieberGermanpoliticalscientisto AlexisdToquevilleAmericansarefastesteatersintheworld(OnAmerica)o Fastersteamboats
RidingsteamboatliketakinglifeintoownhandsCharlesDickenso Railroaddevelopedin1814ricketyandunsafe
Firstcommercialrailroadin1827o Populationdoublingevery22years
17904million185023million 1840birthratepeaks
o Ruralareasexperiencingmostgrowth Citieshavelowerbirthrates
o 17901830300000immigrantsyearly 1830s600000immigrantsyearly(endofNapoleonicWars)
o Oldformmanufacturingcity/factorymanufacturing Oldformskilledlaborersandapprentices Manufacturingmachinestendedbyunskilledorsomeskilledlaborers
o Cheapertransportationdevelopmentofcities Morefactoriesandurbanworkers Capitalandcreditaremorereadilyavailable
o 17901860USPatentofficeissuestwiceasmanypatentsasEnglandandtherestofEuropeo IllegalforEnglishtosellideastoAmerican
18011802SamuelSlaterbringsfirsttextilemilltoUS Massachusetts1810FrancisCabotLowellinstitutesfirstAmericanpowerloom(waterfall)
o 1813BostonManufacturingCompanytakesLowellsinvention BuildstwoinWaltham,MAandChelmsford,MA Chelmsford(headquarters)isrenamedLowellinhishonor
o Lowellmodelmanufacturingcity DontwanttoduplicatedirtyanddisgustingBritishfactorytowns Daughtersoffarmersratherthanchildlabor
Wanttohelpfamilyskilledcitylaborers Boardinghouses
Matrononeachfloor Librariesandlecturestoengagewomeninpolitics FirstwomensmagazineLowellOfferings
o DistributedtoallcommunityaroundLowell Strictrulesnotardiness,noalcohol,nogambling,nocandy,10pmbedtime
o 7amto7pm(30minutemeal),6dayweeks Tediousandrepetitive $2.403.20aweek
o Majorityofpaywassupposedtobesentbackhomeo 1830sLaborProblems
Imusthavesomethingofmyownbeforemanyyearshavepassed.SallyRice(workeratLowell) Increasedproductivitylongerhoursandworkloads Unsafeandunhealthyworkingenvironments(suchasoperatingtwoloomsatonce) Machinesspedup,wagescut
Leadstolabor(proletariat)unrestandorganizationstrikes Companiesfiredlaborleaders,butanewcropofleaderswouldjustemerge
Problemworkerswereblacklisted Unorganizedworkerswerehiredandforcedtosigncontractssayingtheywouldntstrike
Workershadnoprideinfinishedproducts(noartisans),noworkingatwilllatenessanddrunkenness NewWorldworkerfactory,OldWorldworkerfarmer
o LaborMovement/Organization 1834NationalTradeUnionestablished
Individualcoregroupscometogetherfactory,railroad,unskilled/skilledartisans,laborers Protestlowwages,longhours,unsafeconditions,notrewardedforlongvalueoflabor Takecomplaintstotheidlerichadvocatesclassconflict Advocatesprogressivebetterschoolsanderadicationofdebtorsjail(cantpaydebtwhileinjail)
o Schoolsforkidsteachpatriotism 18341837movementleadstotheGreatPanicof1837luckytohavejob
NTUsworkgrindstoahalt10/28
TonyBlairo 19972007primeministerofGreatBritaino 19832007representativeinHouseofCommonsofSedgefieldconstituency(CountyDurham,northeastEngland)o LedLabourpartytothreeconsecutivewinsin1997,2001,and2005o PersonalLife
1953borninEdinburgh,Scotland
SecondsonofLeoandHazelBlair Leowasabarristerlawyer
MovestoAustraliaLeotaughtatUniversityofAdelaidejurisprudence MovesbacktoDurhamLeotaughtatUniversityofDurhamjurisprudence OlderbrotherSirWilliamBlair,youngersisterSarah AttendsDurhamChoristerSchool(preparatoryschool),goesontoFettesCollege
Arrestedforburglary(droppedbecausehisfatherwasbarrister) Climbedladderintohisroomaftercurfew
AttendsOxford(St.JohnsCollegelawschool) LeadsingerandguitarplayerinrockbandUglyRumours MostexpensivepossessioniTunesaccount BandmatePeterThompsonpassespoliticalideologytoBlair(Labourparty,left,liberal) WhileBlairisatOxford,Hazeldiesofcancer
o Blairbeginstochampionhealthcarepolicies Graduatesin1976
BecomespupilbarristeratLincolnInn(London)oneoffourcircuitcourts Nethermerev.Gardinerfirstcase
GardinerworkedforNethermereinatrouserfactory Disputeoverholidaypay Blairsideswithemployersandlosesfirstcase
1980meetswifeCherieBooth DaughterofwellknownactorTonyBooth(directdescendantofJohnWilkesBooth) Fourchildren
o PoliticalCareer BlairiselectedasMPalongwith207otherLabourpartymembersnomajority July6,1983firstspeechasMP 1987worldwidestockmarketcrash
Economicdownturnsusuallyresultinpartyrealignments MargaretThatcherresigns BlairsaysLondonmarkettradersaremorallydubiousandincompetent
o GivesBlairattention 1988LabourpartyleaderNeilKinnock(Minorityleader)
1988namesBlairShadowCabinetSecretaryofStateofEnergy 1989BlairbecomesShadowCabinetMinisterforEmployment
