U.S. History: 1st half · U.S. History: 1st half 140 Vocabulary words that you MUST be familiar with for the Final Exam. Each word has not only a definition but a relationship to

U.S. History: 1st half

140 Vocabulary words that you MUST be familiar

with for the Final Exam.

Each word has not only a definition but a

relationship to one or more of the other vocabulary

words. (a piece of the puzzle)

It is up to you to know how they all fit together. (a

giant puzzle)

Once you know the big picture, you can see where

the details connect.

Virginia Company

Joint business venture during colonial times

First successful European settlement of America

Came over here looking for gold

Started Jamestown

John Smith was the leader

First non-religious colony in America

King James signed the charter

Cultivated tobacco

House of Burgesses

First European-style legislative assembly in the

colonies

Some members were appointed and others were

elected

Oversee the Virginia colony

Similar to England’s parliament

Powhatan

Native American Chief from eastern Virginia

Attacked the settlers of the Virginia company

Provided food for the colonists of Jamestown

Daughter was Pocahontas

Bacon’s Rebellion

Landless rebels wanted harsher action against the

Native Americans

Led by Nathaniel Bacon

They opposed Governor Berkley

Showed poor farmer’s displeasure with not having

the support of the government

Resulted in a law stating that poor whites could no

longer side with slaves against rich white colonists

Massachusetts Settlement

Settled by Puritans who wanted religious freedom

Did not want ties to Catholicism and were not tolerant of other religions

Boston was the capital

John Winthrop

“City upon a hill”

Known as the Pilgrims

Government was dominated by Puritan religious beliefs

Rhode Island Settlement

Dissenters (people who did not agree) from

Massachusetts

Established by Roger Williams

Tolerant of other religions

Lived in peace with the Native Americans

Banished from Massachusetts, Anne Hutchinson fled

here with her 17 children

Half-Way Covenant

Allowed partial church membership for children and

grandchildren of Puritans

Get more people to join Church because of a lack

of personal relationship with God

Caused by more and more children being brought

up outside the Church

Encouraged by Puritan ministers

Resulted from the Church’s need for more money

King Philip’s War

Conflict between English colonists and Native Americans

Native American leader was Metacom (he died)

King Philip was a Native American Chief (Same as above)

End of Native American presence in New England

1675-1676

Result of Native Americans being forced to live by Puritan Law

Salem Witch Trials

Over dramatic white people

Widespread hysteria

24 people were killed, 29 were convicted

Mostly women were accused of witchcraft, 150 total

Caused by

Lack of opportunities for women

Extreme religious faith

Stress between natives and colonists

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

Territory between Virginia and New England

Founded by the religiously tolerant Quakers

(Pennsylvania)

New Amsterdam was settled by the Dutch first

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn

Quakers who wanted peace and religious tolerance

Penn’s Holy Experiment

Lived in peace with the Native Americans

New Amsterdam (New York)

Founded by the Dutch

Very diverse population taken over by the British

Founded in 1625 by Dutch settlers, British take over

in 1664

British invited the Dutch to stay when they took over

Quebec

French speaking territory

Fur trade

Established in 1608

French were spreading Catholicism

British were Spreading Protestantism

First permanent French Settlement

Mercantilism

Nations collect gold and silver

British economic policy of the colonial era

More exports, less imports

Ultimate goal self sufficiency

Trans-Atlantic Trade

Trade from the colonies across the Atlantic and back

Under mercantilism, the British wanted to control this

trade

Triangular Trade

1-finished goods from GB to Africa

2-slaves from Africa to colonies

3-raw materials from colonies to GB

Middle Passage

Trade route from Africa to the colonies

Second part of the three way voyage (triangular

trade)

