Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
U.S.ArmySurvival,Evasion,andRecovery
U.S.ArmySurvival,Evasion,andRecovery
U.S.DepartmentofDefense
SkyhorsePublishing
Copyright©2008bySkyhorsePublishing,Inc.
AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanymannerwithouttheexpresswrittenconsentofthepublisher,exceptinthecaseofbriefexcerptsincriticalreviewsorarticles.AllinquiriesshouldbeaddressedtoSkyhorsePublishing,555EighthAvenue,Suite903,NewYork,NY10018.
SkyhorsePublishingbooksmaybepurchasedinbulkatspecialdiscountsforsalespromotion,corporategifts,fundraising,oreducationalpurposes.Specialeditionscanalsobecreatedtospecifications.Fordetails,contactSpecialSalesDepartment,SkyhorsePublishing,555EighthAvenue,Suite903,NewYork,
www.skyhorsepublishing.com
1098765432
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataU.S.Armysurvival,evasion,andrecovery/U.S.DepartmentofDefense.
p.cm.ISBN978-1-60239-335-6(pbk.:alk.paper)1.Combatsurvival.2.Survival
skills.I.UnitedStates.Dept.ofDefense.II.UnitedStates.Army.
U225.U2282008613.6’9—dc22
2008020435
PrintedinChina
QUICKREFERENCECHECKLISTDecidetoSurvive!
S-Sizeupthesituation,surroundings,physicalcondition,equipment.U-UseallyoursensesR-Rememberwhereyouare.V-Vanquishfearandpanic.I-Improviseandimprove.V-Valueliving.A-Actlikethenatives.L-Livebyyourwits.
1.ImmediateActionsa.Assessimmediatesituation.THINKBEFOREYOUACT!b. Take action to protect yourself from nuclear, biological, or chemical
hazards(ChapterIX).c.Seekaconcealedsite.d.Assessmedicalcondition;treatasnecessary(ChapterV).e.Sanitizeuniformofpotentiallycompromisinginformation.f.Sanitizearea;hideequipmentyouareleaving.g.Applypersonalcamouflage.h.Moveawayfromconcealedsite,zigzagpatternrecommended.i.Useterraintoadvantage,communication,andconcealment.j.Findahole-upsite.
2.Hole-Up-Site(ChapterI)a.Reassesssituation;treatinjuries,theninventoryequipment.b.Reviewplanofaction;establishpriorities(ChapterVI).c.Determinecurrentlocation.d.Improvecamouflage.e.Focusthoughtsontask(s)athand.
f.Executeplanofaction.Stayflexible!
Recommendinclusionofthismanualintheaviator’ssurvivalvest
3.Concealment (Chapter I) a. Select a place of concealment providing— (1)Adequateconcealment,groundandair.
(2) Safe distance from enemy positions and lines of communications(LOC).
(3)Listeningandobservationpoints.(4)Multipleavenuesofescape.(5)Protectionfromtheenvironment.(6)Possiblecommunications/signalingopportunities.
b.Stayalert,maintainsecurity.c.Drinkwater.
4.Movement(ChaptersIandII)a.Travelslowlyanddeliberately.b.DONOTleaveevidenceoftravel;usenoiseandlightdiscipline.c.StayawayfromLOC.d.Stop,look,listen,andsmell;takeappropriateaction(s).e.Movefromoneconcealedareatoanother.f.Useevasionmovementtechniques(ChapterI).
5.CommunicationsandSignaling(ChapterIII)a.Communicateasdirectedinapplicableplans/orders,particularlywhenconsideringtransmittingintheblind.
b. Be prepared to use communications and signaling devices on shortnotice.
c.Useofcommunicationsandsignalingdevicesmaycompromiseposition.
6.Recovery(ChapterIV)a.Selectsite(s)IAWcriteriaintheaterrecoveryplans.b.Ensuresiteisfreeofhazards;securepersonalgear.c.Selectbestareaforcommunicationsandsignalingdevices.d.ObservesiteforproximitytoenemyactivityandLOC.e.Followrecoveryforceinstructions.
FM21-76-1MCRP3-02H
NWP3-50.3AFTTP(I)3-2.26
FM21-76-1 U.S.ArmyTrainingandDoctrineCommand FortMonroe,VirginiaMCRP3-02H MarineCorpsCombatDevelopmentCommand Quantico,VirginiaNWP3-50.3 NavyWarfareDevelopmentCommand Newport,RhodeIslandAFTTP(I)3-2.26 HeadquartersAirForceDoctrineCenter MaxwellAirForceBase,Alabama
Survival,Evasion,andRecoveryMultiserviceProceduresfor
Survival,Evasion,andRecoveryNote:ThisUNCLASSIFIEDpublicationisdesignedtoprovideServicemembersquick-referencesurvival,evasion,andrecoveryinformation.SeeAppendixBforthescope,purpose,application,implementationplan,anduserinformation.
TABLEOFCONTENTSCHAPTERIEVASION
1.Planning2.Camouflage3.Shelters4.Movement
CHAPTERIINAVIGATION1.StayorMoveConsiderations2.NavigationandPositionDetermination3.TravelConsiderations4.RiverTravel5.IceandSnowTravel6.MountainHazards7.SummerHazards8.DryClimates9.TropicalClimates10.OpenSeas
CHAPTERIIIRADIOCOMMUNICATIONSANDSIGNALLING1.RadioCommunications(VoiceandData)2.Signaling
CHAPTERIVRECOVERY1.Responsibilities2.SiteSelection3.SitePreparation4.RecoveryProcedures
CHAPTERVMEDICAL1.ImmediateFirstAidActions2.CommonInjuriesandIllnesses3.PlantMedicine4.HealthandHygiene6.RulesforAvoidingIllness
CHAPTERVIPERSONALPROTECTION1.Priorities2.CareandUseofClothing3.OtherProtectiveEquipment
4.Shelters5.Fires
CHAPTERVIIWATER1.WaterRequirements2.WaterProcurement3.WaterPreparationandStorage
CHAPTERVIIIFOOD1.FoodProcurement2.FoodPreparation3.FoodPreservation
CHAPTERIXINDUCEDCONDITIONS1.NuclearConditions2.BiologicalConditions3.ChemicalConditions
APPENDIXATHEWILLTOSURVIVEAPPENDIXBPUBLICATIONINFORMATION
THECODEOFCONDUCT
ARTICLEIIamanAmerican,fightingintheforceswhichguardmycountryandourwayoflife.Iampreparedtogivemylifeintheirdefense.
ARTICLEIIIwillneversurrenderofmyownfreewill.Ifincommand,Iwillneversurrender the members of my command while they still have themeanstoresist.