1992nationalelection BlairseekstomodernizetheLabourpartyandattractmorevoters Manysuggestionsrejectedendmonarchy,createminimumwagelaw ModernizationeffortsloseLabourtheelection
1994KinnockreplacedbyJohnSmith BlairbecomesShadowHomeSecretary(assistantleadership)
1995Smithdiesofmassiveheartattack Blairbecomespartyleader
Blair/Majordebates Labourmovesbacktocorevalues
Nationalindustry(associationalism),unionprivileges,welfarestate 1997electionreorganizationofthepartyleadingintotheelection
o Crimedecreasingpolicies,lowertaxes,increasedpowertoregionalgovernments,tradepolicies
o Crimereducedbyover35% Changesclause4oftheLabourpartyplatform
o Redistributionofwealththroughownershipofindustrysocialism 1996Partyconferences
o Blairpromiseseducation(3things) 1997landslidevictoryforLabour(firsttimein18years)
Blairbecomessecondyoungestprimeministerever(43yearsold)o 1783WilliamPittwasyoungest
OnlyLabourPMtowinthreetimesagainstTory NegotiatespeaceinnorthernIreland 36000newteacher,100000personnel SupportedNATOinKosovo SupportedWaronTerrorerodessupport June24,2007resigns
GordonBrowntakesover 2009LabourlosestoDavidCameron
LeaderofQuartetNations(EU,US,UN,Russia) Palestinianstatehood Representsmiddleeastpeaceprocess
TonyBlairFaithFoundationservicethroughfaith RepresentsChristianity,Buddhism,andIslam Focusesonunderstandingtheworld,whiletryingtomaketheworldabetterplace
11/2 Panicof1819
o 18151818excessivecottonproductionwassettingeconomyupforfailureo 1818cottonpricestopoutat32.5centsperpoundo Creditextendedonlandpurchases(associationalism)
Higherinterestrates Biggermortgages
o 1819bottomfallsoutofcottonmarket(57centsperpound) Landvaluesdrop5075%overnight CascadeeffectoverAmericanagriculturalindustry Worldwidecontractioninpopulationgrowth EndofEraofGoodFeelings
o 1829marketrebound MissouriCrisis
o Afterthepanic,nationalismisdeadandindividualsarevaluedoverthenation Leadstojealousy,sectionalization,factions,east/westandnorth/southconflicts
o Divisionformsbetweenslavestatesandnonslavestates 1818Missourihad10000slaves Missourifilesforterritorialstatusasaslavestate 1808slaveimportationisbanned NofederallawsexistedregardingslaveryintheLouisianaPurchase 22states/territories11slave11nonslave House105slavefree,85slaveholding
o MainewantstobreakfromMassachusettsandbeafreestate Missouriwantstojoinasaslavestatetobalance
o JamesTallmadge(NewYork)northernerswillagreeifMissouriabolishesslaveryafter10yearsofstatehood PassesonpartylinevoteinHouse,tieinSenate(2222)
o 1820HenryClay(Kentucky)talksmoralityofslaveryforfirsttime MissouriCompromiseMissouriadmittedasslavestate,Maineasfreestate Noslaveryabove3630lineorinLouisianaPurchase
o 1821AgeographicallinecoincidingwithamarkedprincipalmoralandpoliticalonceconceivedandhelduptoangrypassionsofmanwillneverbeobliteratedandeverynewirritationwillmarkitdeeperanddeeperThomasJefferson
Electionof1824o JohnC.Calhoun(dropsout)o AndrewJackson(Tennessee)99votes(38%)o JohnQuincyAdams(Massachusetts)84votes(32%)winso WilliamCrawford(SecretaryoftheTreasury,SenatorfromGeorgia)41votes(16%)o HenryClay37votes(14%)o TheCorruptBargain(AndrewJackson)
Clayknowshecantwin,butdoesntwantJacksontowin,hasmeetingwithAdams AsSpeakeroftheHouse,ClayswaysvotesinfavorofAdams Inreturn,ClaybecomesSecretaryofStateunderAdams(steppingstonetopresidency) Adamsisnotreelectedin1829
11/4 TwopartysystematthetimeDemocrats(Jackson)andNationalRepublicans(HenryClayandAdams) JohnQuincyAdams
o gooddiplomat,badpresident(oneterm)o StymiedbyCongressfilledwithenemieso DidnotbuildpartyClaywantedAdamstobuildhispartyo Advocatedthearts(18241828artsprogram)
AndrewJacksono 1828Jacksonelectiononeoftheeasiestonrecord(landslide)o Background
Grewupinpoverty,littleeducation FirstpresidentbornWestofAppalachians Lackedintelligencedidntbelieveworldwasround BecomeslawyerinwestTennessee InNashvillelargelandownerandslaveholder SuccessfulgeneralofWarof1812BattleofNewOrleans(herotoSouth)
o Presidency Spoilssystemsupportinelectionjobingovernment Micromanagerbelievedcabinetshouldbecompletelyloyaltohimanddohiswill MarketeconomyJacksonknowslandisimportant,setseyesonsoutheastIndianland
Cottonandwheatdemandrises Inheritsgoodsystemoftariffsandquotashigherinnorth,lowerineastandwesttobalanceandmove
countryforward Protectsandgrowscreditandbankingsystem 1820eastofMississippinearlyamillionacresofland(goodforcotton)
