U.S. History Chapter 17 NotesU.S. History Chapter 17 Notes

The Progressive EraThe Progressive EraAmid great political and social change, women Amid great political and social change, women

gain a larger public role and lead the call for gain a larger public role and lead the call for reform. President Theodore Roosevelt dubs his reform. President Theodore Roosevelt dubs his

reform policies a Square Deal.reform policies a Square Deal.

Section 1Section 1The Origins of The Origins of ProgressivismProgressivism

Political, economic, and social Political, economic, and social change in late 19change in late 19thth century century

America leads to broad America leads to broad progressive reformsprogressive reforms

The ProgressivesThe ProgressivesEarly 1900s, middle-class Early 1900s, middle-class reformers addressed reformers addressed problems of 1890sproblems of 1890sDifferent reform efforts Different reform efforts collectively called collectively called progressive movementprogressive movement Reformers aimed to Reformers aimed to restore economic restore economic opportunity & correct opportunity & correct injustice by:injustice by:- protecting social welfare - protecting social welfare & promoting moral & promoting moral improvementimprovement- creating economic reform - creating economic reform & fostering efficiency& fostering efficiency

The ProgressivesThe Progressives

Progressives had four major goals Progressives had four major goals

- Protecting Social Welfare - Protecting Social Welfare

- Promoting Moral Improvement- Promoting Moral Improvement

- Creating Economic Reform- Creating Economic Reform

- Fostering Efficiency- Fostering Efficiency

Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social Welfare Wanted to help people deal with the harsh Wanted to help people deal with the harsh conditions of industrializationconditions of industrialization- - Social GospelSocial Gospel & settlement houses & settlement houses inspired other reform groupsinspired other reform groupsFlorence KelleyFlorence Kelley – became a political – became a political activist advocate for women & childrenactivist advocate for women & children- Helped pass law prohibiting child labor & - Helped pass law prohibiting child labor & limiting women’s hourslimiting women’s hours

Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social WelfareSome believed that Some believed that morality rather than the morality rather than the workplace held the key to workplace held the key to improving the lives of the improving the lives of the poor poor - Felt poor should uplift - Felt poor should uplift selves by improving own selves by improving own behaviorbehaviorProhibitionProhibition - banning of - banning of alcoholic drinksalcoholic drinks- Woman’s Christian - Woman’s Christian Temperance Union Temperance Union spearheaded prohibition spearheaded prohibition crusadecrusade

Creating Economic ReformCreating Economic Reform1893 - panic 1893 - panic prompted many prompted many people to doubt people to doubt capitalismcapitalismMany became Many became socialistssocialists- 1901 - - 1901 - Eugene V. Eugene V. DebbsDebbs helped helped organize the organize the American Socialist American Socialist Party Party

Creating Economic ReformCreating Economic ReformJournalists who Journalists who exposed corruption in exposed corruption in politics & business politics & business became known as became known as MuckrakersMuckrakers- Ida Tarbell- Ida Tarbell attacked attacked John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller & & Standard OilStandard Oil for for using cut throat using cut throat businesses practices businesses practices to eliminate to eliminate competition competition

Fostering EfficiencyFostering EfficiencyMany progressive Many progressive leaders used experts leaders used experts & science to make & science to make society & the society & the workplace more workplace more efficientefficientLouis D. BrandeisLouis D. Brandeis used social scientists’ used social scientists’ & data to argue the & data to argue the cost of working long cost of working long hours for the both the hours for the both the individual & society individual & society

Fostering EfficiencyFostering EfficiencyBusiness leaders Business leaders began usingbegan using Scientific Scientific managementmanagement studies studies to improve efficiency to improve efficiency in the workplacein the workplace

- Scientific - Scientific managementmanagement - time - time and motion studies and motion studies applied to workplaceapplied to workplace

Fostering EfficiencyFostering EfficiencyAssembly lines were Assembly lines were used to speed up used to speed up productionproduction- Made people work - Made people work like machineslike machines- Caused higher - Caused higher worker turnoverworker turnoverHenry Ford Henry Ford reduced reduced workday to 8 hours & workday to 8 hours & paid employees $5 a paid employees $5 a day to prevent day to prevent turnover turnover

Cleaning Up Local GovernmentCleaning Up Local Government

Reformers tried to make government Reformers tried to make government efficient & responsive to votersefficient & responsive to voters