ARTICLEIIIIfIamcaptured,Iwillcontinuetoresistbyallmeansavailable.Iwillmake every effort to escape and aid others to escape. I will acceptneitherparolenorspecialfavorsfromtheenemy.
ARTICLEIVIf I become a prisoner of war, I will keep faith with my fellowprisoners.Iwillgivenoinformationortakepartinanyactionwhich
might be harmful to my comrades. If I am senior, I will takecommand.Ifnot,Iwillobeythelawfulordersofthoseappointedovermeandwillbackthemupineveryway.
ARTICLEVWhenquestioned,shouldIbecomeaprisonerofwar,Iamrequiredtogive name, rank, service number and date of birth. I will evadeansweringfurtherquestionstotheutmostofmyability.Iwillmakenooral or written statements disloyal to my country and its allies orharmfultotheircause.
ARTICLEVII will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom,responsible for my actions, and dedicated to the principles whichmademycountryfree.IwilltrustinmyGodandintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
ChapterIEVASION
1.Planninga.Reviewthequickreferencechecklistontheinsidecover.b. Guidelines for successful evasion include— (1) Keeping a positive
attitude.(2)Usingestablishedprocedures.(3)Followingyourevasionplanofaction.(4)Beingpatient.(5)Drinkingwater(DONOTeatfoodwithoutwater).(6)Conservingstrengthforcriticalperiods.(7)Restingandsleepingasmuchaspossible.(8)Stayingoutofsight.
c.Thefollowingodorsstandoutandmaygiveanevaderaway:(1)Scentedsoapsandshampoos.
(2)Shavingcream,after-shavelotion,orothercosmetics.(3)Insectrepellent(camouflagestickisleastscented).(4)Gumandcandy(smellisstrongorsweet).(5)Tobacco(odorisunmistakable).
d.Wheretogo(initiateevasionplanofaction):(1)Nearasuitableareaforrecovery.
(2)Selectedareaforevasion.(3)Neutralorfriendlycountryorarea.(4)Designatedareaforrecovery.
2.Camouflagea.Basicprinciples:(1)Disturbtheareaaslittleaspossible.(2)Avoidactivitythatrevealsmovementtotheenemy.(3)Applypersonalcamouflage.
b.Camouflagepatterns(FigureI-1):(1)Blotchpattern.(a)Temperatedeciduous(leafshedding)areas.
(b)Desertareas(barren).(c)Snow(barren).
(2)Slashpattern.(a)Coniferousareas(broadslashes).(b)Jungleareas(broadslashes).(c)Grass(narrowslashes).
(3)Combination.Mayuseblotchedandslashtogether.
FigureI-1.CamouflagePatternsc.Personalcamouflageapplicationfollows:
(1)Face.Usedarkcolorsonhighspotsandlightcolorsonanyremainingexposedareas.Useahat,netting,ormaskifavailable.
(2) Ears. The insides and the backs should have 2 colors to break upoutlines.
(3)Head,neck,hands,andtheunderchin.Usescarf,collar,vegetation,netting,orcolorationmethods.
(4)Light coloredhair.Give special attention to concealwith a scarformosquitoheadnet.
d.Positionandmovementcamouflagefollows:(1)Avoidunnecessarymovement.(2)Takeadvantageofnaturalconcealment:
(a)Cutfoliagefadesandwilts,changeregularly.(b)Changecamouflagedependingonthesurroundings.(c)DONOTselectvegetationfromsamesource.(d)Usestainsfromgrasses,berries,dirt,andcharcoal.
(3)DONOTovercamouflage.(4)Rememberwhenusingshadows,theyshiftwiththesun.(5)Neverexposeshinyobjects(likeawatch,glasses,orpens).
(6)Ensurewatchalarmsandhourlychimesareturnedoff.(7)Removeunitpatches,nametags,rankinsignia,etc.(8)Breakuptheoutlineofthebody,“V”ofcrotch/armpits.(9)Conductobservationfromaproneandconcealedposition.
3.Sheltersa.Usecamouflageandconcealment.b.Locatecarefully—easytorememberacronym:BLISS.
B-BlendL-LowsilhouetteI-IrregularshapeS-SmallS-Secludedlocation
(1)Chooseanarea—(a) Least likely to be searched (drainages, rough terrain, etc.) and
blendswiththeenvironment.(b)Withescaperoutes(DONOTcorneryourself).(c)Withobservableapproaches.
(2) Locate entrances and exits in brush and along ridges, ditches, androckstokeepfromformingpathstosite.
(3)Bewaryofflashfloodsinravinesandcanyons.(4)Concealwithminimaltonopreparation.(5)Takethedirectionfindingthreatintoaccountbeforetransmittingfrom
shelter.(6)Ensureoverheadconcealment.
4.Movementa.Amovingobject iseasytospot. If travel isnecessary—(1)Maskwith
naturalcover(FigureI-2).(2)Usethemilitarycrest.(3)Restricttoperiodsoflowlight,badweather,wind,orreducedenemy
activity.
FigureI-2.GroundMovement
(4)Avoidsilhouetting(FigureI-S).(5)Atirregularintervals—
(a)STOPatapointofconcealment.(b)LOOKforsignsofhumanoranimalactivity(smoke,tracks,roads,
troops, vehicles, aircraft, wire, buildings, etc.).Watch for tripwires or boobytrapsandavoidleavingevidenceoftravel.Peripheralvisionismoreeffectiveforrecognizingmovementatnightandtwilight.
(c)LISTENforvehicles,troops,aircraft,weapons,animals,etc.(d)SMELLforvehicles,troops,animals,fires,etc.
FigureI-3.AvoidSilhouetting
(6)Employnoisediscipline;checkclothingandequipmentforitemsthatcouldmakenoiseduringmovementandsecurethem.
b.Breakupthehumanshapeorrecognizablelines.c. Route selection requires detailed planning and special techniques
(irregularroute/zigzag)tocamouflageevidenceoftravel.d. Some techniques for concealing evidence of travel follows: (1) Avoid
disturbingthevegetationabovekneelevel.(2)DONOTbreakbranches,leaves,orgrass.(3)Useawalkingsticktopartvegetationandpushitbacktoitsoriginal
position.(4)DONOTgrabsmalltreesorbrush.(Thismayscuffthebarkorcreate
movementthatiseasilyspotted.Insnowcountry,thiscreatesapathofsnowlessvegetationrevealingyourroute.)(5)Pickfirmfooting(carefullyplace thefootlightlybutsquarelyonthesurfacetoavoidslipping).TRYNOTTO—
(a)Overturngroundcover,rocks,andsticks.(b)Scuffbarkonlogsandsticks.(c)Makenoisebybreakingsticks.(Clothwrappedaroundfeethelps
mufflethis.)(d)Manglegrassandbushesthatnormallyspringback.(6)Maskunavoidabletracksinsoftfootingby—(a)Placingtracksinthe
shadowsofvegetation,downedlogs,andsnowdrifts.(b)Movingbeforeandduringprecipitationallowstrackstofillin.(c)Travelingduringwindyperiods.(d)Takingadvantageofsolidsurfaces(logs,rocks,etc.)leavingless
evidenceoftravel.(e)Pattingout tracks lightly tospeedtheirbreakdownormakethem
lookold.