Ownedby125000NativeAmericans FiveCivilizedTribesChoctaw,Cherokee,Creek,Chickasaw,andSeminole Untappedgold
1824JamesMonroelookedforloopholes,pressuretoremoveIndians AdamshadanappreciationofNativeAmericansandtooknoaction
IndianRemovalo Worcesterv.Georgia(Marshall)
GeorgiapasseslawthatnullifiestheCherokeeConstitution Cherokeefilesuitinfederalcourtsystem CourtsideswithWorcesterIndianshavefullauthorityovertheirlands StatesdonothaverighttoextentlawsovertoCherokees
o JacksonaboutMarshalloldmanonthebench,Marshallhashadhissay BelievedSupremeCourtwastheretoservehimignoresruling TellsstategovernmentstorampuppressureagainsttheNativeAmericans
o 1830IndianRemovalActispassedbyJacksonseffortso Indianswerevoluntarilyremoved(atthepointofagun)toOklahoma
Choctaw,Chickasaw,andCreekleave SeminoleputupafightunderOsceola Cherokeerefusetoleave
ChiefJohnRosswaskidnapped,Cherokeemusttreatytogethimback AbsenteeleaderssigntreatymustleaveGeorgiaby1838
o 1838Cherokeearestillthere VanBurensendsGeneralWinfieldScottwith75000troops 15000CherokeemovewestTrailofTears(1/4dieontheway) WinfieldScottlatercitesashisworstmistake
o 1842removalcomplete11/7
NullificationCrisiso Asacottonstate,SouthCarolinawashithardbythePanicof1819o SouthCarolinaCrisis
1824Congresspassesnewcottonexporttariffusingimpliedpowers(InterstateCommerce) SouthCarolinadoesnotlike,saysunconstitutional SouthCarolinaclaimsthefederalgovernmentwilleventuallyuseimpliedpowertoabolishslavery
o DenmarkVeseyformerSCslavewantstobringabolitiontoSouth Ralliesslavesaroundtooverthrowgovernment PreachesChristianandRepublicanideals ArgumentslaveryviolatesbasictenantofChristianity WantstocontrolCharlestonHarbor Slavesdidntcooperatefails(thwartedbystatemilitia)
o SCGovernmentpoolsresources,organizesagainstVesey,andtakehismenintocustody(hangedorexiled)o VeseyincidentbringsSouthCarolinatodistrustthefederalgovernment
SouthCarolinapasslawstoreinforceandcodifyslaveryhardertobefreedbymasters SCsayscodificationofslaveryisimpliedpowerlikefederalimpliedpowertoplacetariff
o 1828Congressneedsrevenue,increasestariffTariffofAbomination(bySouthCarolina)o SouthCarolinaExpositionandProtestthetariffisillegalandSouthCarolinadoesnothavetofollowit
Firstmovementsofnullificationo TheoryofNullification
JohnC.CalhounwroteSCnullification 1820sYalegraduate,Federalist,lawyer,brilliantpoliticalthinker Jacksonsvicepresident
Calhoundisagreedwiththeadministrationtension Early1820snationalistlate1820sbecomesstatesrightsadvocate
Minorityruleshouldtrumpmajorityriseupandsaymajorityiswrong Statesweresovereign,federalgovernmentcantpasslawsstatesdontwantfollow Whenanoppressive/illegal/wrongrule/law/tariffispassed,apopularconventionshouldbeheld
Delegateshavetherighttonullifythelawifitisdeemedunjust IflawisnotspecificallyintheConstitution,statescannullifyit CongresscanamendtheConstitutioniflawisnullified Ifstatedisagreeswithamendment,ithastherighttosecede
1830sSenatorRobertHaynesbringsthistheorytoCongress PrimaryrivalDanielWebster(SenatorfromMassachusetts)
o theUnionisnotacompactofsovereignstateso thepeoplesconstitution,thepeoplesgovernment,madeforthepeople,madebythe
people,andanswerabletothepeopleo 1832anothertariffisadopted,addingfueltonullification
SouthCarolinacallsnullificationconvention Feb1,1833alltariffsprohibitedandnull Dec1832Jacksonsproclamationonnullification
Stateshavenorighttosecedeandcannotnullifylaws ForcesBillreiteratesJacksonspowertouseforceifnecessary Jacksonistryingtoreversetariffof1832inCongressatthesametime
o Compromiseof1833 CalhounandClayworktoreversetariffifSouthCarolinastopsnullification Tariffwillbereducedovera3yearperiod
MartinvanBureno Democrato Inheritseconomicdepressiono Failedpresidencyo Panicof1837bottomfallsoutofcottonmarketagain
Wagesfell3050%o 1839marketstartingtorecover,backontrackby1842
WilliamHenryHarrisono Whigpartytakesovero Electionof1840Whigencourageswomentostandupandbepoliticallyengaged
Womenencouragedtowritearticles,organizeandspeakatrallies,publishjournaltoeducatevoters Quitesuccessful
o Harrisonwinsbyalandslide20860 Romanticism
o DirectoppositiontoEnlightenmento Enlightenmentreasonatcenterofhumanachievemento Romanticismemotionandheartoverreasoningtofindtrutho Transcendentalistmovement1830s(Bostonarea)
