U.S. History: 1st half 140 Vocabulary words that you MUST be

familiar with for the Final Exam. Each word has not only a definition but a

relationship to one or more of the other vocabulary words. (a piece of the puzzle)

It is up to you to know how they all fit together. (a giant puzzle)

Once you know the big picture, you can see where the details connect.

Virginia Company

Joint business venture during colonial times

First successful European settlers of America

Came over here looking for gold Started Jamestown John Smith was the leader First non-religious colony in America King James signed the charter Cultivated tobacco

House of Burgesses

First European-style legislative assembly in the colonies

Some members were appointed and others were elected

Oversee the Virginia colony Similar to England’s parliament

Powhatan

Native American Chief from eastern Virginia

Attacked the settlers of the Virginia company

Provided food for the colonists of Jamestown

Daughter was Pocahontas

Bacon’s Rebellion

Landless rebels wanted harsher action against the Native Americans

Led by Nathaniel Bacon They opposed Governor Berkley Showed poor farmer’s displeasure with

not having the support of the government

Resulted in a law stating that poor whites could no longer side with slaves against rich white colonists

Massachusetts Settlement

Settled by Puritans who wanted religious freedom

Did not want ties to Catholicism and were not tolerant of other religions

Boston was the capital John Winthrop “City upon a hill” Known as the Pilgrims Government was dominated by Puritan

religious beliefs

Rhode Island Settlement

Dissenters (people who did not agree) from Massachusetts

Established by Roger Williams Tolerant of other religions Lived in peace with the Native

Americans Banished from Massachusetts, Anne

Hutchinson fled here with her 17 children

Half-Way Covenant

Allowed partial church membership for children and grandchildren of Puritans

Get more people to join Church because of a lack of personal relationship with God

Caused by more and more children being brought up outside the Church

Encouraged by Puritan ministers Resulted from the Church’s need for

more money

King Philip’s War

Conflict between English colonists and Native Americans

Native American leader was Metacom (he died) King Philip was a Native American Chief (Same

as above) End of Native American presence in New

England 1675-1676 Result of Native Americans being forced to live

by Puritan Law

Salem Witch Trials

Over dramatic white people Widespread hysteria 24 people were killed, 29 were convicted Mostly women were accused of

witchcraft, 150 total Caused by

Lack of opportunities for women Extreme religious faith Stress between natives and colonists

Mid-Atlantic Colonies

Territory between Virginia and New England

Founded by the religiously tolerant Quakers (Pennsylvania)

New Amsterdam was settled by the Dutch first

Pennsylvania

Founded by William Penn Quakers who wanted peace and religious

tolerance Penn’s Holy Experiment Lived in peace with the Native

Americans

New Amsterdam (New York)

Founded by the Dutch Very diverse population taken over by

the British Founded in 1625 by Dutch settlers,

British take over in 1664 British invited the Dutch to stay when

they took over

Quebec

French speaking territory Fur trade Established in 1608 French were spreading Catholicism British were Spreading Protestantism First permanent French Settlement

Mercantilism

Nations collect gold and silver British economic policy of the colonial

era More exports, less imports Ultimate goal self sufficiency

Trans-Atlantic Trade

Trade from the colonies across the Atlantic and back

Under mercantilism, the British wanted to control this trade

Triangular Trade 1-finished goods from GB to Africa 2-slaves from Africa to colonies 3-raw materials from colonies to GB

Middle Passage

Trade route from Africa to the colonies Second part of the three way voyage

(triangular trade) Slaves were brought from Africa to

America Very poor conditions for Africans 2 of 10 died along the journey 2nd leg of trans-Atlantic trade

African American Culture

Music, dance, story-telling, and basket weaving

High diversity because of different origins in Africa

Very spiritual Followed traditions of their homelands Multiple languages were spoken Stories were passed on orally from

generation to generation

Benjamin Franklin

Declaration of Independence Inspired by John Locke Founding father Believed in individualism and social

mobility Believed in obtaining truth through

experimentation and reasoning Bifocals Proved lightening was a form of

electrical power

Individualism

Seeking ways to improve one’s own status

New way of thinking for the colonists Making your own choices Free thought Values the Protestant Work Ethic

Social Mobility

Changing classes in society Ability to move up in society based on

hard work The foundation of the American Dream Outlined the capitalistic economy

The Great Awakening

Revival of religious feeling in American colonies during the 1730’s

Preachers began to travel around Jonathan Edwards Colonists, Native Americans, and African