(7) Secure trash or loose equipment—hide or bury discarded items.(Trashorlostequipmentidentifieswholostit.)(8)Concentrateondefeatingthehandlerifpursuedbydogs.
e.Penetrateobstaclesasfollows:(1)Enterdeepditchesfeetfirsttoavoidinjury.(2)Goaroundchain-linkandwirefences.Gounderfenceifunavoidable,
crossingatdamagedareas.DONOTtouchfence;lookforelectricalinsulatorsorsecuritydevices.
(3) Penetrate rail fences, passing under or between lower rails. Ifimpractical,gooverthetop,presentingaslowasilhouetteaspossible(FigureI-4).
(4)Crossroadsafterobservationfromconcealment todetermineenemyactivity.Crossatpointsofferingconcealmentsuchasbushes,shadows,bendinroad, etc. Cross in a manner leaving your footprints parallel (cross stepsideways) to the road. (Figure I-5) (5) Use same method of observation forrailroadtracksthatwasusedforroads.Next,alignbodyparallel totrackswithface down, cross tracks using a semi-pushup motion. Repeat for the secondtrack.(FigureI-6).
FigureI-4.RailFences
FigureI-5.RoadCrossing
FigureI-6.RailroadTrack
WARNING:If3railsexist,1maybeelectrified.
ChapterIINAVIGATION
Assessthethreatandapplyappropriateevasionprinciples.
1.StayorMoveConsiderationsa.Staywiththevehicle/aircraftinanon-combatenvironment.b.Leaveonlywhen—(1)Dictatedbythethreat.(2)Arecertainofyourlocation,haveaknowndestination,andhavethe
abilitytogetthere.(3)Canreachwater,food,shelter,and/orhelp.(4)Convincedrescueisnotcoming.
c. Consider the following if you decide to travel: (1) Follow the briefedevasionplan.
(2)Determinewhichdirectiontotravelandwhy.(3)Decidewhatequipmenttotake,cache,ordestroy.
d.Leaveinformationatyourstartingpoint(inanon-combatenvironment)thatincludes—(1)Destination.
(2)Routeoftravel.(3)Personalcondition.(4)Suppliesavailable.
e. Consider the following for maps (in a combat environment): (1)DONOTwriteonthemap.
(2)DONOTsoilthemapbytouchingthedestination.(3)DONOTfoldinamannerprovidingtravelinformation.
Note:Theseactionsmaycompromiseinformationifcaptured.
2.NavigationandPositionDeterminationa.Determineyourgenerallocationby—(1)Developingaworkingknowledgeoftheoperationalarea.
(a)Geographiccheckpoints.(b)Man-madecheckpoints.
(c)Previousknowledgeofoperationalarea.(2)UsingtheRatexTime=Distanceformula.(3)Usinginformationprovidedinthemaplegend.(4)Usingprominentlandmarks.(5)Visualizingmaptodetermineposition.
b. Determine cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west) by— (1)Usingcompass.
CAUTION:ThefollowingmethodsareNOThighlyaccurateandgiveonlygeneralcardinaldirection.
(2)Usingstickandshadowmethodtodeterminea truenorth-south line(FigureII-1).
FigureII-1.StickandShadowMethod
(3)Rememberingthesunrise/moonriseisintheeastandsunset/moonsetisinthewest.
(4)Using awristwatch to determine general cardinal direction (FigureII-2).
(a)Digitalwatches.Visualizeaclockfaceonthewatch.(b)NorthernHemisphere.Pointhourhandatthesun.Southishalfway
betweenthehourhandand12o’clockposition.(c)SouthernHemisphere.Pointthe12o’clockpositiononyourwatch
atthesun.Northishalfwaybetweenthe12o’clockpositionandthehourhand.
FigureII-2.DirectionUsingaWatch
(5)Usingapocketnavigator(FigureII-3)—(a)Gatherthefollowingnecessarymaterials:
•Flatwritingmaterial(suchasanMREbox).•I-2inchshadowtipdevice(atwig,nail,ormatch).•Penorpencil.
(b)Startconstructionatsunup;endconstructionatsundown.Do thefollowing:•Attachshadowtipdeviceincenterofpaper.
• Secure navigator on flat surface (DONOTmoveduring set upperiod).
•Marktipofshadowevery30minutesannotatingthetime.•Connectmarkstoformanarc.•Indicatenorthwithadrawnarrow.
Note:Theshortestlinebetweenbaseofshadowtipdeviceandcurvedlineisanorth-southline.
(c)Dothefollowingduringtravel:•Holdnavigator so the shadowalignswithmarkofpresent time
(drawnarrownowpointstotruenorth).(d)Rememberthenavigatoriscurrentforapproximately1week.
CAUTION:ThePocketNavigatorisNOTrecommendedifevading.
FigureII-3.PocketNavigator
(6)Usingthestars(FigureII-4)the—(a)NorthStarisusedtolocatetruenorth-southline.(b)SouthernCrossisusedtolocatetruesouth-northline.
FigureII-4.Stars
c.Orientthemapby—(1) Using a true north-south line (Figure II-5)— (a) Unfold map and
placeonafirm,flat,levelnonmetallicsurface.(b)Alignthecompassonatruenorth-southline.(c)Rotatemapandcompassuntilstationaryindexlinealignswiththe
magneticvariationindicatedinmarginalinformation.•Easterly(subtractvariationfrom360degrees).•Westerly(addvariationto360degrees).
FigureII-5.OrientingaMapUsingaTrueNorth-SouthLine(2)Usingacompassrose(FigureII-6)—(a)Placeedgeofthelensaticcompasson
magneticnorthlineofthecompassroseclosesttoyourlocation.
(b)Rotatemapandcompassuntilcompassreads360degrees.
FigureII-6MapOrientationwithCompassRose
(3)IfthereisNOcompass,orientmapusingcardinaldirectionobtainedbythestickandshadowmethodorthecelestialaids(stars)method.
d.Determinespecificlocation.(1)GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).
