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U.S. History 1301Unit 1Where to begin?< 1000 A.D. - The slow collapse of the Roman EmpireAs Rome collapses, a power vacuum forms in EuropeThreats from Vikings and other barbarian tribes force people to seek protectionThis leads toFeudalismVassals are protected by their lords whom they have to fight forLeads to the creation of local kingdoms loosely allied as nationsSupports the building of castles for defenseAlso leads to the system ofNobilitySharp distinction between nobles and peasantsNobles:Lords, ladies, dukes, duchesses, counts, barons, etc.Kings were the most powerful of the noble classPassed on by birth lineOnly way to be noble is to be born noblePeasants:Everyone else 90% of the populationSources of power for the noblesTitular power from the ChurchEffective power from wealthWealth comes fromLAND!The feudal economy is based on agricultureNobles own the land, which means they own everything produced on itPeasants are required to work, and are allowed to keep a portion of what they makeLand = Money = PowerLand = Money = PowerThis is the paradigm for this course, know this formula!This formula no longer applies today why?The Industrial Revolution has rendered this obsolete But thats 1302One other classThe ChurchIn all of Europe until 1054 A.D. this is simply the Catholic ChurchPost 1054 A.D. Roman Catholic Church in the WestEastern Orthodox Church in the EastChurch PowerChurch has immense powerPartly this is because ofQUIZ!Land ownership!Also, the Church holds the eternal destiny of everyone in Europe in their handsChurch PowerMost importantly, the Church is the kingmakerNobility and kingship is conferred by the ChurchWho crowns the king at the coronation?Some representative of the church!From God, through the Church, to the kingThe term for this isDivine RightRomans 131Every person is to be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those which exist are established by God. 2Therefore whoever resists authority has opposed the ordinance of God; and they who have opposed will receive condemnation upon themselves. 3For rulers are not a cause of fear for good behavior, but for evil. Do you want to have no fear of authority? Do what is good and you will have praise from the same; 4for it is a minister of God to you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices evil. 5Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but also for conscience sake. 6For because of this you also pay taxes, for rulers are servants of God, devoting themselves to this very thing. 7Render to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor.

What this meansConsequencesPractically, this gave the peasants no powerTechnically not slaves, but very few rightsNobles were considered a different breed, literallyNo mobility between classesNo ability of peasants to rebel without risking eternal damnation

Napoleon BonaparteRose to power in France following the French RevolutionOf minor nobility, but very little wealthAfter early victories becomes the dictator of FranceIn 1804 he desires to become king and emperorThe Coronation

The CrusadesIn 1099 A.D. Crusaders sacked JerusalemDespite the temporary success, the Crusades were a disaster for the EuropeansMost who went on the Crusades never returnedTwo major effects of the CrusadesConsolidation of power for the remaining noblesDiscovery of new trade goods from the Far EastThe ProblemTrade with the Far East was difficultTwo routes of tradeOver land via the Silk Road from China to the Middle EastOver sea by sailing around the continent of AfricaBoth took a long time, were expensive, and were dangerousThe Solution?Europeans begin looking for a new way to trade with the Far EastThis leads toColumbus!Sails west to get to the eastLeaves Spain in 1492 on an experimental voyageWhy 1492?The ReconquistaIn 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella finally defeated Muslim occupants of the Iberian PeninsulaSpanish power was consolidated, and land was seized by the monarchy from the Muslim and Jewish populationsLand = ?Spain now has money to burn on crazy Italian sailorsSpain and the ChurchFerdinand and Isabella are devoutly Catholic, even prior to the ReformationSpain is one of the biggest supporters of the Pope and the ChurchColumbus is charged with spreading Christianity in whatever lands he reachesIn order to prevent conflict between two Catholic nations, Spain and Portugal

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Spanish ExplorationSpain sent explorersConquistadorsThree goals:GodGloryGoldThe Spanish Empire by 1800

Interaction with Native AmericansNative Americans were a mix of advanced civilizations and barbariansAdvanced Native American civilizations:MayaAztecIncaIroquoisThe Columbian ExchangeA BIOLOGICAL exchangePlants: To Europe: Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, pumpkins, rubber, tobaccoTo America: Wheat, coffee, tea, riceAnimals: To Europe: TurkeyTo America: Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chicken, bees, geese,cockroachesThe Columbian ExchangeDiseaseTo America: Smallpox, malaria, measels, bubonic plague, cholera, influenza, scarlet fever, yellow fever, typhoid, typhus, leprosyTo Europe: SyphilisDisease wiped out up to 90% of the Native American populationOver 20 million killed in Mexico alone

Spain ProspersBetween the Columbian Exchange, the lands gained, and the treasure from conquered civilizations Spain gains an enormous amount of wealthOther European countries want in on the actionSpain has established anEmpire!Callons definitionEmpire: One group exerting political, economic, or military control over anotherTwo reasons for an empire:Barbarian hordes who have nothing better to doTo make money