Americans all became a part of one church

Brought many colonists into organized Christian churches for the first time

Pre-destiny was taught

French and Indian War

French and Native Americans were on the same side

British won and gained new territory British and colonists fought beside each

other Some Native American tribes also sided

with the British towards the end Conflict over land 1756-1763 Caused by tensions over claims to

colonies First time George Washington led a

military group

1763 Treaty of Paris

Ended the French and Indian War France surrendered Canada to Great

Britain France gave up all land east of the

Mississippi except for New Orleans Led to the Proclamation of 1763 Caused tension between the British and

their colonies because GB gained control of all colonies…NO MORE CHARTER COLONIES!!!

Proclamation of 1763

No settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Attempt to limit conflict between colonists and Native Americans

Americans did not like this Settled west anyway Angered the colonists First of a series of Acts and

Proclamations that eventually lead to the Revolution

Stamp Act

Stamp on all paper goods First of direct taxes imposed on the colonists by

the British Led to creation of the Sons/Daughters of Liberty Caused emergence of rebellious attitude

towards Great Britain Established tax collectors Happened because of uprising at the custom’s

house Replaced by the Declaratory Act

Intolerable Acts

Punishment for the Boston Tea Party Closed off Boston Harbor Martial Law and Quartering Act Led to the First Continental Congress 1774

Sons of Liberty

Attempted to stop the distribution of stamped paper after the Stamp Act

Established by Samuel Adams Eventually turned to violence to protest Led the efforts in the Boston Tea Party

Daughters of Liberty

Joined the sons of liberty in British opposition

Made their own clothes to boycott British Imports

Refused to buy tea and other British Imports

Openly protested the sale of British goods

Committees of Correspondence

First secret meeting between colonies Established colonial militia to resist the

Intolerable Acts Carried out the First Continental

Congress Established the use of minutemen to

resist British colonial rule

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense Supported Independence Created a sense of unity among the

colonists in their efforts against the British

Patriot philosopher Did not like the way Britain (“the Mother

Country”) treated its child (the colonies)

Common Sense

Written by Thomas Paine Said that Great Britain was too far away

to rule the colonies effectively 1776

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776 Written by Thomas Jefferson Outlined what we had done to try and alleviate

conflict with Great Britain Based on the ideas of John Locke and Charles de

Montesquieu Unalienable rights Changed the war from a civil war to a

revolutionary war Established America as a separate country Presented the idea that all men are created equal

John Locke

Natural rights of man Life, liberty, and property

English philosopher Helped South Carolina write their State

Constitution Influenced the Declaration of

Independence Ideas spread during the Enlightenment

Charles de Montesquieu

French political thinker French army general Wanted equal rights Influenced the Declaration of

Independence Wrote the Declaration of French

Independence

General George Washington

Led troops across the Delaware River to a surprise attack on Trenton and victory

Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

Reorganized the army Signed the Declaration of Independence First military conquest was in the French

and Indian War and he failed

Crossing the Delaware

Christmas Eve surprise attack German Hessians were attacked by

Washington and his troops First big win for the Americans Inspired by Thomas Paine’s The Crisis The conditions were very harsh This siege changed the course of the war The win against Great Britain inspired

the French to support the Americans

Valley Forge

George Washington conducted a training camp for troops despite harsh conditions

Most difficult time during the war effort, many died

Lacking supplies and morale Pennsylvania Low point for General Washington’s

troops Sickness and death were common

Marquis de Lafayette

General during the Revolution for American troops

Came up with the plan that made the Americans win at Yorktown

Trained American troops Won the Battle against Cornwallis French commander of American troops Inspired to come to America by Benjamin

Franklin who was serving as ambassador to France at the time

General Charles Cornwallis

British general during the Revolutionary War

Surrendered at Yorktown Established forts across the state of

South Carolina and had much success in the south

Aided by African Americans who had escaped from Patriot slave owners

Battle of Yorktown

Cornwallis surrendered here Ended the American Revolution French naval force defeated a British

fleet Blocked the entrance to Chesapeake bay British could not be rescued by sea

Virginia

1783 Treaty of Paris

Ended the Revolutionary War US gained control of all land east of the

Mississippi Signed in Versailles in September Between the United States, Great

Britain, France, and Spain Confirmed US independence Set the boundaries of the new nation Did not protect the land interests of the