Some cities adopted government by Some cities adopted government by commission of experts commission of experts

Many used council-manager - people Many used council-manager - people elected council that appoints elected council that appoints managermanager

State ReformersState ReformersMany reforms were made Many reforms were made at the state levelat the state level Robert M La FolletteRobert M La Follette led the way after he was led the way after he was elected governor of elected governor of Wisconsin Wisconsin - Passed laws to regulate - Passed laws to regulate railroads and banksrailroads and banks- Also passed civil service - Also passed civil service lawslawsOther states followed Other states followed Wisconsin's exampleWisconsin's example

Protecting Working ChildrenProtecting Working ChildrenChild workers received Child workers received lower wageslower wages- Small hands handled - Small hands handled small parts bettersmall parts better- Families need - Families need children’s wageschildren’s wagesNational Child Labor National Child Labor CommitteeCommittee gathered gathered evidence of harsh evidence of harsh conditionsconditions- Accidents & diseases - Accidents & diseases caused by overworkcaused by overwork

Protecting Working ChildrenProtecting Working ChildrenLabor unions argue Labor unions argue children’s wages lower children’s wages lower all wagesall wages

Groups pressed Groups pressed government to ban government to ban child labor & cut hours child labor & cut hours

Convinced most states Convinced most states to pass legislation to pass legislation banning child labor banning child labor and setting maximum and setting maximum hours hours

Efforts to Limit Working HoursEfforts to Limit Working HoursMullerMuller v. v. OregonOregon - -Court upheld limiting Court upheld limiting women to 10-hour women to 10-hour workdayworkday

BuntingBunting v. v. OregonOregon - - upheld 10-hour upheld 10-hour workday for menworkday for men

Reformers won Reformers won workers’ workers’ compensation for compensation for families of injured & families of injured & killedkilled

Reforming ElectionsReforming ElectionsOregon adopted secret ballot, initiative, Oregon adopted secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recallreferendum, recallInitiativeInitiative—bill proposed by people, not —bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballotslawmakers, put on ballotsReferendumReferendum—voters, not legislature, decide if —voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes lawinitiative becomes lawRecallRecall—voters remove elected official through —voters remove elected official through early election early election Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidateschoose candidatesDirect Election of SenatorsDirect Election of SenatorsBecame law in 1913 (Became law in 1913 (17th amendment17th amendment

Section 2Section 2

Women in Public LifeWomen in Public LifeAs a result of social and economic As a result of social and economic change, many women enter public change, many women enter public

life as workers and reformers.life as workers and reformers.

Women in the Work ForceWomen in the Work ForceOnly middle-, upper-class women could Only middle-, upper-class women could devote themselves to home & familydevote themselves to home & familyPoor women usually had to work for wages Poor women usually had to work for wages outside homeoutside home Roles of Farm Women on Southern, & Roles of Farm Women on Southern, & Midwestern farms remained the same Midwestern farms remained the same - Performed household tasks, raised - Performed household tasks, raised livestock, & help with cropslivestock, & help with crops

Women in the Work ForceWomen in the Work ForceAfter 1900 – 20 % of After 1900 – 20 % of women held jobswomen held jobs- 25% in manufacturing- 25% in manufacturing- 50% industrial workers - 50% industrial workers in garment tradein garment trade- Earned half of men’s - Earned half of men’s wageswages- Jobs in offices, stores, - Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high classrooms require high school educationschool education- Business schools - Business schools trained bookkeepers, trained bookkeepers, stenographers, & typistsstenographers, & typists

Women in the Work ForceWomen in the Work Force

1870 - 70% of employed women did 1870 - 70% of employed women did domestic workdomestic work

- Many African-American, - Many African-American, immigrant women do domestic laborimmigrant women do domestic labor

- married immigrants took in - married immigrants took in piecework, or cared for boarderspiecework, or cared for boarders

Women Lead ReformWomen Lead ReformMany female industrial workers sought to reform Many female industrial workers sought to reform working conditionsworking conditions

Women formed cultural clubs that sometimes Women formed cultural clubs that sometimes became reform groupsbecame reform groups

Many women who were active in public life had Many women who were active in public life had attended new women’s collegesattended new women’s colleges

50% college-educated women never married & 50% college-educated women never married & many work on social reformsmany work on social reforms