(a)DONOTuseGPSforprimarynavigation.(b)UseGPStoconfirmyourpositionONLY.(c)Selectareaprovidingmaximumsatellitereception.(d)ConserveGPSbatterylife.
(2)Triangulation(resection)withacompass(FigureII-7).
FigureII-7.Triangulation
(a)Trytouse3ormoreazimuths.(b) Positively identify amajor land feature and determine a line of
position(LOP).(c)Checkmaporientationeachtimecompassisused.(d)PlottheLOPusingathinstickorbladeofgrass(combat)orpencil
line(non-combat).(e)Repeatsteps(b)through(d)forotherLOPs.
e.Usethecompassfornightnavigationby—(1)Settingupcompassfornightnavigation(FigureII-8).(2)Aligningnorth-seekingarrowwithluminouslineandfollowfrontof
compass.(3)Usingpoint-to-pointnavigation.
f.Routeselectiontechniquesfollow:
FigureII-8.CompassNightNavigationSetup
(1)Circumnavigation.(a)Findaprominentlandmarkontheoppositesideoftheobstacle.(b)Contouraroundobstacletolandmark.(c)Resumeyourrouteoftravel.Doglegand90degreeoffset(Figure
II-9).Straight-lineheadingasfollows:(2)Doglegand90degreeoffset(FigureII-9).
(3)Straight-lineheadingasfollows(a)Maintainheadinguntilreachingdestination.(b) Measure distance by counting the number of paces in a given
courseandconverttomapunits.
FigureII-9.Doglegand90DegreeOffset
•Onepaceisthedistancecoveredeachtimethesamefoottouchestheground.
•Distancesmeasuredbypacesareapproximate(exampleinopenterrain, 900 paces per kilometer [average], or example in rough terrain, 1200pacesperkilometer[average]).
(c)Usepacecountinconjunctionwithterrainevaluationandheadingto determine location. An individual’s pace varies because of factors such assteepterrain,day/nighttravel,orinjured/uninjuredcondition.Adjustestimationofdistance traveledagainst these factors toget relativeaccuracywhenusingapacecount(4)Deliberateoffset is—(a)Usedwhenfindingapointonalinearfeature(thatisroadorriver).
(b)Intentionallynavigatedtoleftorrightoftargetsoyouknowwhichwaytoturnatthelinearfeature.
(5)Point-to-pointissameasstraightline.(a) Pick out landmarks on the heading and walk the trail of least
resistancetoapoint.(b)Onreachingapoint,establishanotherlandmarkandcontinue.
3.TravelConsiderationsa.Picktheeasiestandsafestroute(non-combat).b.Maintainarealisticpace;takereststopswhenneeded.c.Avoidoverdressingandoverheating.d.Considerfoodandwaterrequirements.
e.Takespecialcareoffeet(changesocksregularly).f.Pack equipment to prevent loss, damage, pack imbalance, andpersonal
safety.g.Goaroundobstacles,notoverorthroughthem.h.Travelontrailswheneverpossible(non-combat).i.Travelinforestedareasifpossible.j.AvoidcreekbottomsandravineswithNOescape in theeventofheavy
rains.k. Consider the following for swamps, lakes, and unfordable rivers: (1)
Circumnavigateswamps,lakes,andbogsifneeded.(2)Traveldownstreamtofindpeopleandslowerwater.(3)Travelupstreamtofindnarrowerandshallowwater.
4.RiverTravelRiver travel may be faster and save energy when hypothermia is not a
factor. Itmaybeaprimarymodeof travelandLOCina tropicalenvironment(usewithcautionifevading).
a.Useflotationdevice(raft,log,bamboo,etc.).b.Useapoletomovetheraftinshallowwater.c.Useanoarindeepwater.d.Staynearinsideedgeofriverbends(currentspeedisless).e.Keepnearshore.f.WatchforthefollowingDANGERS:(1)Snags.(2)Sweepers(overhanginglimbsandtrees).(3)Rapids(DONOTattempttoshoottherapids).(4)Waterfalls.(5)Hazardousanimals.
g. Consider using a flotation device when crossing rivers or large/deepstreams.
5.IceandSnowTravelTravelshouldbelimitedtoareasfreeofhazards.a.DONOTtravelin—(1)Blizzards.(2)Bitterlycoldwinds.(3)Poorvisibility.
b.Obstaclestowintertravelfollow:(1)Reduceddaylighthours(BEAWARE).(2)Deepsoftsnow(ifmovementisnecessary,makesnowshoes[Figure
II-10]).Traveliseasierinearlymorningorlateafternoonnearduskwhensnowisfrozenorcrusted.
FigureII-10.ImprovisedSnowshoes
(3)Avalancheproneareastoavoid:(a)Slopes30-45degreesorgreater.(b)Treeswithoutuphillbranches(identifiesprioravalanches).(c)Heavysnowloadingonridgetops.
(4) If caught in an avalanche, do the following: (a) Backstroke todecreaseburialdepth.
(b)Movehandaroundfacetocreateairpocketasmovingsnowslows.(5)Frozenwatercrossings.
(a)Weakiceshouldbeexpectedwhere—•Riversarestraight.•Objectsprotrudethroughice.•Snowbanksextendovertheice.•Riversorstreamscometogether.•Watervaporrisingindicatesopenorwarmareas.
(b)Airpocketsformwhenafrozenriverlosesvolume.(c)Whencrossingfrozenwater,distributeyourweightbylayingflat,
bellycrawling,orusingsnowshoes.
c.Glaciertravelishazardousandshouldbeavoided.
6.MountainHazardsa.Lightning.Avoidridgetopsduringthunderstorms.b.Avalanche.Avoidareaspronetoavalanches.c.Flashfloods.Avoidlowareas.
7.SummerHazards(seepageII-10;paragraph3,TravelConsiderations,itemshthroughk.)
(1)Densebrush.(a)Travelontrailswhenpossible(non-combat).(b)Travelinforestedareasifpossible.(c)Avoid creekbottoms and ravineswith no escape in the event of
heavyrains.(2)Swamps,lakes,andunfordablerivers.
(a)Circumnavigateswamps,lakes,andbogsifneeded.(b)Traveldownstreamtofindpeopleandslowerwater.(c)Travelupstreamtofindnarrowerandshallowwater.
8.DryClimatesa.DONOTtravelunlesscertainofreachingthedestinationusingthewater
supplyavailable.b.Travelatdawnorduskonhotdays.c. Follow the easiest trail possible (non-combat), avoiding— (1) Deep
sandyduneareas.(2)Roughterrain.
d.Insandduneareas—(1)Followhardvalleyfloorbetweendunes.(2)Travelonthewindwardsideofduneridges.
e.Ifasandstormoccurs—(1)Markyourdirectionoftravel.(2)Sitorliedownindirectionoftravel.(3)Trytogettothedownwindsideofnaturalshelter.(4)Coverthemouthandnosewithapieceofcloth.(5)Protecttheeyes.(6)Remainstationaryuntilthestormisover.