Native Americans

Articles of Confederation

Outlined the 1st form of government for the United States after the Revolutionary war

Did not work, was weak, gave the central government NO power

States had all the power Revised after Shay’s Rebellion No executive branch Did not have a strong judicial branch Started the debate between a strong central government and

strong state governments 1787 Gave the national government the power to declare war,

make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, standards for coins

U.S. Constitution

The supreme law of the land for the United States Supported by the Federalists Reiterated the natural rights of man Outlines the rules of the Government Established a Supreme Court 1789 Established a bicameral legislature Included separation of powers and a system of

checks and balances Congress established lower courts

Shay’s Rebellion

Uprising of debt ridden Massachusetts farmers

Attempt to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts

Led by Daniel Shay Proved the weakness of the Articles of

Confederation Convinced 12 states to send delegates

to the Philadelphia convention

Great Compromise

Two house national legislature BICAMERAL

Small states and large states compromised on the issue of representation

Established Senate and House of Representatives

Connecticut Compromise / Virginia Compromise

Suggested by Roger Sherman Equal representation in Senate and

population determined representation in House of Reps.

Slavery

Owning African American people Population and representation issue Led to the 3/5’s compromise South supported slaves counted as population Dealt with runaway slaves issue at Constitutional

Convention Underground railroad

Harriet Tubman, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe

Constitution said slave trade would end in 20 years

Separation of Powers

Dividing the government into local, state, and federal levels

Weakened the power of the Central/Federal Government

Assigned certain powers to each level of government

Was established by the Constitution and allowed for broad interpretation

Limited Government

Supported by anti-federalists Reassured people that the government

would not be like a monarchy Bill of Rights Outlined in the 9th and 10th amendments

to the constitution Ensured a free market economy

Executive Branch

President Enforce/carry out the laws Veto power, checked by judicial and

legislative branches George Washington established the

tradition of a cabinet Loosely interpreted by each president

Decide their own powers

Checks and Balances

Kept one branch from dominating the government

Ties all three branches of government together

Separates government into three branches

Assigns different powers to each branch Judicial branch makes sure the other two

don’t do anything unconstitutional President can’t do anything without the

approval of congress

Federalist

Supported the Constitution Believed in strong central government Alexander Hamilton Favored the new constitution’s balance

of power The beginnings of political parties George Washington and James Madison

Anti-federalist

Supported limited federal Government Did not support the Constitution Called for the Bill of Rights Thomas Jefferson Patrick Henry Samuel Adams Similar to Republican party of today Richard Henry Lee Received support from rural areas

The Federalist

Writings by James Madison and Alexander Hamilton and John Jay

Series of 85 essays defending and explaining the Constitution

Called for ratification of the Constitution Explained the intent of the Constitution Appeared in New York newspapers

between 1787-1788

James Madison

Helped create the Bill of Rights Supporter of Thomas Jefferson and his

ideas Federalist Worked with Hamilton on the Federalist

Papers 4th president

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of Treasury under George Washington

Believed in loose interpretation of the Constitution

Very important federalist Expand the power of government Killed in a duel with Aaron Burr Son was killed in a duel in the same

place

States’ Rights

Supported by Southern States and rural areas

States refused to enforce laws they did not support

Anything not put in the constitution 10th amendment outlines that all powers

not directed to the federal government are reserved for the states

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution Appeased the Anti-federalists Rights of the people Limited government Accepted by federalists and anti-

federalists

President George Washington

First president of the United States under the Constitution

Did not like the idea of political parties Taxed whiskey Was selected as president, was not

elected Started the tradition of a cabinet Set the precedent of two term

presidency Did not expect the Constitution to last

more than 20 years

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers attacked tax collectors in the Appalachian Mountain region

Tried to get rid of excise tax Led to moonshiners Government quashed the rebellion Washing ton instituted tax on Whiskey

Tax was to repay war debt Washington’s second term Demonstrated president’s constitutional authority to

enforce the law The way to change law was to petition government

peacefully not by rebelling

Political Parties

George Washington warned against political parties in his farewell address

Started forming between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson

Democratic-republicans and Whigs Parties were recognized based on their

clothing Federalists and anti-federalists

Factions

Groups with different ideas and opinions John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson Political parties Strict and liberal constructionists

How the constitution was to be interpreted Jefferson: strict constructionist Hamilton: loose constructionist