Women's SuffrageWomen's SuffrageWomen reformers targeted Women reformers targeted workplace, housing, workplace, housing, education, food, & drugseducation, food, & drugsNational Association of National Association of Colored Women (Colored Women (NACWNACW) ) - Goal was the moral - Goal was the moral education of the race was education of the race was with which they were with which they were identified identified -Managed nurseries reading -Managed nurseries reading rooms, & kindergartensrooms, & kindergartensSusan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony of of National American Woman National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSANAWSA))- worked for woman - worked for woman suffragesuffrage, , or right to voteor right to vote

Women's SuffrageWomen's SuffrageA Three-Part A Three-Part Strategy for Strategy for SuffrageSuffrageConvince state Convince state legislatures to give legislatures to give women right to votewomen right to voteTest Test 1414thth AmendmentAmendment - states - states lost representation if lost representation if they denied men votethey denied men votePush for constitutional Push for constitutional amendment to give amendment to give women the votewomen the vote

Section 3Section 3Teddy Roosevelt’s Teddy Roosevelt’s

Square DealSquare Deal..

As president, Theodore As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal citizens a Square Deal

through progressive reformsthrough progressive reforms

New ReformersNew ReformersLed by Republican Led by Republican Teddy Roosevelt Teddy Roosevelt (man of (man of action)action)11stst challenged the power of corrupt money challenged the power of corrupt money- Called - Called Jay GouldJay Gould a crook (no one else had the a crook (no one else had the courage) courage) - Gould was one of the most powerful men in - Gould was one of the most powerful men in AmericaAmerica- Made fortune with crooked railroad deals- Made fortune with crooked railroad dealsThis gained Roosevelt popularityThis gained Roosevelt popularity

Roosevelt's CareerRoosevelt's CareerFought against Spain in Fought against Spain in Cuba (Cuba (Rough RidersRough Riders))Became governor of New Became governor of New YorkYork- Tried to clean up - Tried to clean up governmentgovernment- Pushed through a civil - Pushed through a civil service lawservice law- Hired qualified people- Hired qualified peopleNY political bosses couldn’t NY political bosses couldn’t control him,& urged him to control him,& urged him to run for vice-presidentrun for vice-president1900 – 1900 – William McKinleyWilliam McKinley won reelectionwon reelection- Roosevelt became Vice - Roosevelt became Vice PresidentPresident

Roosevelt Becomes PresidentRoosevelt Becomes PresidentMcKinleyMcKinley shot in Buffalo shot in BuffaloTeddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt became became youngest person to hold youngest person to hold office (age 42)office (age 42)His leadership & publicity His leadership & publicity campaigns helped create campaigns helped create modern presidencymodern presidencySupports federal Supports federal government role when government role when states do not solve states do not solve problems concerning problems concerning national welfarenational welfare

Roosevelt Becomes PresidentRoosevelt Becomes PresidentPublic loved Public loved RooseveltRoosevelt (1(1stst to use to use bully pulpit)bully pulpit)

- Called him Teddy- Called him Teddy

- He refused to - He refused to shoot a bear cub shoot a bear cub while on a hunting while on a hunting triptrip

- Resulted in new - Resulted in new toy (the teddy bear)toy (the teddy bear)

The Square DealThe Square Deal

Square DealSquare Deal - Roosevelt’s - Roosevelt’s progressive reformsprogressive reforms

Roosevelt felt the government should Roosevelt felt the government should act as an umpireact as an umpire

- Make sure everyone got a "square - Make sure everyone got a "square deal"deal"

Using Federal PowerUsing Federal PowerTrust busting Trust busting 1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike- Coal reserves were low- Coal reserves were low- Roosevelt forced both - Roosevelt forced both sides to accept sides to accept arbitration arbitration (3(3rdrd party party decides dispute)decides dispute)- Each side received some - Each side received some of what it wantedof what it wanted- Sets principle of federal - Sets principle of federal intervention when strike intervention when strike threatens publicthreatens public- Other presidents had sent - Other presidents had sent troops to end strikestroops to end strikes