9.TropicalClimatesa.Travelonlywhenitislight.b.Avoidobstacleslikethicketsandswamps.c. Part the vegetation to pass through.Avoid grabbing vegetation; itmay
havespinesorthorns(useglovesifpossible).d.DONOTclimboverlogsifyoucangoaroundthem.e.Findtrails—(1)Where2streamsmeet.(2)Wherealowpassgoesoverarangeofhills.
f.Whiletravelingtrails—(1)Watchfordisturbedareasongametrails; theymayindicateapitfall
ortrap.(2)Useawalkingsticktoprobeforpitfallsortraps.(3)DONOTsleeponthetrail.(4)Exercisecaution,theenemyusesthetrailsalso.
10.OpenSeasa.Usingcurrents—(1) Deploy sea anchor (Figure II-11). Sea anchor may be adjusted to
makeuseofexistingcurrents.(2)Sitlowintheraft.(3)Deflatetheraftslightlysoitrideslowerinthewater.
b.Usingwinds—(1)Pullinseaanchor.(2)Inflateraftsoitrideshigher.(3)Situpinraftsobodycatchesthewind.(4) Construct a shade cover/sail (Figure II-12). (Sail aids in making
landfall.)
FigureII-11.SeaAnchorDeployement
FigureII-11.SeaAnchorDeployement
FigureII-12.Shade/SailConstruction
c.Makinglandfall.Indicationsoflandare—(1)Fixedcumuluscloudsinaclearskyorinacloudyskywhereallother
cloudsaremoving.(2)Greenishtintinthesky(inthetropics).(3) Lighter colored reflection on clouds (open water causes dark gray
reflections)(inthearctic).(4)Lightercoloredwater(indicatesshallowwater).(5)Theodorsandsounds.
(a)Odorsfromswampsandsmoke.(b)Roarofsurf/birdcriescomingfromonedirection.
(6)Directionalflightsofbirdsatdawnandatdusk.d.Swimmingashore—(1)Considerphysicalcondition.(2)Useaflotationaid.(3)Secureallgeartobodybeforereachinglandfall.(4)Remaininraftaslongaspossible.(5)Usethesidestrokeorbreaststroketoconservestrengthifthrownfrom
raft.(6)Wearfootgearandatleast1layerofclothing.(7)Trytomakelandfallduringthelullbetweenthesetsofwaves(waves
aregenerallyinsetsof7,fromsmallesttolargest).(8)Inmoderatesurf.
(a)Swimforwardonthebackofawave.
(b)Makeashallowdivejustbeforethewavebreakstoendtheride.(9)Inhighsurf.
(a)Swimshorewardinthetroughbetweenwaves.(b)Whentheseawardwaveapproaches,faceitandsubmerge.(c)Afteritpasses,workshorewardinthenexttrough.
(10) If caught in theundertowof a largewave—(a)Remain calmandswimtothesurface.
(b)Lieasclosetothesurfaceaspossible.(c) Parallel shoreline and attempt landfall at a point further down
shore.(11)Selectalandingpoint.
(a)Avoidplaceswherewavesexplodeuponrocks.(b)Findaplacewherewavessmoothlyrushontotherocks.
(12)Afterselectingalandingsite—(a)Faceshoreward.(b)Assumeasittingpositionwithfeet2or3feetlowerthanheadto
absorbtheshockofhittingsubmergedobjects.e.Raftingashore—(1)Selectlandingpointcarefully.(2)Usecautionlandingwhenthesunislowandstraightinfrontofyou
causingpoorvisibility.(3) Land on the lee (downwind) side of islands or point of land if
possible.(4)Headforgapsinthesurfline.(5)Penetratesurfby—
(a)Takingdownmostshade/sails.(b)Usingpaddlestomaintaincontrol.(c)Deployingaseaanchorforstability.
CAUTAION:DONOTdeployaseaanchoriftravellingthroughcoral.
f.Makingseaicelandingsonlargestableiceflows.Icebergs,smallflows,anddisintegratingflowsaredangerous(icecancutaraft).
(1)Usepaddlestoavoidsharpedges.(2)Storeraftawayfromtheiceedge.(3)Keepraftinflatedandreadyforuse.(4)Weightdown/secureraftsoitdoesnotblowaway.
ChapterIIIRADIOCOMMUNICATIONSANDSIGNALING
Inventory and review the operating instruction of all communcations andsignalingequipment.
1.RadioCommunications(VoiceandData)a.Non-combat.(1)Ensurelocatorbeaconisoperational.(2)Followstandingplansforon/offoperationstoconservebatteryuse.
b.Combat.(1)Turnofflocatorbeacon.(2)Keepitwithyoutosupplementradiocommunications.(3)Followplans/ordersforon/offoperations.
c. Make initial contact as soon as possible or as directed in applicableplans/orders.
d.Ifnoimmediatecontact,thenasdirectedinapplicableplans/orders.e.Locatespareradioandbatteries(keepwarmanddry).f.Transmissions.(1)Useconcealmentsites(combat)thatoptimizelineofsite(LOS).(2)Facerecoveryasset.(3)Keepantennaperpendiculartointendedreceiver(FigureIII-1).(4)DONOTgroundantenna(thatisfingeronantennaorattachingbolt,
spaceblanket,vegetation,etc.).(5)Keep transmissionsshort (3-5 secondsmaximum).Usedataburst if
available.(6)Moveaftereachtransmission(ONLYincombat,ifpossible).(7)Iftransmittingintheblind,ensureaclearLOStowardstheequator.(8)Useterrainmaskingtohinderenemydirectionfinding.
g.Listening(usereceptiontimesinapplicableplans/ordersorasdirectedbyrecoveryforces).
FigureIII-1.RadioTransmissionCharacteristics
2.Signalinga.Pyrotechnicsignals.(1)Prepareearly(weatherpermitting).(2)Useasdirectedinapplicableplans/ordersorasdirectedbyrecovery
forces.(3)Extendoverraft’sedgebeforeactivating.
b.Signalmirror(FigureIII-2).(1)Useasdirectedbyrecoveryforces.(2)Ifnoradio,useonlywithconfirmedfriendlyforces.(3)Coverwhennotinuse.
FigureIII-2.SightingTechniques
Note:Makeamirrorfromanyshinymetalorglass.
c.Strobe/IRlights.(1)Prepareearly,considerfiltersandshields.(2)Useasdirectedbyrecoveryforces.(3)Conservebatterylife.