John Adams

Beat Thomas Jefferson to become 2nd president of the United States

Supporter of Alexander Hamilton Elected in 1796 Was a federalist Grew up on a farm in Massachusetts Much criticism came from the supporters of

his vp Thomas Jefferson Presidency showed the weakness of the vp

being the losing candidate

Northwest Ordinance

Established the procedure by which new states would be admitted to the Union

Showed Americans that government encouraged westward expansion

First territory outside of the original 13 colonies

1787 Manifest Destiny Angered the Native Americans Much conflict in the northwest over land

claims

Louisiana Purchase

Bought land from the French for $15 million

Doubled the size of the country Lewis and Clark explored the land Bought from Napoleon Sacagawea Land had many Native American tribes Monroe and Livingston closed the deal

Lewis and Clark

Explored the western area purchased in the Louisiana Territory

Led by Sacajawea Went to the Pacific Looking for water routes Appointed by Thomas Jefferson Documented new types of animals and

plants

War of 1812

War between the Americans and Great Britain

We won Ended by the Treaty of Ghent Caused by British restrictions on

American trade in the Atlantic Confirmed American independence and

strengthened nationalism Last violent conflict between America

and Great Britain

Erie Canal

First man made canal that connected Lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean

Took 8 years to make Emergence of “Uncle Sam” Samuel

Wilson 363 miles long Increased wealth of the Northeast Paid for itself in 12 years Work was done by people who lived

along the canal route

New York City

National capital until 1790 Flourished after construction of the Erie

Canal Center of commerce By 1835 was the largest city in the US Cultural melting pot Connection between agricultural markets

of the west and European traders

Monroe Doctrine

Anti-intervention policy set out by President Monroe

Told other countries to stay out of our domestic business

1823

Industrial Revolution

Flourishing of factories in the North Less man power = more machine power North dominated Started in Great Britain Thomas Jefferson was president during

this changing time in American history

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin Interchangeable parts (musket) Mass production Increased efficiency, decreased costs Benefited the south, cotton kingdom Manufactured 10,000 muskets in 2 years He invented many things

Cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney Tremendously helped cotton farmers Made the cultivation of short staple

cotton easier Invented in 1793 Increase in slaves Reduced price of cotton Increased profits Separated seeds from cotton

Interchangeable parts

Musket Benefited factories Assembly line Made identical parts so that the whole

machine would not have to be replaced Invented by Eli Whitney Improved the production process Decreased the need for skilled laborers

Manifest Destiny

It is our fate to settle all lands westward from the East coast to the West Coast

19th century belief that inspired westward expansion

People moved to the Pacific and Caribbean territory

Spreading Christianity

Temperance Movement

Banning of alcohol Supported by women Laid the foundation of the women’s

suffrage movement Mary C. Vaughan attested to the evils of

alcohol at a temperance meeting Increased the size of Protestant religious

organizations and their influence in west and rural areas

Abolitionism

Push to end slavery Main issue causing conflict before and

during the Civil War Frederick Douglass was a famous

abolitionist Abolitionists were persecuted for their

beliefs Did not want to allow new states to have

slavery

Public School Reform

All children should be allowed to attend free public schools

Funded by taxes African Americans could not attend Was led by Horace Mann Improved quality because of formal

training of teachers Instituted curriculum reform Doubled money that states spent on

schools

Women’s Suffrage Movement Women attempting to gain the right to

vote and have a more active role in society

Eventually resulted in the 19th amendment

Grimke sisters, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Sojourner Truth went throughout the

country preaching and arguing for abolition and women’s rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Led the women’s rights convention at Seneca Falls New York

Prominent leader in women’s suffrage movement

Declaration of Sentiments Went to London for the World’s anti-

slavery convention in 1848 Husband was a delegate at the

convention

Seneca Falls Conference

First women’s rights convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a leader at the

conference New York 1848 Lucretia Mott was also a prominent figure at the

convention Over 300 people attended Men and women Adopted the Declaration of Women’s Independence Declaration of Sentiments

Jacksonian Democracy

Sought a stronger President and Executive branch and a weaker Congress

Left the republican party to found the democratic-republican party

Believed that political leaders should be able to pick followers for government jobs