Using Federal PowerUsing Federal PowerRailroad RegulationRailroad Regulation- - 1887 – 1887 – Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act established established the the Interstate Commerce CommissionInterstate Commerce Commission to to prevent railroads from colluding to fix high prices prevent railroads from colluding to fix high prices ((ICCICC too weak to enforce law) too weak to enforce law)- Roosevelt pushed for federal regulation to - Roosevelt pushed for federal regulation to control abusescontrol abuses- - Elkins ActElkins Act -stopped rebates & sudden rate -stopped rebates & sudden rate changeschanges- - Hepburn ActHepburn Act - limited free railroad passes & - limited free railroad passes & enabled ICC to set maximum railroad ratesenabled ICC to set maximum railroad rates

Trust BustingTrust BustingMany big businesses had formed trustMany big businesses had formed trust- Controlled prices- Controlled pricesThis had continued in spite of the This had continued in spite of the Sherman Antirust ActSherman Antirust Act of 1890 of 1890- Act made it illegal for corporations to - Act made it illegal for corporations to gain complete control of a type of businessgain complete control of a type of business- Had not been enforced- Had not been enforcedBy 1900, - trusts control about 80 % of By 1900, - trusts control about 80 % of U.S. industriesU.S. industriesRoosevelt wanted to curb trusts thatRoosevelt wanted to curb trusts that

Trust BustingTrust Bustinghurt public interesthurt public interestRoosevelt began to Roosevelt began to enforce the enforce the Sherman Sherman Antitrust ActAntitrust Act- 1- 1stst target was the target was the railroadsrailroadsBiggest target was Biggest target was Standard OilStandard Oil- 1911 - Supreme - 1911 - Supreme Court ordered that it Court ordered that it be broken up into be broken up into smaller smaller companiescompanies

Attack on laissez FaireAttack on laissez FaireLaissez faireLaissez faire - hands off approach - hands off approach towards businesstowards business Business leaders were shocked by Business leaders were shocked by Roosevelt's actionsRoosevelt's actions- They felt that government should not - They felt that government should not interfere with the economyinterfere with the economy- That the economy performed best when - That the economy performed best when people were left free to create businesses people were left free to create businesses and hire workersand hire workersProgressives felt that laissez faire created Progressives felt that laissez faire created high prices and low wageshigh prices and low wages

The MuckrakersThe MuckrakersFood, drug advertisements made false claims& Food, drug advertisements made false claims& medicines were often unsafemedicines were often unsafeMuckrakersMuckrakers - Writers who exposed corruption in - Writers who exposed corruption in American societyAmerican society Exposed unhappy practices in the food industryExposed unhappy practices in the food industryUpton Sinclair’s Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle - The Jungle - unsanitary unsanitary conditions in meatpackingconditions in meatpackingRoosevelt commission investigates, backs up Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair’s accountSinclair’s accountForced government to pass the lawsForced government to pass the laws

The MuckrakersThe MuckrakersPure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act halted sale of halted sale ofcontaminated food & medicinecontaminated food & medicine - required truth in labeling - required truth in labeling FDAFDARoosevelt pushes for Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act- dictated sanitary requirements- dictated sanitary requirements - Created federal meat inspection program- Created federal meat inspection program

(USDA)(USDA)These laws gave government inspectors the These laws gave government inspectors the power to enforce safety and health standards in power to enforce safety and health standards in the making and selling of food and medicinethe making and selling of food and medicine

ConservationConservationConservationConservation - the - the controlled use natural controlled use natural resourcesresourcesRoosevelt believed that Roosevelt believed that water and timber resources water and timber resources should be maintained for should be maintained for the benefit of all peoplethe benefit of all peopleHe transferred 150 million He transferred 150 million acres of federal land into acres of federal land into the national parks system the national parks system He urged the creation of He urged the creation of national parksnational parks- - Yellowstone, Yosemite, Yellowstone, Yosemite, & The Grand Canyon& The Grand Canyon

The Progressives and RaceThe Progressives and RaceRoosevelt invited Roosevelt invited Booker Booker T. Washington T. Washington to the to the White HouseWhite HouseOther than that the Other than that the Progressive's record on Progressive's record on racism was terribleracism was terrible- They worked to keep - They worked to keep Jewish out of universitiesJewish out of universities- Japanese immigrants - Japanese immigrants were denied the right to were denied the right to own land in California own land in California - Racism resulted in - Racism resulted in increased segregation in increased segregation in the souththe south