Note:Producesoneresidualflashwhenturnedoff.
d.Patternsignals(useasdirectedinapplicableplans/orders).(1)Materials:
(a)Manmade(spaceblanket,signalpaulin,parachute).(b)Naturalusematerials thatcontrast thecolorand/or textureof the
signalingarea(rocks,brush,branches,stompedgrass).(2)Location.
(a)Maximizevisibilityfromabove.(b)Provideconcealmentfromgroundobservation.
(3)Size(largeaspossible)andratio(FigureIII-3).
FigureIII-3.SizeandRatio
(4)Shape(maintainstraightlinesandsharpcorners).(5)Contrast(usecolorandshadows).(6)Patternsignals(FigureIII-4).
FigureIII-4.SignalKey
e.Seadyemarker.(1)DONOTwasteinroughseasorfastmovingwater.(2)Conserveunuseddyebyrewrapping.(3)Maybeusedtocolorsnow.
f.Non-combatconsiderations:(1)Useafireatnight.(2)Usesmoke forday (tiresorpetroleumproducts fordarksmokeand
greenvegetationforlightsmoke).(FigureIII-5)(3)Usesignalmirrortosweephorizon.
(4) Use audio signals (that is, voice, whistle, and weapons fire)
FigureIII-5.SmokeGenerator
ChapterIVRECOVERY
1.Responsibilitiesa.Establishradiocontactwithrecoveryforces(ifpossible).b.Maintaincommunicationwithrecoveryforcesuntilrecovered.c.Bepreparedtoauthenticateasdirectedinapplicableplans/orders.d. Follow recovery force instructions, be prepared to report— (1)Enemy
activityintherecoveryarea.(2)Recoverysitecharacteristics(slope,obstacles,size,etc.).(3)Numberinparty/medicalsituation.(4)Signaldevicesavailable.
e. If no radio, a ground-to-air signal may be your only means to effectrecovery.
2.SiteSelectiona. Locate area for landing pick-up, if practical (approximately 150 feet
diameter,freeofobstructions,flatandlevel).b.Assessevidenceofhumanactivityat/nearthesite(incombat).c.Locateseveralconcealmentsitesaroundarea(incombat).d.Planseveraltacticalentryandexitroutes(incombat).
3.SitePreparationa.Packandsecureallequipment.b.Preparesignalingdevices(useasdirectedorasbriefed).c.Mentallyreviewrecoverymethods(aircraft,ground,boat,etc.).
4.RecoveryProceduresa.Assistrecoveryforceinidentifyingyourposition.b.Stayconcealeduntilrecoveryisimminent(incombat).c.Foralanding/groundrecovery—(1)Assumeanon-threateningposture.(2)Secureweaponsandavoidquickmovement.
(3)DONOTapproachrecoveryvehicleuntilinstructed.(4) Beware of rotors/propellers when approaching recovery vehicle,
especially on sloping or uneven terrain. Secure loose equipment that could becaughtinrotors/propellers.
d. For hoist recovery devices (Figures IV-1 and IV-2)— (1) Use eyeprotection,ifavailable(glassesorhelmetvisor).
(2)Allowmetalondevicetocontactthesurfacebeforetouchingtoavoidinjuryfromstaticdischarge.
(3)Sitorkneelforstabilitywhiledonningdevice.(4)Putsafetystrapunderarmpits.(5)Ensurecableisinfrontofyou.(6)Keephandsclearofallhardwareandconnectors.(7)DONOTbecomeentangledincable.(8)Useathumbsup,vigorouscableshake,orradiocalltosignalyouare
ready.(9)Dragfeetonthegroundtodecreaseoscillation.(10)DONOTassistduringhoistorwhenpulledintotherescuevehicle.
Followcrewmemberinstructions.e. For nonhoist recovery (rope or unfamiliar equipment)— (1) Create a
“fixedloop”bigenoughtoplaceunderarmpits(FigureIV-3).(2)Followtheproceduresin“d”above.
FigureIV-1.RescueStrap
FigureIV-2.ForestPenetrator
FigureIV-3.FixedLoop
ChapterVMEDICAL
WARNING:Theseemergencymedicalproceduresareforsurvivalsituations.Obtainprofessionalmedicaltreatmentassoonsaspossible.
1.ImmediateFirstAidActionsRemembertheABCsofEmergencyCare:
AirwayBreathingCirculiation
a.Determineresponsivenessasfollows:(1)Ifunconscious,arousebyshakinggentlyandshouting.(2)Ifnoresponse—
(a)Keepheadandneckalignedwithbody.(b)Rollvictimsontotheirbacks.(c)Opentheairwaybyliftingthechin(FigureV-1).(d)Look,listen,andfeelforairexchange.
FigureV-1.ChinLift
(3)Ifvictimisnotbreathing—(a)Checkforaclearairway;removeanyblockage.
(b)Covervictim’smouthwithyourown.
(c)Pinchvictim’snostrilsclosed.(d)Fillvictim’slungswith2slowbreaths.(e)Ifbreathsareblocked,repositionairway;tryagain.(f) If breaths still blocked, give 5 abdominal thrusts: •Straddle the
victim.•Placeafistbetweenbreastboneandbellybutton.•Thrustupwardtoexpelairfromstomach.
(g)Sweepwithfingertoclearmouth.(h)Try2slowbreathsagain.(i) If the airway is still blocked, continue (c) through (f) until
successfulorexhausted.(j)Withopenairway,startmouthtomouthbreathing:•Give1breath
every5seconds.•Checkforchestriseeachtime.
(4)Ifvictimisunconscious,butbreathing—(a)Keepheadandneckalignedwithbody.(b) Roll victim on side (drains the mouth and prevents the tongue
fromblockingairway).(5) Ifbreathingdifficulty is causedbychest trauma, refer topageV-7,
paragraphId,TreatChestInjuries.
CAUTION:DONOT remove an impaled object unlesss it interfaceswiththe airway.Youmaycausemore tissuedamageand increasebleeding.Fortravel,youmayshortenandsecuretheobject.
b.Controlbleedingasfollows:(1)Applyapressuredressing(FigureV-2).(2)IfSTILLbleeding—
(a)Usedirectpressureoverthewound.(b)Elevatethewoundedareaabovetheheart.
FigureV-2.ApplicationofaPressureDressing(3)IfSTILLbleeding—(a)Useapressurepointbetweentheinjuryandtheheart(FigureV-3).
(b)Maintain pressure for 6 to 10minutes before checking to see ifbleedinghasstopped.