Slaves were brought from Africa to America

Very poor conditions for Africans

2 of 10 died along the journey

2nd leg of trans-Atlantic trade

African American Culture

Music, dance, story-telling, and basket weaving

High diversity because of different origins in Africa

Very spiritual

Followed traditions of their homelands

Multiple languages were spoken

Stories were passed on orally from generation to

generation

Benjamin Franklin

Declaration of Independence

Inspired by John Locke

Founding father

Believed in individualism and social mobility

Believed in obtaining truth through experimentation

and reasoning

Bifocals

Proved lightening was a form of electrical power

Individualism

Seeking ways to improve one’s own status

New way of thinking for the colonists

Making your own choices

Free thought

Values the Protestant Work Ethic

Social Mobility

Changing classes in society

Ability to move up in society based on hard work

The foundation of the American Dream

Outlined the capitalistic economy

The Great Awakening

Revival of religious feeling in American colonies during the 1730’s

Preachers began to travel around

Jonathan Edwards

Colonists, Native Americans, and African Americans all became a part of one church

Brought many colonists into organized Christian churches for the first time

Pre-destiny was taught

French and Indian War

French and Native Americans were on the same side

British won and gained new territory

British and colonists fought beside each other

Some Native American tribes also sided with the British towards the end

Conflict over land

1756-1763

Caused by tensions over claims to colonies

First time George Washington led a military group

1763 Treaty of Paris

Ended the French and Indian War

France surrendered Canada to Great Britain

France gave up all land east of the Mississippi

except for New Orleans

Led to the Proclamation of 1763

Caused tension between the British and their

colonies because GB gained control of all

colonies…NO MORE CHARTER COLONIES!!!

Proclamation of 1763

No settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Attempt to limit conflict between colonists and

Native Americans

Americans did not like this

Settled west anyway

Angered the colonists

First of a series of Acts and Proclamations that

eventually lead to the Revolution

Stamp Act

Stamp on all paper goods

First of direct taxes imposed on the colonists by the British

Led to creation of the Sons/Daughters of Liberty

Caused emergence of rebellious attitude towards Great Britain

Established tax collectors

Happened because of uprising at the custom’s house

Replaced by the Declaratory Act

Intolerable Acts

Punishment for the Boston Tea Party

Closed off Boston Harbor

Martial Law and Quartering Act

Led to the First Continental Congress

1774

Sons of Liberty

Attempted to stop the distribution of stamped

paper after the Stamp Act

Established by Samuel Adams

Eventually turned to violence to protest

Led the efforts in the Boston Tea Party

Daughters of Liberty

Joined the sons of liberty in British opposition

Made their own clothes to boycott British Imports

Refused to buy tea and other British Imports

Openly protested the sale of British goods

Committees of Correspondence

First secret meeting between colonies

Established colonial militia to resist the Intolerable

Acts

Carried out the First Continental Congress

Established the use of minutemen to resist British

colonial rule

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense

Supported Independence

Created a sense of unity among the colonists in their

efforts against the British

Patriot philosopher

Did not like the way Britain (“the Mother Country”)

treated its child (the colonies)

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine

Said that Great Britain was too far away to rule

the colonies effectively

1776

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

Written by Thomas Jefferson

Outlined what we had done to try and alleviate conflict with Great Britain

Based on the ideas of John Locke and Charles de Montesquieu

Unalienable rights

Changed the war from a civil war to a revolutionary war

Established America as a separate country

Presented the idea that all men are created equal

John Locke

Natural rights of man

Life, liberty, and property

English philosopher

Helped South Carolina write their State Constitution

Influenced the Declaration of Independence

Ideas spread during the Enlightenment

Charles de Montesquieu

French political thinker

French army general

Wanted equal rights

Influenced the Declaration of Independence

Wrote the Declaration of French Independence

General George Washington

Led troops across the Delaware River to a surprise

attack on Trenton and victory

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

Reorganized the army

Signed the Declaration of Independence

First military conquest was in the French and Indian

War and he failed

Crossing the Delaware

Christmas Eve surprise attack

German Hessians were attacked by Washington and his troops

First big win for the Americans

Inspired by Thomas Paine’s The Crisis

The conditions were very harsh

This siege changed the course of the war

The win against Great Britain inspired the French to support the Americans

Valley Forge

George Washington conducted a training camp for

troops despite harsh conditions

Most difficult time during the war effort, many died

Lacking supplies and morale

Pennsylvania

Low point for General Washington’s troops

Sickness and death were common

Marquis de Lafayette

General during the Revolution for American troops

Came up with the plan that made the Americans win at Yorktown

Trained American troops

Won the Battle against Cornwallis

French commander of American troops

Inspired to come to America by Benjamin Franklin who was serving as ambassador to France at the time