EmersonandGeorgeRipleyUnitarianclergymen ClubMargaretFuller,BronsonAlcott,OrestesBrownson Feelingoverreason,transcendenlightenedthought,riseabovereasonandthenaturalworld Atbirth,thereisSparkofDivinity,sowithineveryoneisabilitytobegodlike
Jacksonwasromanticandtranscendentalist,didntcometoembracemovement AgeofReform
o JacksonianthoughtandTranscendentalismsymbioticrelationship Advocatedoptimism,individualism,egalitarianspirit
o SpiritofReformationwecangoabovereasoning,usefeelingstobepartofAmericao 1837TheAmericanScholar(declarationofliteraryindependenceJackson)
Wedonothavetolivelikefathersandgrandfathers,wewillfallbehindo AgeofReformdonthavetobelikerestoftheworldo UtopianCommunityreformbyexample
Begantospringupeverywhere Emphasizedspiritualunitywithingroup,individualismlessened
Shakerso AnnLee(MotherAnn)startedtheShakerMovement(English)
DaughterofEnglishblacksmith Visitedbyalmightyvisions SeesdualnatureofGod ThroughmeGodwillspeak
o 1774FemininenatureofGodtellsAnntogotoAmericao 20newcommunities
Womengivenunusualequality Propertywascommunalowned Decisionsbasedonhierarchyofchurch Womeninhousehold,meninfields
11/11 VeteransDay
o MajorUSWarsVietnam,Korea,WWI,WWII Vietnam(19581972)memorialbuilt1977 Korea(19511953)memorialbuiltearly90s WorldWarII(19411945)memorialbuilt2000s WorldWarInonationalmemorial(DistrictofColumbiamemorial)
o 2003Congresspassesbillsayingnomorememorialsaretobebuiltonnationalmallo WorldWarIendedJune26,1919
TreatyofVersailleUSdoesnotapproveuntil1926 TermswereveryharshtoGermany
o ArmisticeDay Ceasefire11thhourof11thdayof11thmonth,1918 TwoweeksleadingupredpoppiesareworninEuropeandCanada
o InFlandersFields Lt.ColonelJohnMcCrayCanadianMilitaryMedicalCorps1915
Dies1918ofpneumonia BattleofFlandersFields(Belgium)lotofbloodspilled Springcoveredinredpoppies
o ThePoppyLadyMoinaMichael ConvincedVeteransofForeignWarstosellfriendshippoppies WroteWeShallKeeptheFaith oh,youwhosleepinFlandersField,sleep
o PresidentWilsonstrokeafterTreatyofVersaille WifeEdithcallingshots Endofwarnotrecognizeduntil1926 Proclamationof1926VeteransDay
o 1938officiallynamedArmisticeDayo 1956EisenhowerrenamesVeteransDay
HarveyHigleyadministratorofVeteranAffairso 1968UniformHolidayBillincreasecommercialactivity
Mondaynationalholidays Washingtonsbirthday,ColumbusDay,MemorialDay,VeteransDay VeteransDaylosessignificance
o October25,1971firstVeteransDayo GeraldFordexecutiveordermovesVeteransDaytoNov11o FlandersFieldtodayMuesArgonne
AmericannationalcemeteryadministeredbyUSBattleMonumentCommission 91stand37thdivisionsfoughtGermansandpushedthembackpasttheRhine 51startillery
11/14 JohnHumphreyNoyes
o SecularShakero CreatesgrandcommunitiesatOneida,NYandPutney,VTo Womenremovedfromkitchenslaveryonlyhadtomakebreakfasto Complexmarriagesanctionedsexualrelationswithasmanypeopleasyouwanto 1851over200membersbetweentwocommunities
Mormonismo LDSLatterDaySaintso AmericanbornreligionPalmyra,NYo 1827JosephSmithvisitedbyangelMoloch
DeliveredgoldentabletsoutliningMormonbooks TellshimtofindthelosttribeofIsrael
WilliamLloydGarrisono Fatherofabolitionismo Authorandpublishero Verydevoutreligiousmothero Familybeliefgoodqualityjobsuccess
ApprenticedunderBostonprinterso 1829goessouthtoBaltimoreandmeetsBenjaminLundy
TeamupandcreateanabolitionistnewspaperTheGeniusofUniversalEmancipation Marylandwasaslavestate LundyadvocatedcolonizationofslavesbacktoAfrica
Slaveshatedideaproslavery,antiBlacko 1830GarrisonandLundyarrestedforlibel(printingfalseinformation)
Convictedandreleasedshortly(6monthjailterm)o 1831GarrisonheadsnorthtoBoston
PublishesTheLiberatorintendedtoendslavery FirstpublicationIWILLBEHEARD
Spreadsinnorthandtricklestosouth Gradualemancipationandimmediacy(startrightaway)
o LincolnviewedGarrisonaswiseo 1832GarrisonjoinswithLouisTappanandTheodoreWell
CreatenationalmovementAmericanAntislaverySociety 200000cardcarryingmembersof27million StartsineastUS(Boston) Meetsresistanceinindustrialcities(slavesforrawmaterials)
Businesspeopleandfactoryworkers Althoughslavefree,northwasinherentlyracist Costofcottonwouldrise
2030yearoldswithmiddleclassupbringing(rural) ActingunderSecondGreatAwakening
UnChristiantoenslavepartofsocietyo SouththosesupportedGarrisonwereforcedtoleaveo 1835pushbackagainstAASS
RiotGarrisontakenhostageandparadedwitharope(rescued) ElijahLovejoydiesamartyrafterhisprintingpressesweredestroyedIllinois