African Americans OrganizeAfrican Americans OrganizeAfrican Americans African Americans looked to new leaders to looked to new leaders to help them fight help them fight discrimination discrimination W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois believed that African believed that African Americans should focus Americans should focus on legalityon legality- Met with other black - Met with other black leader at Niagara Falls leader at Niagara Falls (Niagara Movement)(Niagara Movement)- Formed the National - Formed the National Association for the Association for the Advancement of Colored Advancement of Colored People People (NAACP)(NAACP)

African Americans OrganizeAfrican Americans Organize

1910 - 1910 - The National Urban The National Urban League League was formedwas formed

- It focused on improving - It focused on improving economic conditions for urban economic conditions for urban African AmericansAfrican Americans

Section 4Section 4Progressivism Under TaftProgressivism Under Taft

Taft’s ambivalent approach to Taft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform leads to a split in the progressive reform leads to a split in the

Republican Party and the loss of the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats.presidency to the Democrats.

Changes in LeadershipChanges in LeadershipProgressives Progressives agenda became agenda became America’s planAmerica’s plan

1908 - 1908 - William William Howard TaftHoward Taft elected as elected as president president

- Roosevelt's hand - Roosevelt's hand picked successorpicked successor

Taft’s PresidencyTaft’s PresidencyHad cautious progressive agendaHad cautious progressive agenda- Chose to consolidate ratter than expand - Chose to consolidate ratter than expand Roosevelt’s reformsRoosevelt’s reforms Received gets little credit for successesReceived gets little credit for successes- Busted over 90 trusts during his 4-year term - Busted over 90 trusts during his 4-year term Didn’t not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse Didn’t not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public opinionpublic opinionAngered progressives when he signed the Angered progressives when he signed the The The Payne-Aldrich TariffPayne-Aldrich Tariff- compromise bill that called for moderate tariffs- compromise bill that called for moderate tariffs- Progressives thought he abandoned low tariffs & - Progressives thought he abandoned low tariffs & progressivismprogressivism

Taft’s PresidencyTaft’s PresidencyDisputing Public LandsDisputing Public LandsAngered conservationists Angered conservationists when he appointed when he appointed Richard A. BallingerRichard A. Ballinger as as secretary of the interior secretary of the interior - Ballinger put reserved - Ballinger put reserved lands in public domainlands in public domainInterior official who Interior official who protested action was fired protested action was fired Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot head of head of U.S. Forest Service - U.S. Forest Service - testified against Ballingertestified against Ballinger- He was also fired by Taft- He was also fired by Taft

The Republican Party SplitsThe Republican Party SplitsRepublicans split over Taft’s support Republicans split over Taft’s support of House Speaker of House Speaker Joseph CannonJoseph CannonCannon weakened progressive Cannon weakened progressive agendaagendaMany Progressives allied with Many Progressives allied with DemocratsDemocratsDemocrats gained control of the Democrats gained control of the House of Representatives in the 1910 House of Representatives in the 1910 midterm electionmidterm election

The Bull Moose PartyThe Bull Moose PartyRoosevelt decided to run Roosevelt decided to run for president again for president again Taft people Taft people outmaneuvered outmaneuvered Roosevelt’s for nomination Roosevelt’s for nomination in the 1912 Republican in the 1912 Republican conventionconventionProgressives formed Progressives formed Bull Bull Moose PartyMoose Party & & nominated Rooseveltnominated Roosevelt ProgressivesProgressives called for: called for:- More voter participation - More voter participation in governmentin government- Woman suffrage- Woman suffrage- Labor legislation, - Labor legislation, business controlsbusiness controls

The Bull Moose PartyThe Bull Moose PartyRooseveltRoosevelt & & TaftTaft ran against ran against Democrat Democrat Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson,,

- Wilson was a - Wilson was a reform governor reform governor from NJfrom NJ

Election of 1912Election of 1912 Wilson endorsed progressive Wilson endorsed progressive platform called the platform called the New New FreedomFreedom- Wanted stronger antitrust - Wanted stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, & lower laws, banking reform, & lower tariffstariffs- called all monopolies evil- called all monopolies evilRoosevelRoosevelt wanted oversight t wanted oversight of big businessof big business- Didn’t think all monopolies - Didn’t think all monopolies were badwere badSocialist Party candidate Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs wanted to wanted to end capitalism end capitalism Wilson won great electoral Wilson won great electoral victory & got majority in victory & got majority in CongressCongress

Section 5Section 5Wilson’s New FreedomWilson’s New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson establishes a Woodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda as a strong reform agenda as a

progressive leader.progressive leader.