General Charles Cornwallis

British general during the Revolutionary War

Surrendered at Yorktown

Established forts across the state of South Carolina

and had much success in the south

Aided by African Americans who had escaped from

Patriot slave owners

Battle of Yorktown

Cornwallis surrendered here

Ended the American Revolution

French naval force defeated a British fleet

Blocked the entrance to Chesapeake bay

British could not be rescued by sea

Virginia

1783 Treaty of Paris

Ended the Revolutionary War

US gained control of all land east of the Mississippi

Signed in Versailles in September

Between the United States, Great Britain, France, and Spain

Confirmed US independence

Set the boundaries of the new nation

Did not protect the land interests of the Native Americans

Articles of Confederation

Outlined the 1st form of government for the United States after the Revolutionary war

Did not work, was weak, gave the central government NO power

States had all the power

Revised after Shay’s Rebellion

No executive branch

Did not have a strong judicial branch

Started the debate between a strong central government and strong state governments

1787

Gave the national government the power to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, standards for coins

U.S. Constitution

The supreme law of the land for the United States

Supported by the Federalists

Reiterated the natural rights of man

Outlines the rules of the Government

Established a Supreme Court

1789

Established a bicameral legislature

Included separation of powers and a system of checks and balances

Congress established lower courts

Shay’s Rebellion

Uprising of debt ridden Massachusetts farmers

Attempt to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts

Led by Daniel Shay

Proved the weakness of the Articles of

Confederation

Convinced 12 states to send delegates to the

Philadelphia convention

Great Compromise

Two house national legislature

BICAMERAL

Small states and large states compromised on the issue of representation

Established Senate and House of Representatives

Connecticut Compromise / Virginia Compromise

Suggested by Roger Sherman

Equal representation in Senate and population determined representation in House of Reps.

Slavery

Owning African American people

Population and representation issue

Led to the 3/5’s compromise

South supported slaves counted as population

Dealt with runaway slaves issue at Constitutional

Convention

Underground railroad

Harriet Tubman, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe

Constitution said slave trade would end in 20 years

Separation of Powers

Dividing the government into local, state, and

federal levels

Weakened the power of the Central/Federal

Government

Assigned certain powers to each level of

government

Was established by the Constitution and allowed

for broad interpretation

Limited Government

Supported by anti-federalists

Reassured people that the government would not

be like a monarchy

Bill of Rights

Outlined in the 9th and 10th amendments to the

constitution

Ensured a free market economy

Executive Branch

President

Enforce/carry out the laws

Veto power, checked by judicial and legislative

branches

George Washington established the tradition of a

cabinet

Loosely interpreted by each president

Decide their own powers

Checks and Balances

Kept one branch from dominating the government

Ties all three branches of government together

Separates government into three branches

Assigns different powers to each branch

Judicial branch makes sure the other two don’t do

anything unconstitutional

President can’t do anything without the approval of

congress

Federalist

Supported the Constitution

Believed in strong central government

Alexander Hamilton

Favored the new constitution’s balance of power

The beginnings of political parties

George Washington and James Madison

Anti-federalist

Supported limited federal Government

Did not support the Constitution

Called for the Bill of Rights

Thomas Jefferson

Patrick Henry

Samuel Adams

Similar to Republican party of today

Richard Henry Lee

Received support from rural areas

The Federalist

Writings by James Madison and Alexander

Hamilton and John Jay

Series of 85 essays defending and explaining the

Constitution

Called for ratification of the Constitution

Explained the intent of the Constitution

Appeared in New York newspapers between 1787-

1788

James Madison

Helped create the Bill of Rights

Supporter of Thomas Jefferson and his ideas

Federalist

Worked with Hamilton on the Federalist Papers

4th president

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury under George Washington

Believed in loose interpretation of the Constitution

Very important federalist

Expand the power of government

Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr

Son was killed in a duel in the same place

States’ Rights

Supported by Southern States and rural areas

States refused to enforce laws they did not support

Anything not put in the constitution

10th amendment outlines that all powers not

directed to the federal government are reserved

for the states

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Appeased the Anti-federalists