o 1839Garrisonwantstotalsocietalreformrebuildfromgroundupwithoutslaveryo July4,1838burnsacopyofConstitution
acovenantwithdeath,anagreementwithhell SlaverywasjustifiedinConstitutionproslavery
11/16 ManifestDestiny
o Shoretoshoreo MakewayfortheAmericanbuffalo,hehasnotyetgotloudenoughNewYorkwritero FirstsuggestedbyJohnL.OSullivaninhisnewspaper
Puritanideologycityonahill(UnitedStates)o 1844Texas,California,southernOregon,andRockiesalreadypartofUnion
1.5millionsquaremilesoflandbetweenRockyMountainsandCaliforniao NorthUnitedStatesworldpower
WantworldtoembracewaysofWhiteAngloSaxonProtestantso Southracism,wantedtotakeslaveso PerpetuatedManifestDestinycause
JamesL.PolkMexicanWaro Settheprecedentforwarwithoutdeclarationo Texasadmittedasastate,boundaryset(RioGrandeRiver)o MexicodoesnotrecognizeTexasasUSstatesetsNuecesRiverasnorthborder(150milesnorth)o MexicobreaksrelationswithUSPolkbeginstoantagonizeMexico
SendsGeneralZacharyTaylortoborderpreemptiveo AmericanenvoyJohnSlidell(Louisiana)senttonegotiate
NewMexico$5million AllrightstoCaliforniaandrecognitionofborder$25million MexicotellsSlidelltoleave
o Apr25,1845MexicanscrossintoTexas 6monthwar 13000Americansdied
o May9,1845PolkcallsjointsessionofCongressforwar Twoweeksdifference(violateConstitution)
o TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo RioGrandeisestablishedassouthernborder NewMexicoandCaliforniaceded$12.5million
o SlaverySpreadsthroughTexas,NewMexico,andCalifornia11/28122
Electionof1848o LewisCassDemocraticpresidentialnomineeo ZacharyTaylorWhigs(MexicanWarGeneral)nopublicpolicy,nopoliticalinterest,basedonwarpopularityalone
PopularityofTaylorgetshimelected ZacharyTaylorSectionalCrisis
o Taylorisstrongabolitionist 30statesrepresented(balance15per) TaylorwanttoturnCaliforniaandMexicanterritoriesintononslaveareasimbalance Northcantheneasilygetridofslavery
o CaliforniaGoldRushautomaticallyadmitasastate TaylorsendsrepresentativesintoCaliforniaandMexicanterritory Assistindevelopingconstitutionsandlaws TurnintofreestatesorterritoriesCalifornia,NewMexico,Utah
o HenryClaystillsenatorfromKentucky(73yearsold) Goingtoprotectslavery(staunchslaverysupporter) Claysworkwillultimatelyfail
o Mississippiagitators Callsforconventionofslavesstates(Southern) ConventionheldinNashville(asclosenorthaspossible)
MakeplansforstoppingZacharyTaylorandhismovewestofnonslavery SouthernstatesproclaimifTaylorcontinues,thesouthernstateswillsecede
FugitiveSlavelawof1793o Usuallynamedasmaincauseofcivilwar(statesrightsandslavery)o Slavesthatescapedplantationswouldbereturnedifcapturedo Slavesarentgoingtobereturnedbynorthernerso SoutharelookingatsouthernrightsofFugitiveSlaveslaw
OughttobeenforcedthroughoutUnitedStatesfullforceoffederallaw Canttrustnorth
o NorthcouldhavetakenthischancetopoundintoAmericansslaveryisimmoral Instead,NorthhaveissuewithslaveryinWashingtonDC Missedopportunitybytheabolitionists
ClaysCompromiseof1850o Althoughstaunchslaverysupporter,hewasaunionistcouldnotabideabreako Proposal
AdmitCaliforniaasfreestate PopularsovereigntypeopleofCaliforniadontsupportslaves
Mexicancessioncomeinasterritories(NewMexicoandUtah)
Organizedintotwoindividualterritorieswhichwilleventuallybecomestates Clayknewwaveofabolitionists,Housedominatedbyabolitionists Slaverywillbedeterminedbypopularsovereignty
DCwillabolishslavery CongresswillabolishtheIntercontinentalslavetrade FugitiveSlavelawof1793willbereinforced
TakenseriouslybyallstatesinUnionbecauseitisfederallawo OmnibusbillencompasseseverypointthatClaywantstogetvotedon
TakesalongtimetogetthroughCongressSenatedebated6monthso SenatorDanielWebsterofMassachusetts
BelievedMissouriCompromisedifficulttoenforce IwishtospeaktodaynotasaMassachusettsman,notasanorthernman,butasanAmerican.Ispeak
todayforthepreservationoftheUnion.Hearmeformycause. Wasntgoingtospeakoutagainstomnibusbill
KnewintentionsofClayIntendedtoensurecountrywasgoingtolast Democracy,republic,unionremainintact
o OneofWebstersstaunchestalliesJohnC.Calhoun Calhounwasneardeathwhenomnibusbillwasbeingdebated Couldntspeakwrotewordsandhadthemread thecordsofunionarebeingsnappedonebyone Ifomnibusbillisnotpassedwewillseeanendtowhatwehavecomeandhavediedfor Wantedequalrightsforthesouth SouthslaveswantFugitiveSlaveLawenforced(equalrightsforsouth)
Propertyisescapingus Primefarmhandsdifficulttohavelost Necessaryforgoodproduction