Wanted to limit the power of elite groups Expanded men’s suffrage to all white

men, not just land owners

American Nationalism

Extreme pride in country and desire to spread Culture Language Religion

Belief that the national interest should be placed ahead of regional interests

Led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among the nations

Believed in manifest destiny

William Lloyd Garrison

Founded abolitionist societies and published an abolitionist newspaper

Active in religious reform movements in Massachusetts

Most radical white abolitionist Editor of a newspaper Published the Liberator sending the

message of immediate emancipation

Frederick Douglass

Worked for Garrison during the abolition movement

Lecturer for the American Anti-Slavery Society

Born in 1817 Taught to read and write by the wife of

his owner Wrote an autobiography Published an anti-slavery newspaper

Grimke Sisters

Held lectures in the North about slavery Angelina published an appeal to

Christian women of the south Pushed women to be abolitionists

Grew up on a plantation and did not like the way slaves were treated

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was added as a free state to the Union

Attempt to maintain the balance between slave and free states in the Union

Slavery was prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana purchase

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

60 whites were killed and Nat was eventually executed

Slave that started a revolt in the south He had 80 followers Believed he was called by God to save

his people African American preacher Led to whites killing over 200 slaves

Nullification Crisis

States’ refusal to recognize an act of congress that it considers unconstitutional (slavery)

Supported by John C. Calhoun States’ rights Sectionalism Evident when South Carolina tried to

nullify a tariff on imports and threatened to secede

John C. Calhoun

Supported states’ rights Supported Henry Clay’s American

System Supported infrastructure and other national

issues He thought the 1828 tariff on imports

was an abomination Andrew Jackson’s Vice President Helped South Carolina during the

nullification crisis

Sectionalism

Being loyal to a certain region rather than the nation

Southern states supported this idea because it was in their best interest

Promoted by the nullification crisis Growing danger that underscored the

presidential election of 1796

Mexican-American War

Ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

James K. Polk was president during the war

Fought to win territory in Texas Robert E. Lee’s first battle Mexico had an unstable government War began in 1846 US wanted New Mexico and California

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed that none of the territory acquired in the war with Mexico would be open to slavery

Was an amendment to an 1846 military appropriations bill

Divided congress along regional lines Northerners supported this, southerners

did not South believed it would tilt the balance

of power in the congress in favor of the north

Compromise of 1850

A series of congressional measure intended to settle the grievances between free states and slave states

Included the fugitive slave act Free states must return runaway slaves

Supported by Henry Clay 5 laws to maintain stability

New Mexico was established by the border of Texas New Mexican voters could vote on slavery issue Cali was free Return runaway slaves a must Slave trade abolished in DC

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A law enacted in 1850 that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska

Enacted the idea of popular sovereignty People voted on whether or not the state

would allow slavery Repealed the Missouri Compromise 90% of congress voted for the bill but

the entire congress debated whether or not to pass it

Enacted in 1854

Popular Sovereignty

A system in which residents of an area vote to decide an issue

Appealed to both the north and the south

Seemed like the most fair way to organize new state governments

Caused mass migration to new states Was not successful in Kansas and

Nebraska

Dred Scott Decision

Attempted to gain his freedom through the court system

outcome was against Scott because he was viewed as property and not a citizen

Popular sovereignty was unconstitutional Court decision said that slaves were not

citizens and could not bring cases to court He had no claim to freedom Former slave from Missouri Hearing was in 1857

John Brown

Attacked people in Kansas and killed 5 people

Believed God sent him to fight against slavery

Secretly obtained financial backing from several prominent northern abolitionists

Wanted a full slave revolt to spread throughout the United States

Harper’s Ferry: Oct. 16, 1859 Abolitionist

Abraham Lincoln

Main political force in ending slavery Republican Main goal was to preserve the Union and stop

slavery from spreading Eventually changed goal to abolish slavery Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Wanted the south to fire the first shot 16th president Assassinated by John Wilkes Boothe at Ford’s Theatre Gettysburg address – 2 minutes South Carolina seceded when he was elected

Habeas Corpus

Court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before a judge to determine if he/she is being held legally

Lincoln suspended this so they could hold southern sympathizers without justification

More than 13,000 suspected confederate sympathizers were held without a trial

Constitution allows president to suspend in times of National emergency

Emancipation Proclamation

Outlawed slavery in the confederate states

Did not expect slave owners to follow it Expected slaves would hear of it and run

away on their own Military action aimed at states in

rebellion January 1, 1863 Hurt the war effort of the south Did not free slaves in Missouri, Kentucky,

West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware

Jefferson Davis

Confederate President From Mississippi Believed that the south was not here to

make compromises with the Union Wanted south to be taken seriously as a

nation Born in 1808-died 1889 President from 1861-1865 Graduated from West Point Elected to US senate in 1846 and 1856