Rights of the people

Limited government

Accepted by federalists and anti-federalists

President George Washington

First president of the United States under the Constitution

Did not like the idea of political parties

Taxed whiskey

Was selected as president, was not elected

Started the tradition of a cabinet

Set the precedent of two term presidency

Did not expect the Constitution to last more than 20 years

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers attacked tax collectors in the Appalachian Mountain region

Tried to get rid of excise tax

Led to moonshiners

Government quashed the rebellion

Washing ton instituted tax on Whiskey

Tax was to repay war debt

Washington’s second term

Demonstrated president’s constitutional authority to enforce the law

The way to change law was to petition government peacefully not by rebelling

Political Parties

George Washington warned against political

parties in his farewell address

Started forming between Alexander Hamilton and

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-republicans and Whigs

Parties were recognized based on their clothing

Federalists and anti-federalists

Factions

Groups with different ideas and opinions

John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson

Political parties

Strict and liberal constructionists

How the constitution was to be interpreted

Jefferson: strict constructionist

Hamilton: loose constructionist

John Adams

Beat Thomas Jefferson to become 2nd president of the United States

Supporter of Alexander Hamilton

Elected in 1796

Was a federalist

Grew up on a farm in Massachusetts

Much criticism came from the supporters of his vpThomas Jefferson

Presidency showed the weakness of the vp being the losing candidate

Northwest Ordinance

Established the procedure by which new states would be admitted to the Union

Showed Americans that government encouraged westward expansion

First territory outside of the original 13 colonies

1787

Manifest Destiny

Angered the Native Americans

Much conflict in the northwest over land claims

Louisiana Purchase

Bought land from the French for $15 million

Doubled the size of the country

Lewis and Clark explored the land

Bought from Napoleon

Sacagawea

Land had many Native American tribes

Monroe and Livingston closed the deal

Lewis and Clark

Explored the western area purchased in the

Louisiana Territory

Led by Sacajawea

Went to the Pacific

Looking for water routes

Appointed by Thomas Jefferson

Documented new types of animals and plants

War of 1812

War between the Americans and Great Britain

We won

Ended by the Treaty of Ghent

Caused by British restrictions on American trade in the Atlantic

Confirmed American independence and strengthened nationalism

Last violent conflict between America and Great Britain

Erie Canal

First man made canal that connected Lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean

Took 8 years to make

Emergence of “Uncle Sam” Samuel Wilson

363 miles long

Increased wealth of the Northeast

Paid for itself in 12 years

Work was done by people who lived along the canal route

New York City

National capital until 1790

Flourished after construction of the Erie Canal

Center of commerce

By 1835 was the largest city in the US

Cultural melting pot

Connection between agricultural markets of the

west and European traders

Monroe Doctrine

Anti-intervention policy set out by President Monroe

Told other countries to stay out of our domestic

business

1823

Industrial Revolution

Flourishing of factories in the North

Less man power = more machine power

North dominated

Started in Great Britain

Thomas Jefferson was president during this

changing time in American history

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin

Interchangeable parts (musket)