Trade = MoneyTradeTrade takes something that is less valuable and turns it into something more valuableRemember, trade was the reason for ColumbusHence, generation of wealthProvides an alternative to LAND = MONEY = POWER, but only slightly at firstAllows for the development of the middle classDistinctions between nobility and peasant slowly begin to break downEmpires and TradeEmpires are all about tradeWhat makes for a successful empire?ColoniesProvide resourcesProvide a market for goodsStrong NavyWhoever has the strongest navy has the strongest empireOne missing ingredientThere was one problem in the New WorldGreat climate for crops, plenty of land to grow them onWhat was missing?A source of laborIndians died too easily or ran awayThe solution?Importation from AfricaThe slave trade in Africa was millennia oldEuropeans exploited an expanded this system, but slavery was never popular in Europe itselfThe New World provided a new market for slavesTriangular Trade

The Middle PassageThe route of slave ships from Africa to the New WorldEstimated 10 million slaves imported to the New WorldBetween 2 and 4 million killed as a result

The Middle Passage

The Protestant ReformationDuring the 1400s the Church became increasingly corruptA monk named Martin Luther grew disgusted with the abusesIn 1517 Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church in GermanyNot a deliberate attempt to split the churchThis was an effort at reformThe Protestant ReformationQuickly spread across EuropeDivided regions and entire countriesOften more political than religiousOr other reasonsKing Henry VIII

The Church of EnglandThe official church in EnglandThe head of the church was the kingLittle different that Catholicism at firstUnfortunatelyBloody MaryKing Henry has no surviving male heirHis crown goes to Mary Tudor, daughter of CatherineA devout Catholic who tries to force England back to the Church earning her nickname

Queen ElizabethMary was deposed and Elizabeth made queenBrings balance to the Church of EnglandLeads England through a golden age

The Turning PointIn 1492 Spain had the strongest navyThis changed under Elizabeth with the Defeat of the Spanish ArmadaSpain attempts a massive invasion of heretical EnglandBad weather destroys virtually the entire fleet1588 marks the turning point of power in Europe from Spain to England

England Looks OutwardAfter witnessing the success of the Spanish, England looks to establish colonies in the New WorldThe first attempt at a colony was at Roanoke, 1587The entire colony disappeared without a traceThe second attempt was betterJamestownThe first permanent English settlement, 1607A for-profit colony funded by the Virginia CompanyThis was a join-stock company, funded by a group of investorsThe key figure was John SmithShort-lived peace with IndiansColony barely survived, untilTobaccoThe first cash crop in the English coloniesAllowed the development of plantation societyDeliberate attempt to re-establish the feudal systemWith large farms came the need for workersTwo options:Indentured ServantsSlavesPlymouthSecond major colony established in 1620Established by Puritans fleeing religious persecutionAlso barely survived the first yearsUltimately Puritans flourishedEstablished a precedent for other persecuted groupsMassachusetts BayFounded by PuritansKey figures were John Winthrop and Roger WilliamsWinthrop a devout PuritanWanted to create a city on a hillWilliams differed on Puritan restrictionsLeft Massachusetts because of his ideasFounded Rhode Island specifically for freedom of religionOther colonies soon followPennsylvania QuakersMaryland CatholicsGeorgia Convicts

British colonies prosperNorthern colonies focus on trade and manufacturingSouthern colonies focus on agricultureColonies largely ruled themselvesHuge population growthHigh education levelsStrong religious movementsThe Great AwakeningOther colonial powers

France in the New WorldFrance also colonizing North AmericaFocused primarily on trade, not colonizationMUCH better relations with Native AmericansIndians typically allied with the French against the BritishColonial WarsSeries of four wars during the 17th and 18th centuriesLast and biggest of the four was the Seven Years WarAka The French and Indian WarLasted from 1754-1763Ended with the climactic siege of QuebecFrance is defeated and loses all territory in North America1763Marks the end of the Seven Years WarBritain heavily in debt from the cost of the warThe Proclamation of 1763Prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mts. for fear of another Indian WarChief Pontiacs RebellionColonists ignored the Proclamation and the Indian War happenedProclamation of 1763

Britain needs fundingBritain heavily in debt from the warNeeds to raise money from the cost of defending the coloniesThe solution?Taxes!Leads to the series of tax laws passed between 1763 and 1776Tax BackgroundsThe Navigation Acts, 1650Establishes system of mercantilismThe colonies exist for the benefit of the motherlandMany taxes passed after this were never fully enforcedNew Tax LawsThe Sugar ActThe Stamp ActThe Townshend Acts

The Sons of Liberty and other groups formed to resistOther Significant EventsThe Boston MassacreThe Tea ActThe Boston Tea PartyThe Intolerable Acts

Boston RespondsColonists in and around Boston organize resistancePaul Revere and Sam Adams are key figuresLeads to Lexington and ConcordDefinitionsDefine the word chairDefinition must include all chairs and exclude all non-chairsWhat IS a chair?Definitions are difficultPhilosophical BasisBasic philosophical questionsEx. Are people basically good or evil?How you answer this determines your view of govt.John LockeEnlightenment thinkerBelieved people are basically goodGovt. therefore exists to protect peoples rightsInspiration for Thomas JeffersonDeclaration of IndependenceWhen in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.The Old SystemJeffersons ChangeThe Challenge of DefinitionsAll?Men?Created?Equal?Creator?Unalienable?Rights?Interpretation of these terms has changed over time, and is still a challengeThe Challenge of DefinitionsHow to handle:Abortion?Marriage?Terri Shiavo?