FigureV-3.PressurePoints
(4)IfalimbwoundisSTILLbleeding—CAUTION:Useof tourniquet isaLASTRESORTmeasure.UseONLYwhensevere, uncontrolled bleedingwill cause loss of life.Recognize that long-termuseoftourniquetmaycauselossoflimb.
(a)Apply tourniquet (TK) band just above bleeding site on limb.Abandatleast3inches(7.5cm)orwiderisbest.
(b)FollowstepsillustratedinFigureV-4.(c)Useastickatleast6inches(15cm)long.(d)Tightenonlyenoughtostoparterialbleeding.(e)MarkaTKontheforeheadwiththetimeapplied.(f)DONOTcoverthetourniquet.
CAUTION: The following directions apply ONLY in survival situationswhererescueisUNLIKELYandNOmedicalaidisavailable.
(g) If rescue or medical aid is not available for over 2 hours, anattempt to SLOWLY loosen the tourniquet may be made 20 minutes afterapplication.Beforeloosening—•Ensurepressuredressingisinplace.
•Ensurebleedinghasstopped•LoosentourniquetSLOWLYtorestorecirculation.•Leaveloosenedtourniquetinpositionincasebleedingresumes.
FigureV-4.ApplicationofaTourniquetc.Treatshock.(Shockisdifficulttoidentifyortreatunderfieldconditions.Itmaybepresentwithorwithout
visibleinjury.)(1)Identifybyoneormoreofthefollowing:
(a)Pale,cool,andsweatyskin.(b)Fastbreathingandaweak,fastpulse.(c)Anxietyormentalconfusion.(d)Decreasedurineoutput.
(2)Maintaincirculation.
(3)Treatunderlyinginjury.(4)Maintainnormalbodytemperature.
(a)Removewetclothing.(b)Givewarmfluids.
•DONOTgivefluidstoanunconsciousvictim.•DONOTgivefluidsiftheycausevictimtogag.
(c)Insulatefromground.(d)Shelterfromtheelements.
(5)Placeconsciousvictimonback.(6)Placeveryweakorunconsciousvictimonside,thiswill—(a)Allow
mouthtodrain.(b)Preventtonguefromblockingairway.
d.Treatchestinjuries.(1)Suckingchestwound.Thisoccurswhenchestwallispenetrated;may
cause victim to gasp for breath;may cause sucking sound;may create bloodyfrothasairescapesthechest.
(a)Immediatelysealwoundwithhandorairtightmaterial.(b)Tapeairtightmaterialoverwoundon3sidesonly(FigureV-5)to
allowairtoescapefromthewoundbutnottoenter.(c)Monitorbreathingandcheckdressing.(d)Liftuntappedsideofdressingasvictimexhales toallowtrapped
airtoescape,asnecessary.(2)Flailchest.Resultsfromblunttraumawhen3ormoreribsarebroken
in 2 or more places. The flail segment is the broken area that moves in adirectionoppositetotherestofchestduringbreathing.
FigureV-5.SuckingChestWoundDressing(a)Stabilizetheflailsegmentasfollows:
•Placerolled-upclothingorbulkypadoversite.•Tapepadtosite•DONOTwraptapearoundchest.
(b)Havevictimkeepsegmentstillwithhandpressure.(c) Roll victim onto side of flail segment injury (as other injuries
allow).(3)Fracturedribs.
(a) Encourage deep breathing (painful, but necessary to prevent thepossibledevelopmentofpneumonia).
(b)DONOTconstrictbreathingbytapingribs.e.Treatfractures,sprains,anddislocations.(1)Controlbleeding.(2)Removewatches,jewelry,andconstrictiveclothing.(3)Iffracturepenetratestheskin—
(a)Cleanwoundbygentleirrigationwithwater.(b)Applydressingoverwound.
(4)Positionlimbasnormallyaspossible.(5)Splintinpositionfound(ifunabletostraightenlimb).(6)Improviseasplintwithavailablematerials:
(a)Sticksorstraight,stiffmaterialsfromequipment.(b)Bodyparts(forexample,oppositeleg,arm-to-chest).
(7)Attachwithstripsofcloth,parachutecord,etc.(8)Keep the fractured bones frommoving by immobilizing the joints on
bothsidesofthefracture.Iffractureisinajoint,immobilizethebonesonbothsidesofthejoint.
CAUTION: Splint fingers in a slightly flexed position, NOT in straightposition.Handshouldlooklikeitisgraspinganapple.
(9)UseRICEStreatmentfor72hours.(a)Rest.(b)Ice.(c)Compression.(d)Elevation.(e)Stabilization.
(10)Applycoldtoacuteinjuries.(11)Use15to20minuteperiodsofcoldapplication.
(a)DONOTusecontinuouscoldtherapy.(b)Repeat3to4timesperday.(c)Avoidcoolingthatcancausefrostbiteorhypothermia.
(12)Wrapwithacompressionbandageaftercoldtherapy.(13)Elevateinjuredareaaboveheartleveltoreduceswelling.(14)Checkperiodicallyforapulsebeyondtheinjurysite.(15)Loosen bandage or reapply splint if no pulse is felt or if swelling
occursbecausebandageistootight.
2.CommonInjuriesandIllnessesa.Burns.(1)Cooltheburnedareawithwater.
(a)Useimmersionorcoolcompresses.(b)Avoidaggressivecoolingwithiceorfrigidwater.
(2)Removewatches,jewelry,constrictiveclothing.(3)DONOTremoveembedded,charredmaterialthatwillcauseburned
areastobleed.(4)Coverwithsteriledressings.(5)DONOTuselotionorgrease.(6)Avoidmovingorrubbingtheburnedpart.
(7)Drinkextrawatertocompensateforincreasedfluidlossfromburns.(Add114teaspoonofsalt[ifavailable]toeachquartofwater.)
(8)Changedressingswhensoakedordirty.b.Eyeinjuries.(1)Sun/snowblindness(gritty,burningsensation,andpossiblereduction
invisioncausedbysunexposure).(a) Preventwith improvised goggles. (SeeChapterVI, pageVI-3,
FigureVI-2.)(b)Treatbypatchingaffectedeye(s).•Checkafter12hours.•Replacepatchforanother12hoursifnothealed.
(c)Usecoolcompressestoreducepain.(2)Foreignbodyineye.
(a) Irrigatewithcleanwater fromthe inside to theoutsidecorneroftheeye.
(b) If foreign body is not removed by irrigation, improvise a smallswab.Moistenandwipegentlyovertheaffectedarea.
(c)IfforeignbodyisSTILLnotremoved,patcheyefor24hoursandthenreattemptremovalusingsteps(a)and(b).
c.Heatinjury.(1)Heatcramps(crampsinlegsorabdomen).