Mass production

Increased efficiency, decreased costs

Benefited the south, cotton kingdom

Manufactured 10,000 muskets in 2 years

He invented many things

Cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney

Tremendously helped cotton farmers

Made the cultivation of short staple cotton easier

Invented in 1793

Increase in slaves

Reduced price of cotton

Increased profits

Separated seeds from cotton

Interchangeable parts

Musket

Benefited factories

Assembly line

Made identical parts so that the whole machine

would not have to be replaced

Invented by Eli Whitney

Improved the production process

Decreased the need for skilled laborers

Manifest Destiny

It is our fate to settle all lands westward from the

East coast to the West Coast

19th century belief that inspired westward

expansion

People moved to the Pacific and Caribbean

territory

Spreading Christianity

Temperance Movement

Banning of alcohol

Supported by women

Laid the foundation of the women’s suffrage

movement

Mary C. Vaughan attested to the evils of alcohol at

a temperance meeting

Increased the size of Protestant religious

organizations and their influence in west and rural

areas

Abolitionism

Push to end slavery

Main issue causing conflict before and during the

Civil War

Frederick Douglass was a famous abolitionist

Abolitionists were persecuted for their beliefs

Did not want to allow new states to have slavery

Public School Reform

All children should be allowed to attend free public schools

Funded by taxes

African Americans could not attend

Was led by Horace Mann

Improved quality because of formal training of teachers

Instituted curriculum reform

Doubled money that states spent on schools

Women’s Suffrage Movement

Women attempting to gain the right to vote and

have a more active role in society

Eventually resulted in the 19th amendment

Grimke sisters, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Sojourner Truth went throughout the country

preaching and arguing for abolition and women’s

rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Led the women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls

New York

Prominent leader in women’s suffrage movement

Declaration of Sentiments

Went to London for the World’s anti-slavery

convention in 1848

Husband was a delegate at the convention

Seneca Falls Conference

First women’s rights convention

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader at the conference

New York

1848

Lucretia Mott was also a prominent figure at the convention

Over 300 people attended

Men and women

Adopted the Declaration of Women’s Independence

Declaration of Sentiments

Jacksonian Democracy

Sought a stronger President and Executive branch

and a weaker Congress

Left the republican party to found the democratic-

republican party

Believed that political leaders should be able to

pick followers for government jobs

Wanted to limit the power of elite groups

Expanded men’s suffrage to all white men, not just

land owners

American Nationalism

Extreme pride in country and desire to spread

Culture

Language

Religion

Belief that the national interest should be placed

ahead of regional interests

Led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among

the nations

Believed in manifest destiny

William Lloyd Garrison

Founded abolitionist societies and published an

abolitionist newspaper

Active in religious reform movements in

Massachusetts

Most radical white abolitionist

Editor of a newspaper

Published the Liberator sending the message of

immediate emancipation

Frederick Douglass

Worked for Garrison during the abolition movement

Lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society

Born in 1817

Taught to read and write by the wife of his owner

Wrote an autobiography

Published an anti-slavery newspaper

Grimke Sisters

Held lectures in the North about slavery

Angelina published an appeal to Christian women

of the south

Pushed women to be abolitionists

Grew up on a plantation and did not like the way

slaves were treated

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine

was added as a free state to the Union

Attempt to maintain the balance between slave and

free states in the Union

Slavery was prohibited in the northern part of the

Louisiana purchase

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

60 whites were killed and Nat was eventually

executed

Slave that started a revolt in the south

He had 80 followers

Believed he was called by God to save his people

African American preacher

Led to whites killing over 200 slaves

Nullification Crisis

States’ refusal to recognize an act of congress that

it considers unconstitutional (slavery)

Supported by John C. Calhoun

States’ rights

Sectionalism

Evident when South Carolina tried to nullify a tariff

on imports and threatened to secede

John C. Calhoun

Supported states’ rights

Supported Henry Clay’s American System

Supported infrastructure and other national issues

He thought the 1828 tariff on imports was an

abomination

Andrew Jackson’s Vice President

Helped South Carolina during the nullification crisis

Sectionalism

Being loyal to a certain region rather than the

nation

Southern states supported this idea because it was

in their best interest

Promoted by the nullification crisis

Growing danger that underscored the presidential

election of 1796

Mexican-American War

Ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

James K. Polk was president during the war

Fought to win territory in Texas

Robert E. Lee’s first battle

Mexico had an unstable government

War began in 1846

US wanted New Mexico and California

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed that none of the territory acquired in the

war with Mexico would be open to slavery

Was an amendment to an 1846 military

appropriations bill

Divided congress along regional lines

Northerners supported this, southerners did not

South believed it would tilt the balance of power in

the congress in favor of the north

Compromise of 1850

A series of congressional measure intended to settle the grievances between free states and slave states