Anendtotheagitationofslavery Preservetheunion
o Omnibusbillistoobigtopassfails NotgoingtopassinSenatebecausebalancedstalemate Somenorthernsympathizecantpasssuchabigbillandfaceconstituencies
o StephenA.DouglassIllinois Reintroducesomnibusbillsasindividualbills July1850ZacharyTaylordiesofarsenicpoisoning(membersofhisstaff) MillardFillmorebecomespresident
o NorthlooksatDouglasssbills Californiaadmittedasfreestate SlaveryabolishedinDC
o Southlegislators GetUtahandNewMexicoorganized
Allowpopularsovereigntytodetermineslaveornonslave Scrap1793FugitiveSlaveLaw Harsher1850FugitiveSlaveLaw September17,1850lastpointvotedon
o ClayCompromisesuccessforbothsides Unionispreserved
TheBreako Southrelyoncottonmarket
Sendtomarketsinnorth
Cottonproducersinsoutharelosing20%profitinhavingtodealwithmarketsinnorth Moneylostontransportation
Cantpayforgoodfarmhands(premium) Nomorefreeslaves
Profitabilityisdecreasing Taxesonproductsmovingnorth,holdingfees,brokeragefees
CoastalSouthCarolinalacksabankingsystem Bankingisallinnorth
CantselltoEnglandbecauseslavegrown Havetogothroughnorthlaunder
o SouthernbusinessleaderssecedefromtheUnion Dobetterifdonthavetogothroughnorthernmarkets
o Southdoesnthavepoliticalwillandeconomicability Cantestablishownbankingetc
o 18521853politicalrealignmentofAmerica 1853FranklinPierceelected1853
Youngestmantobeelectedpresident48yearsold DeemedbyDemocratsasyoungAmericanmovement Willnotdiscussslaveryasanissue WilldiscusshowAmericacaninfluencerestoftheworldthroughDemocraticprinciples
Howhegetselected FranklinPierce
o WantstodevelopresourcesforAmerica ShowtheworldthatyoungAmericanmovementisthewaytogo
o Developsinfrastructure(IntercontinentalRailroad)toconnecteastandwest GadsdenPurchase45000squaremilesdesertsouthwestAmerica Allowscompletionoftranscontinentalrailroadsystem SetsAmericaupforManifestDestiny
Kansas/NebraskaActo Setsdangerousprecedento Repeals1820MissouriCompromiseo Kansas(aboveline)popularsovereignty(Douglass)
Slavestate(Missouri)totheeasto 1854,1855Kansasdecidestobeaslavestate
60%ofvoterswerentfromKansas(Missouri) Wanttospreadslaverywest
o Kansaslandofopportunity Massmigration Popularsovereigntyisamaincourseforremovingslavery
MigratefromnorthandsouthtohavevoicesheardtherushtoKansaso BloodyKansasuprisingafterfraudulentvoteo AbolitionistswritetheirownConstitutionsforKansas
Twogovernments Republicansontherise
o Slaveryhasgottogo(economicimpactratherthanmorality)o Republicanpartyiscityonhillo Republicanmembers
AntiWhigsupporters,moderateDemocratsalarminglyhighrate
o PositionsRepublicanstohavemorevoiceinissueofslaveryo SomeonesaysRepublicanpartywontlast(stillaroundtoday)
JamesBuchanan1856electiono JamesBuchanan(Pennsylvania)Democratic174votes
NovoiceinKansas/NebraskaAct(outofcountry) Supportsslaverywinsallofsouth
o MillardFillmoreAmericanParty114votes(northandnortheast) LostbecausehedidntgetBuchanansPennsylvania Middleroadsomeantislaveryrhetoric(preservation) Asformerpresident,hasnamerecognition
o JohnC.Fremont(California)Republican(thewest) Lookeduponfordevelopmentofthewest Callsslaveryarelicofbarbarismslaverydegradeslaborandwilldrivefreelaborfromtheterritories Iftheycouldstopslaverypreservenorthernheritage(opportunityandeconomicindependencefor
whiteAmericans) Doesnotwinasinglesouthernstate
o Wefinallyseerootsofmoralityofslavery HarrietBeecherStoweUncleTomsCabin
o HadFillmorewonCivilWar Fillmorewasantislave,AmericanPartywasnot
o BuchananinauguratedMarch4,1857 TheDredScottDecision
o March6,1857SupremeCourthandsdownmostbackwardsdecision(RogerB.Tawny)o DredScott
Slave,intelligentman FinalownerElizaIreneEmerson(armyfamily) EmersonsmovedaroundalotIllinois,Wisconsinterritory,Missouri Freestate,freeterritory,slavestate
o DredScottshouldhavebeenreleasedfromslaverybecausehepassedthroughfreestate/territoryo Scottv.Emerson
ShotdowninMissouristatecourts 72decisionEmerson
o TawnyfromMarylandformerslaveholder MajorityopinionScottwasinMissouriatthetimeheinstitutedthiscourtcase AfricansheldinslaverycouldnotbeandhadneverbeencitizensoftheUnitedStates AtthetimetheConstitutionwasadopted,theywereregardedasbeingsofaninferiororder,sofar
inferiorthattheyhadnorightswhichthewhitemanwasboundtorespecto SupremeCourtsaystheMissouriCompromiseisunconstitutional
SlaverycouldnotbebannedinanyAmericanterritoryo Northernersfearwhatifpopularsovereigntybecomesunconstitutional?