Ulysses S. Grant

General for the Union Gained control of the Mississippi River in the

siege of Vicksburg Graduated from West Point Successful general, bad everything else 18th president of the US February 1862 invaded west Tennessee Accepted the surrender of General Lee Captured 2 confederate forts in 11 days 15th amendment added during presidency

Robert E. Lee

General for the Confederacy Surrendered at Appomattox Asked to join the Union but declined and joined

the Confederacy because he loved Virginia Graduated from West Point Hated slavery but loved his state more Led the standoff at Antietam Opposed succession Defeated at Gettysburg Chancellor at West Point

William Tecumseh Sherman

Led the march through Georgia and burned everything in his path

After capturing Savannah, went north to help Grant wipe out Lee

Graduated from West Point Gave Savannah to Lincoln as a

Christmas present First example of TOTAL WAR

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Confederate General Won the first Battle of Bull Run Caused Washington to retreat at the 1st

Battle of Bull Run Graduated West Point Died during battle Lost his right arm On Stone Mountain

Battle of Antietam

Deadliest/bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War

26,000 casualties (as many as the entire War of 1812)

Two sides fought to a standoff Robert E. Lee led the south McClellan led the north Could have ended the civil war if

McClellan had followed when the south retreated

Fought on September 17, 1862 The south lost ¼ of its men

Battle of Gettysburg

Deadliest battle of the war (over three days)

Turning point of the Civil War General Lee decided not to invade the

North again after this Started July 3, 1863 Gettysburg address issued 4 months

later National cemetery dedication

The south lost

Siege of Vicksburg

In combination with Gettysburg, this was the turning point for the war

Mississippi, one of last Confederate holdouts preventing the Union from taking control of the Mississippi River

May-July 1863 Grant was the Union leader and won

Battle of Atlanta

Sherman burned the city to the ground Atlanta was a major manufacturing and

railroad hub for the Confederacy July-September of 1864 TOTAL WAR Sherman marched to the coast

(Savannah) after burning the city Destroyed everything in his path

Gettysburg Address

Issued by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the national cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Gary Willis, “It remade America” November of 1863 2 minutes Edward Everett spoke for 2 hours preceding

Lincoln’s address Raised spirits of the US so it would be one

indivisible nation

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

Expressed sorrow that differences between north and south could not be settled peacefully

Expressed slavery as such an evil that the north was justified in going to war

Outlined plans for reconstruction Re-elected in 1864 Emphasized NOT wanting to punish the south Dropped the republican name and used

“National Union Party” to gain the support of democrats

Presidential Reconstruction

Plan to rebuild the south quickly and readmit them to the Union

Lincoln believed that it was the individuals and not the states that rebelled Did not want the Union to punish the

individuals so he pardoned their actions Very lenient towards the south Johnson followed in Lincoln’s footsteps

Radical Republican Reconstruction

Plan to readmit the southern states to the Union only after they had met many strict requirements

Meant to punish the many confederate power holders

Hated moderate reconstruction plan Led by Thaddeus Stevens Only wanted to allow readmission after

ratification of 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments Wanted Congress to be in charge of

reconstruction

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in all states

The five states that were loyal to the Union now had to free their slaves

1865 Ratified by 27 states

8 were from the south

14th Amendment

Stated that all people born in the US were citizens regardless of race

Extended the protection in the Bill of Rights to ALL people

Started with the 1866 Civil Rights Acts Enacted over presidential veto Passed in 1868

15th Amendment

No one could be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Reduced the amount of racism within the Congressional laws

Passed in 1870 Grant was President

Caused Jim Crow laws to be passed in the south Led to the Enforcement Act of 1870

Southern whites did not want to follow 14th and 15th amendments

Morehouse College

College for African Americans Samuel L Jackson : Alumni First Historically Black College Focus was on education and ministry 1867 established as the Augusta

Institute Founded by two ministers and a former

slave

Freedmen’s Bureau

Established to help out former slaves after the Civil War

Distributed food and clothing to poor whites and former slaves

Established at the end of the war Congress voted to continue in 1866

SOME freed slaves were given land that was not reclaimed after the war

Vetoed by Johnson

Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment

The Congress believed he was not following the laws laid out in the Constitution when it came to reconstruction

Removed military officers who attempted to enforce the reconstruction acts

Impeached by Radical Republicans in congress

Not removed from office by one vote

Black codes

Reinstated almost all of the same restrictions as slavery No carrying weapons Serving on juries Marrying whites Testifying against whites

Started in Mississippi and SC used to prevent blacks from moving up in society

Segregated all public facilities Jim Crow laws

Ku Klux Klan

Secret organization that used terrorist tactics to restore white supremacy in the south after the Civil War

Started in Tennessee in 1866 Killed African Americans and white sympathizers Established by veterans of the Confederate military Kept African Americans from voting after the Civil

War Used intimidation like burning crosses, murder, etc.