Included the fugitive slave act

Free states must return runaway slaves

Supported by Henry Clay

5 laws to maintain stability

New Mexico was established by the border of Texas

New Mexican voters could vote on slavery issue

Cali was free

Return runaway slaves a must

Slave trade abolished in DC

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A law enacted in 1850 that established the

territories of Kansas and Nebraska

Enacted the idea of popular sovereignty

People voted on whether or not the state would allow

slavery

Repealed the Missouri Compromise

90% of congress voted for the bill but the entire

congress debated whether or not to pass it

Enacted in 1854

Popular Sovereignty

A system in which residents of an area vote to

decide an issue

Appealed to both the north and the south

Seemed like the most fair way to organize new

state governments

Caused mass migration to new states

Was not successful in Kansas and Nebraska

Dred Scott Decision

Attempted to gain his freedom through the court system

outcome was against Scott because he was viewed as

property and not a citizen

Popular sovereignty was unconstitutional

Court decision said that slaves were not citizens and

could not bring cases to court

He had no claim to freedom

Former slave from Missouri

Hearing was in 1857

John Brown

Attacked people in Kansas and killed 5 people

Believed God sent him to fight against slavery

Secretly obtained financial backing from several

prominent northern abolitionists

Wanted a full slave revolt to spread throughout the

United States

Harper’s Ferry: Oct. 16, 1859

Abolitionist

Abraham Lincoln

Main political force in ending slavery

Republican

Main goal was to preserve the Union and stop slavery from spreading

Eventually changed goal to abolish slavery

Issued the Emancipation Proclamation

Wanted the south to fire the first shot

16th president

Assassinated by John Wilkes Boothe at Ford’s Theatre

Gettysburg address – 2 minutes

South Carolina seceded when he was elected

Habeas Corpus

Court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner

before a judge to determine if he/she is being held

legally

Lincoln suspended this so they could hold southern

sympathizers without justification

More than 13,000 suspected confederate

sympathizers were held without a trial

Constitution allows president to suspend in times of

National emergency

Emancipation Proclamation

Outlawed slavery in the confederate states

Did not expect slave owners to follow it

Expected slaves would hear of it and run away on their own

Military action aimed at states in rebellion

January 1, 1863

Hurt the war effort of the south

Did not free slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware

Jefferson Davis

Confederate President

From Mississippi

Believed that the south was not here to make compromises with the Union

Wanted south to be taken seriously as a nation

Born in 1808-died 1889

President from 1861-1865

Graduated from West Point

Elected to US senate in 1846 and 1856

Ulysses S. Grant

General for the Union

Gained control of the Mississippi River in the siege of Vicksburg


Successful general, bad everything else

18th president of the US

February 1862 invaded west Tennessee

Accepted the surrender of General Lee

Captured 2 confederate forts in 11 days

15th amendment added during presidency

Robert E. Lee

General for the Confederacy

Surrendered at Appomattox

Asked to join the Union but declined and joined the Confederacy because he loved Virginia


Hated slavery but loved his state more

Led the standoff at Antietam

Opposed succession

Defeated at Gettysburg

Chancellor at West Point

William Tecumseh Sherman

Led the march through Georgia and burned

everything in his path

After capturing Savannah, went north to help Grant

wipe out Lee


Gave Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present

First example of TOTAL WAR

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Confederate General

Won the first Battle of Bull Run

Caused Washington to retreat at the 1st Battle of

Bull Run

Graduated West Point

Died during battle

Lost his right arm

On Stone Mountain

Battle of Antietam

Deadliest/bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War

26,000 casualties (as many as the entire War of 1812)