DredScottdecisionlightsfire JohnBrown
o InaKansasChurchIPromisebeforeGodthatIwillendslavery.o Productofutopiancommunitieslookingforwaytoendslaveryo Oct1857HarpersFerry,Virginia(20milesfromDC)
Takesarmyofslavesmakeslavesrevolt Slaveryissodemoralizingthatslavesdontreallywantfreedom
o Federalweaponsarsenalmannedwithabout10people Oct16,1857JohnBrown,2sons,and28followerstakeweaponsarsenal ProblemnoslaveswithinHarpersFerryarea Buchanandispatchesagarrisonof75000mentoretakethearsenal
GeneralRobertE.LeewithadjutantMajorStonewallJacksono JohnBrownretreatstofirehouse
Sonsandmanyfollowersdie Brownshotthrougharmandbacksurvives StateCourtofVirginiatrieshimfortreason
o Summer1859waiteduntilBrownfullyhealedsohecoulddefendhimself Believedwhathedidwasright HadIsointerferedonthebehalfoftherich,thepowerful,thesocalledgreat,itwouldhavebeenalright. GuiltyhungDec2,1859
ElectionofNov1860o AbrahamLincoln(Illinois)Republican(setondestroyingslavery)180electoralvotes(40%popularvote)o JohnC.BreckinridgeSouthernDemocrats72(18%)o JohnBellConstitutionalParty39(13%)Constitutionupholdsslaveryo StephenA.DouglassNorthernDemocrats12(29%)o ThreeDemocraticpartieshadtheybeenabletonominateoneDemocrat,couldhavebeatLincoln
PluralityofAmericansvotedforsomeoneelseo JamesBuchananbadpoliticiandoesntstandreelection
SouthCarolinasecedeso Dec20,1860conventionvotetosecedefromtheUniono Feb7,1861allsecessionisdone(Texas)
CrittendenPlano BorderstatesVirginia,Kentucky,Maryland,Missouri
didnotsecedefaithinKentuckysenatorCrittenden Believedunionmustbepreserved
o Theunamendableamendment Ifdidnotpasscivilwar
o Extend3630linestretchallthewaytoCalifornia Noslaveryinnorthernslaves,guaranteeofslaveryinsouth
o Southernleaderstheargumentisexhaustedo LincolnwecantsurrendertowhowehavejustbeatrejectCrittendenPlanaswell
AbrahamLincolno March6,1861inaugurated
Southernstateshavenorighttosecede InauguraladdressDoesnotintenttointerferewithslaverywhereitexists
Doesnotwanttoendunionintentstomollify theUnionisperpetual
o MajorRobertAndersongarrisoncommanderatFortSumter,SC Ifnotresupplied,in6weekstheywillbeout
o 3daysafterLincolnpicksColonelRobertE.Lee(Virginia)tocommandallunionforces Cannotaccept,cannotfightagainstownstateofVirginia Ifyoudonottake,Iwillburythedeadfromthiswarinyourfrontyard.
LeeshomebecomesmilitarygraveyardArlingtonNationalCemetery FortSumter
o AbilityofunionnavytostopCharlestonfromreceivinggoods,services,andproductso mainportinthesoutho LincolnsendslettertoSouthCarolinagovernor
AllowustoresupplytroopsatFortSumtersendonlyfood,nothingelse GovernorsendslettertonewpresidentJeffersonDavis(Tennessee) DavistherearenoUniongarrisonsinSC,therearenofederaltroopsfromyourcountryinmycountry TellstroopstotakeSumter
o April12,18614:30am(CivilWarbegins) ConfederatetroopsunderGeneralPGTBeauregardbeginassaultonFortSumter 2:30pmAndersonsurrenders(33hours) Nocasualtiesduringthebattle(onedeaththedayafter)
Unionrespondso Lincolncallsfor75000volunteerstojoinUnionarmygetsgoodresponseo Unioncanthavefastvictory
QualitycommandinggeneralsofUnioncomefromsouthernstates Lee,Hood,Jackson,Stuart,Longstreet,Beauregard,Armistead,Pickett
Militarytraininginstitutionsallinsouth WestVirginia
o June1861WestVirginiasecedesfromVirginiaandjoinstheUniono Felttheyhadnovoiceo Statehoodin1863bypresidentialproclamationLincoln
Battlesin1861o May1819AquiaCreek
NavalbattleonlyUnionhasnavy BlockadeofChesapeakeBayinVirginiabyUnionforces Norealwinner(Union)
o June3PhilippiRaces(Virginia) UnionPrivateT.BaileyBrownisfirstcasualtyofthewar Unionvictory
o June10BethelChurch(Virginia) Confederatevictory
o June17Boonville(Missouri) Unionvictory FirstmajorwesterncampaignfewConfederatesinthewest
o July2HokesRun(Virginia)alsoknownasFallingWaters Union
o July5Carthage(Missouri) MajorbattleConfederatevictory
o July11CheatMountain(Virginia) Union
o July18BattleofBullRun/Manassas(Virginia) FirstmajorConfederatevictory 40milesfromDC
GreatconfederatebattlemindsallcometogetheratManassas VirginiansledbyThomasJonathanStonewallJackson ArmyofnorthVirginiahavetakenfighttounion DonttreadonmewellfightbackConfederate
o Aug10WilsonsCreek/OakHills(Virginia) Confederate
CivilWarcontinuedo May1863Chancellorsville(central/northernVirginia)
Wildernesscampaign StonewallJacksonshotbyowntroopsthrougharmandback