Backed off so that the federal troops would leave the south

Railroad industry

Expanded during the late 1800’s Provided transportation for settlers going west Hired Chinese workers and paid low wages Made the steel industry grow exponentially First Trans-continental railroad completed in 1869 Western areas were settled by farmers Homestead Act More railroads in the east than west Tripled in size by 1890 Led to the creation of time zones Bonanza farms

Transcontinental Railroad

Linked the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the United States

First - Completed in 1869 Led to the creation of time zones Travel from coast to coast shortened to

one week 4 by 1900

Chinese Laborers

Cheap labor for the RR industry Worked in extremely dangerous

conditions So many that the US had to pass the

Chinese Immigration Act Wages were minimal

Chinese : $35/month and no food Whites : $60/month and supplied food

Led to the Chinese Exclusion Act Maintained their own culture and

traditions

Steel Industry

Benefited from the mass expansion of the RR

Used the Bessemer process Technique involved by injecting air into

molten iron to remove carbon and other impurities

Production became more efficient and lower cost

First monopoly was in the steel industry Created by Andrew Carnegie

Used vertical and horizontal integration

Big Business

John D. Rockefeller – Oil Social Darwinism

Philosophy taken on by the prospering businesses

Pullman Railway Company Carnegie – Steel Led to the creation of Labor Unions

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil Company Monopoly 1870 company processed 2-3% of oil and

after a decade controlled 90% of the industry

Used trusts to gain market share Led to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Companies/the government could not use tactics that interfered with free trade

Standard Oil Company

Controlled 90% of the Oil Industry Believed in using trust agreements to

gain market share John D. Rockefeller Bought out competitors (horizontal

integration) Known as a Robber Barron

Trusts

Business alliances John D. Rockefeller used to gain 90%of

oil industry Agreed on prices Lead to monopolies Sherman Anti-trust act

Made illegal trusts that interfered with free trade

Monopolies

When one company controls an industry Currently Illegal Can set prices artificially high Used by Rockefeller and Carnegie Prevent competition in the marketplace

Thomas Edison

Light bulb Electric system Motion pictures Phonograph Power grid to distribute/transport electricity Developed the concept of industrial

research centers He added innovations that made electricity

safer and less expensive

Electric Light bulb

Thomas Edison Replace oil burning lamps Increased demand for electrical lines Patented in 1880 Led to a system for producing and

distributing electrical power Menlo Park, NJ Allowed automation in factories

Phonograph

Thomas Edison Communication and entertainment Attempted to record and play back

sound from a telegraph Led to the development of the telephone Developed in 1877

Motion Pictures

Thomas Edison Entertainment changed society More jobs for people Developed in 1895

Sitting Bull

Native American Sioux Refused to sign the Treaty of Fort

Laramie Captured and killed by US forces Followers fled to South Dakota

Wounded Knee

Last battle with Native Americans Between 250 and300 died some were

innocent Revived the 7th cavalry of George A.

Custer No one knows where first shot came

from December of 1890 Most think it was a slaughter

Ellis Island

Immigrants New York Many people could not pass through Attempt to prevent entrance to people

with disease Weeded out the poor and degenerate Gave literacy tests Welcomed the wealthy

American Federation of Labor Influenced labor laws Samuel Gompers Shortened the work day to 8 hours from

12 Focused on collective bargaining Used strikes as a method of negotiating Strikes led to the alliance between big

business and government

Samuel Gompers

AFL Strikes President of AFL from 1886-1894 and 1895-

1924 Wanted higher wages

Shorter work days Safer working conditions

Efforts led to farmers being subsidized Led the cigar makers international labor

union to join with other craft unions in 1886

Pullman Strike

Illinois Government sent in troops to stop the

violence Stopped all rail traffic west of Chicago All rail workers refused to work any line

associated with the Pullman company Another display of the alliance between

big business and government The town was built around the company