Two sides fought to a standoff

Robert E. Lee led the south

McClellan led the north

Could have ended the civil war if McClellan had

followed when the south retreated

Fought on September 17, 1862

The south lost ¼ of its men

Battle of Gettysburg

Deadliest battle of the war (over three days)

Turning point of the Civil War

General Lee decided not to invade the North again

after this

Started July 3, 1863

Gettysburg address issued 4 months later

National cemetery dedication

The south lost

Siege of Vicksburg

In combination with Gettysburg, this was the turning

point for the war

Mississippi, one of last Confederate holdouts

preventing the Union from taking control of the

Mississippi River

May-July 1863

Grant was the Union leader and won

Battle of Atlanta

Sherman burned the city to the ground

Atlanta was a major manufacturing and railroad

hub for the Confederacy

July-September of 1864

TOTAL WAR

Sherman marched to the coast (Savannah) after

burning the city

Destroyed everything in his path

Gettysburg Address

Issued by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the national cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Gary Willis, “It remade America”

November of 1863

2 minutes

Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours preceding Lincoln’s address

Raised spirits of the US so it would be one indivisible nation

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

Expressed sorrow that differences between north and south could not be settled peacefully

Expressed slavery as such an evil that the north was justified in going to war

Outlined plans for reconstruction

Re-elected in 1864

Emphasized NOT wanting to punish the south

Dropped the republican name and used “National Union Party” to gain the support of democrats

Presidential Reconstruction

Plan to rebuild the south quickly and readmit them

to the Union

Lincoln believed that it was the individuals and not

the states that rebelled

Did not want the Union to punish the individuals so he

pardoned their actions

Very lenient towards the south

Johnson followed in Lincoln’s footsteps

Radical Republican Reconstruction

Plan to readmit the southern states to the Union only after they had met many strict requirements

Meant to punish the many confederate power holders

Hated moderate reconstruction plan

Led by Thaddeus Stevens

Only wanted to allow readmission after ratification of 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

Wanted Congress to be in charge of reconstruction

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in all

states

The five states that were loyal to the Union now had

to free their slaves

1865

Ratified by 27 states

8 were from the south

14th Amendment

Stated that all people born in the US were citizens

regardless of race

Extended the protection in the Bill of Rights to ALL

people

Started with the 1866 Civil Rights Acts

Enacted over presidential veto

Passed in 1868

15th Amendment

No one could be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Reduced the amount of racism within the Congressional laws

Passed in 1870

Grant was President

Caused Jim Crow laws to be passed in the south

Led to the Enforcement Act of 1870

Southern whites did not want to follow 14th and 15th

amendments

Morehouse College

College for African Americans

Samuel L Jackson : Alumni

First Historically Black College

Focus was on education and ministry

1867 established as the Augusta Institute

Founded by two ministers and a former slave

Freedmen’s Bureau

Established to help out former slaves after the Civil

War

Distributed food and clothing to poor whites and

former slaves

Established at the end of the war

Congress voted to continue in 1866

SOME freed slaves were given land that was not

reclaimed after the war

Vetoed by Johnson

Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment

The Congress believed he was not following the

laws laid out in the Constitution when it came to

reconstruction

Removed military officers who attempted to enforce

the reconstruction acts

Impeached by Radical Republicans in congress

Not removed from office by one vote

Black codes

Reinstated almost all of the same restrictions as slavery

No carrying weapons

Serving on juries

Marrying whites

Testifying against whites

Started in Mississippi and SC used to prevent blacks from moving up in society

Segregated all public facilities

Jim Crow laws

Ku Klux Klan

Secret organization that used terrorist tactics to restore

white supremacy in the south after the Civil War

Started in Tennessee in 1866

Killed African Americans and white sympathizers

Established by veterans of the Confederate military

Kept African Americans from voting after the Civil War

Used intimidation like burning crosses, murder, etc.