Wilson and Big businessWilson and Big businessWoodrow Wilson shared the same views as Roosevelt Woodrow Wilson shared the same views as Roosevelt He felt that "good trust" didn't existHe felt that "good trust" didn't existHe focused on attacking trusts, tariffs, & high financeHe focused on attacking trusts, tariffs, & high financeClayton Antitrust Act - Clayton Antitrust Act - stopped companies from buying stopped companies from buying stock to form a monopolystock to form a monopoly- Stated that labor unions & farming organizations had the - Stated that labor unions & farming organizations had the right to exist right to exist - Strikes & peaceful protest and the collection of strike - Strikes & peaceful protest and the collection of strike benefits became legal benefits became legal - Ended injunctions against strikers unless threaten - Ended injunctions against strikers unless threaten irreparable damageirreparable damageFederal Trade Commission Act of 1914 - Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 - Established Established new “watchdog” agency FTCnew “watchdog” agency FTC- investigated regulatory violations- investigated regulatory violations- ended unfair business practices- ended unfair business practices

A New Tax SystemA New Tax SystemWilson pushed for Underwood Act to substantially Wilson pushed for Underwood Act to substantially reduce tariffsreduce tariffsBusinesses tried to get Congress to vote it downBusinesses tried to get Congress to vote it downSet precedent of giving State of the Union Set precedent of giving State of the Union message in personmessage in personUsed bully pulpit to gain passageUsed bully pulpit to gain passage Government had to replace revenue lost by Government had to replace revenue lost by lowering tariffslowering tariffs1913 - 1913 - Sixteenth AmendmentSixteenth Amendment legalized legalized graduated federal income taxgraduated federal income tax- 1% to 6%- 1% to 6%- Government earned a lot more money from - Government earned a lot more money from income tax than it ever earned from tariffs income tax than it ever earned from tariffs

Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve SystemNation needed a way to strengthen the way Nation needed a way to strengthen the way banks were run as well as control the amount of banks were run as well as control the amount of money in circulation money in circulation 1913 – 1913 – Federal Reserve ActFederal Reserve Act divided the nation divided the nation into 12 banks and established a regional bank in into 12 banks and established a regional bank in each districteach districtThese banks loaned served other banks in the These banks loaned served other banks in the region region - Issued paper money - Issued paper money - loaned money to banks in trouble- loaned money to banks in troubleFederal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System - Brought private - Brought private banking system under federal controlbanking system under federal control

Women Win SuffrageWomen Win SuffrageCollege-educated College-educated women spread women spread suffrage message to suffrage message to working-class working-class College Equal College Equal Suffrage LeagueSuffrage League went door-to-door, went door-to-door, took trolley tours & took trolley tours & gave speeches at gave speeches at stopsstopsCarrie Chapman Carrie Chapman CattCatt, head of , head of NAWSANAWSA, stressed , stressed organization & organization & lobbyinglobbying

Women Win SuffrageWomen Win SuffrageNational Woman’s National Woman’s Party aggressively Party aggressively pressured for suffrage pressured for suffrage amendmentamendmentWork of patriotic Work of patriotic women in war effort women in war effort influenced politiciansinfluenced politicians1920 - 1920 - Nineteenth Nineteenth AmendmentAmendment granted granted women right to votewomen right to vote

The Limits of ProgressivismThe Limits of ProgressivismWilson disappointed Progressives who wanted Wilson disappointed Progressives who wanted social reforms concerning civil rightssocial reforms concerning civil rightsWon support of Won support of NAACPNAACP for favoring civil rights for favoring civil rights when he was a candidate running for president when he was a candidate running for president Opposed anti -lynching legislation after he Opposed anti -lynching legislation after he became president became president Appointed fellow white Southerners to cabinet Appointed fellow white Southerners to cabinet who extended segregationwho extended segregationSegregated white and black federal employeesSegregated white and black federal employeesNAACPNAACP felt betrayed which resulted in a rift with felt betrayed which resulted in a rift with he presidenthe president

The Twilight of ProgressivismThe Twilight of Progressivism

Outbreak of World War I distracted Outbreak of World War I distracted most Americansmost Americans

Reform efforts stalledReform efforts stalled