GeneralJacksonmayhavelosthisleftarm,butIhavelostmyrighto GeneralLeeafterfindingoutthatJacksonhadhadhisarmamputated
Contractspneumoniao AntietamCreek(Maryland)
Bloodiestday23000lostinonedayo Gettysburgturningpoint
GeneralGeorgeMeade ArmyofthePotomac(Union)
12/512/9 Gettysburg
o Day1July1,1863Confederatewin EquivalenttoEnglishCivilWarsCavalierandRoundheads NewunioncommanderisGeneralGeorgeMeade8thcommander ConfederatecommanderGeneralRobertE.Lee
ConfederateColonelWalterH.TayloraidedecamptoGeneralLee ConfederateGeneralJamesLongstreet
Lees2ndincommandwise ConfederateGeneralHenryHeth
OneofLeescorecommanders AttackedBufordscavalrybeforeLeesreinforcementcame(againstorders) Elementofsurpriselost HadConfederatesattackedinfullvictory
ConfederateGeneralA.P.HillcommanderofHillscorps Hethcommandsadivision ArrivesatCashtown8milestothewest
UnionGeneralJohnBuford LookingfromtopofLutheranCemetery,Gettysburg Leadscavalryofficers(amazingsnipers) ToldtoholdonuntilJohnReynoldscanrelieveyou
UnionGeneralJohnReynolds Arriveswithouthistroops KilledbyConfederatesharpshooter
ConfederateGeneralJ.E.B.Stuartnowheretobefound Cavalryeyesandearsofthearmy Leedoesntknowwhattoexpect
ConfederateGeneralRichardEwellfailstotakeheightsvictoryisnolongercertain CemeteryRidgeandSeminaryRidgearecrucialstrategiclocations
Gettysburgisinavalley ConfederatesstationedonSeminaryRidge UnionstationedonCemeteryRidge JohnHenryrunawayslave
TheembodimentofslaveryandwhattheUnionwasfightingagainsto Day2
UnionColonelJoshuaMorrisChamberlain20thMaine BrotherThomasChamberlaincaptainin20thMaine TaughtrhetoricatBodenCollegeinMaine
ConfederateMajorGeneralJohnBellHood LedAlabamians PleastotakeBigRoundTop AttacksDevilsDenrockyanddeadly Capturesandusesasshootingnest
ChamberlainheldleftmostflankLittleRoundTop OnlythingstandingbetweenrebelsandWashingtonDC 20thMainejoinedby2ndMaine Shotbutbulletblockedbysword 60roundspermanlowammunitionafterthreewaves OrdersarightwheelbayonetchargeonfourthwavethemanthatsavedtheUnionarmy Tidesturned
CaptainEllisSpearoneofChamberlainscommanders Tookleftwing
ConfederateGeneralWilliamBarksdale Mortallywoundedanddies
CaptainHawkinscaptured SargentBustershotinarmpittwice
o Day3 BritishColonelArthurC.FremantleColdstreamGuards
FollowingLeesarmy ConfederatesaretryingtogetBritishtohelp
SonsofVirginia ArmisteadsuncledefendedFortMcHenry JamesDearingfirstinhisclassatWestPoint PrivateRobertTylerJonesgrandfatherwaspresident ColonelWilliamAylettgreatgrandfatherwasPatrickHenry
o Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath PositionofUnionarmyinshapeoffishhook
SpanglersSpringtotheright CulpsHillupahead
ConfederateGeneralGeorgePickettfromVirginiaflamboyant LastinhisclassatWestPoint
ConfederateGeneralLoArmistead ServedinPickettsdivision
UnionGeneralWinfieldScottHancock ReplacedReynoldsafterhewaskilled
ArmisteadandHancockarethebestoffriendsnearbrothers ServedtogetherinCalifornia Carriedgoldcoinsmadeforeachother
RebelsmustattacktheUnioncenter
Leefeelsmustattackbecauseofmoraleo Longstreetthinksisbadidea
AttackSeminaryRidgeacrossopenground MarchtotheCopseofTreesWitnessTreesacrossamileandtenthofopenground Alsohavetocrossfences
ColonelAlexanderartillery Inchargeofsilencingcannononsmallrockyhill Sendsmessagelaterhurryuportheartillerycanthelpyou
Porter28yearsold Inchargeofclearinggunsofflowcenterridge
JohnstonPettigrewreputablescholaratUniversityofNC Wroteabook
Longstreetisinchargeoftheattack GeneralTrimblecommandingPendersDivisiononleft
o Pettigrewsbrigadeinsupport GeneralPickettsdivisiononright
PickettsdivisioncenterofassaultPickettsCharge Divisioncompletelywipedout Generals7dead,6wounded Leadstodepressionforrestoflife
KemperandGarnett,supportedbyArmisteadintheback Garnettisshotandfallsoffhishorse Kemperisseriouslywounded
Armisteadseesthisandputshatonsword OnlygeneraltobreaktheUnionlinebutgetsshot SendshisregretstoGeneralHancockThomasChamberlain Hancockhasalsobeenshot
20thMainesenttoUnioncenterafterbeingrelievedgetbombardedo Aftermath
July13,1863dry,humid,hot July4massivestorm
Menonbattlefielddiedfromexposure HeldupGeorgeMeadefromcounterattack
o Failureofunioncommandingofficero Couldhaveendedwar
Longstreetseverelywounded J.E.B.StuartmortallywoundedattheBattleofYellowTavern Harrisonsurvives Hancocksurvives Leeservesuntilendofwardies1870
12/14