Backed off so that the federal troops would leave the

south

Railroad industry

Expanded during the late 1800’s

Provided transportation for settlers going west

Hired Chinese workers and paid low wages

Made the steel industry grow exponentially

First Trans-continental railroad completed in 1869

Western areas were settled by farmers

Homestead Act

More railroads in the east than west

Tripled in size by 1890

Led to the creation of time zones

Bonanza farms

Transcontinental Railroad

Linked the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the United

States

First - Completed in 1869

Led to the creation of time zones

Travel from coast to coast shortened to one week

4 by 1900

Chinese Laborers

Cheap labor for the RR industry

Worked in extremely dangerous conditions

So many that the US had to pass the Chinese Immigration Act

Wages were minimal

Chinese : $35/month and no food

Whites : $60/month and supplied food

Led to the Chinese Exclusion Act

Maintained their own culture and traditions

Steel Industry

Benefited from the mass expansion of the RR

Used the Bessemer process

Technique involved by injecting air into molten iron to

remove carbon and other impurities

Production became more efficient and lower cost

First monopoly was in the steel industry

Created by Andrew Carnegie

Used vertical and horizontal integration

Big Business

John D. Rockefeller – Oil

Social Darwinism

Philosophy taken on by the prospering businesses

Pullman Railway Company

Carnegie – Steel

Led to the creation of Labor Unions

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company

Monopoly

1870 company processed 2-3% of oil and after a

decade controlled 90% of the industry

Used trusts to gain market share

Led to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Companies/the government could not use tactics that

interfered with free trade

Standard Oil Company

Controlled 90% of the Oil Industry

Believed in using trust agreements to gain market

share

John D. Rockefeller

Bought out competitors (horizontal integration)

Known as a Robber Barron

Trusts

Business alliances

John D. Rockefeller used to gain 90%of oil industry

Agreed on prices

Lead to monopolies

Sherman Anti-trust act

Made illegal trusts that interfered with free trade

Monopolies

When one company controls an industry

Currently Illegal

Can set prices artificially high

Used by Rockefeller and Carnegie

Prevent competition in the marketplace

Thomas Edison

Light bulb

Electric system

Motion pictures

Phonograph

Power grid to distribute/transport electricity

Developed the concept of industrial research centers

He added innovations that made electricity safer and less expensive

Electric Light bulb

Thomas Edison

Replace oil burning lamps

Increased demand for electrical lines

Patented in 1880

Led to a system for producing and distributing

electrical power

Menlo Park, NJ

Allowed automation in factories

Phonograph

Thomas Edison

Communication and entertainment

Attempted to record and play back sound from a

telegraph

Led to the development of the telephone

Developed in 1877

Motion Pictures

Thomas Edison

Entertainment changed society

More jobs for people

Developed in 1895

Sitting Bull

Native American

Sioux

Refused to sign the Treaty of Fort Laramie

Captured and killed by US forces

Followers fled to South Dakota

Wounded Knee

Last battle with Native Americans

Between 250 and300 died some were innocent

Revived the 7th cavalry of George A. Custer

No one knows where first shot came from

December of 1890

Most think it was a slaughter

Ellis Island

Immigrants

New York

Many people could not pass through

Attempt to prevent entrance to people with disease

Weeded out the poor and degenerate

Gave literacy tests

Welcomed the wealthy

American Federation of Labor

Influenced labor laws

Samuel Gompers

Shortened the work day to 8 hours from 12

Focused on collective bargaining

Used strikes as a method of negotiating

Strikes led to the alliance between big business and

government

Samuel Gompers

AFL

Strikes

President of AFL from 1886-1894 and 1895-1924

Wanted higher wages

Shorter work days

Safer working conditions

Efforts led to farmers being subsidized

Led the cigar makers international labor union to join with other craft unions in 1886

Pullman Strike

Illinois

Government sent in troops to stop the violence

Stopped all rail traffic west of Chicago

All rail workers refused to work any line associated

with the Pullman company

Another display of the alliance between big

business and government

The town was built around the company

Documents

U.S. History: 1st half · U.S. History: 1st half 140 Vocabulary words that you MUST be familiar with for the Final Exam. Each word has not only a definition but a relationship to