(a)Rest.(b)Drinkwater.Add1/4teaspoonofsaltperquart.
(2)Heatexhaustion(pale,sweating,moist,coolskin).(a)Restinshade.(b)Drinkwater.(c)Protectfromfurtherheatexposure.
(3)Heatstroke(victimdisorientedorunconscious,skinishotandflushed[sweatingmayormaynotoccur],fastpulse).
CAUTION:Handleheat strokevictimgently.Shock, seizures, and cardiacarrestcanoccur.
(a)Cool as rapidlyaspossible (saturate clothingwithwater and fanthevictim).Remembertocoolthegroinandarmpitareas.(Avoidovercooling.)(b)Maintainairway,breathing,andcirculation.
d.Coldinjuries:(1)Frostnipandfrostbite—
(a)Areprogressiveinjuries.
•Ears,nose,fingers,andtoesareaffectedfirst.•Areaswillfeelcoldandmaytingleleadingto—••Numbnessthatprogressesto—•••Waxyappearancewithstiffskinthatcannotglidefreelyover
ajoint.(b) Frostnipped areas rewarm with body heat. If body heatWILL
NOTrewarmareain15to20minutes,thenfrostbiteispresent.(c)Frostbittenareasaredeeplyfrozenandrequiremedicaltreatment.
CAUTION: Infrostabite, repeatedfreezingand thawingcausesseverepainand increases damage to the tissue.DONOT rub frozen tissue.DONOTthawfrozentissue.
(2)Hypothermia—(a)Isaprogressiveinjury.
•Intenseshiveringwithimpairedability toperformcomplextasksleads to— ••Violent shivering, difficulty speaking, sluggish thinking go to—•••Muscularrigiditywithblue,puffyskin; jerkymovementsgoto—••••Coma,respiratoryandcardiacfailure.
(b)Protectvictimfromtheenvironmentasfollows:•Removewetclothing.•Putondryclothing(ifavailable).•Preventfurtherheatloss.••Covertopofhead.••Insulatefromaboveandbelow.•Warmwithblankets,sleepingbags,orshelter.•Warmcentralareasbeforeextremities.••Placeheatpacksingroin,armpits,andaroundneck.••Avoidcausingburnstoskin.
CAUTION: Handle hypothermia victim gently. Avoid overly rapidrewarmingwhichmaycausecardiacarrest.Rewarmingofvictimwithskin-to-skincontactbyvolunteerts)insideofasleepingbagisasurvivaltechniquebutcancauseinternaltemperaturesofalltodrop.
e.Skintissuedamage.(1)Immersioninjuries.Skinbecomeswrinkledasindishpanhands.
(a)Avoidwalkingonaffectedfeet.(b)Patdry;DONOTrub.Skintissuewillbesensitive.
(c)Drysocksandshoes.Keepfeetprotected.(d)Loosenboots,cuffs,etc.,toimprovecirculation.(e)Keepareadry,warm,andopentoair.(f)DONOTapplycreamsorointments.
(2)Saltwatersores.(a)Changebodypositionsfrequently.(b)Keepsoresdry.(c)Useantiseptic(ifavailable).(d)DONOTopenorsqueezesores.
f.Snakebite.
CAUTION: This snakebite treatment recommendation is for situationswheremedicalaidandspecializedequipmentarenotavailable.
(1)Nonpoisonous.Cleanandbandagewound.(2)Poisonous.
(a)Removeconstrictingitems.(b)Minimizeactivity.(c)DO NOT cut the bite site;DO NOT use your mouth to create
suction.(d)Cleanbitewithsoapandwater;coverwithadressing.(e)Overwrapthebitesitewithatight(elastic)bandage(FigureV-6).
The intent is to slow capillary and venous blood flow but not arterial flow.Checkforpulsebelowtheoverwrap.
(f)Splintbittenextremitytopreventmotion.(g)Treatforshock(pageV-7,paragraphlc).(h)Positionextremitybelowlevelofheart.(i)Constructshelterifnecessary(letthevictimrest).(j)Forconsciousvictims,forcefluids.
g.Marinelife.(1)Stings.
(a)Flushwoundwithsaltwater(freshwaterstimulatestoxinrelease).(b)Removejewelryandwatches.(c)Removetentaclesandgentlyscrapeorshaveskin.(d)Applyasteroidcream(ifavailable).(e)DONOTrubareawithsand.(f)Treat for shock;artificial respirationmaybe required (pageV-1,
paragraphla).
(g)DONOTuseurinetoflushortreatwounds.(2)Punctures.
(a)Immerseaffectedpartinhotwaterorapplyhotcompressesfor30-60minutes(ashotasvictimcantolerate).
(b)Coverwithcleandressing.(c)Treatforshockasneeded.
h.Skinirritants(includespoisonoakandpoisonivy).(1)Washwithlargeamountsofwater.Usesoap(ifavailable).(2)Keepcoveredtopreventscratching.
i.Infection.(1)Keepwoundclean.(2) Use iodine tablet solution or diluted betadine to prevent or treat
infection.(3)Changebandagesasneeded.
FigureV-6.CompressionBandageforSnakeBitej.Dysenteryanddiarrhea.
(1)Drinkextrawater.(2)Usealiquiddiet.(3) Eat charcoal. Make a paste by mixing fine charcoal particles with
water. (Itmay relieve symptomsbyabsorbing toxins.)k.Constipation (canbeexpectedinsurvivalsituations).
(1)DONOTtakelaxatives.(2)Exercise.(3)Drinkextrawater.
3.PlantMedicine
a.Tannin.(1) Medical uses. Burns, diarrhea, dysentery, skin problems, and
parasites.Tanninsolutionpreventsinfectionandaidshealing.(2)Sources.Found in theouterbarkofall trees, acorns,bananaplants,
commonplantain,strawberryleaves,andblackberrystems.(3)Preparation.
(a)Placecrushedouterbark,acorns,orleavesinwater.(b)Leachoutthetanninbysoakingorboiling.
•Increasetannincontentbylongersoakingtime.•Replacedepletedmaterialwithfreshbark/plants.
(4)Treatments.(a)Burns.
•Moistenbandagewithcooledtannintea.•Applycompresstoburnedarea.•Pourcooledteaonburnedareastoeasepain.
(b)Diarrhea, dysentery, andworms.Drink strong tea solution (maypromotevoidingofworms).
(c) Skin problems (dry rashes and fungal infections). Apply coolcompressesorsoakaffectedparttorelieveitchingandpromotehealing.
(d)Liceandinsectbites.Washaffectedareaswithteatoeaseitching.b.Salicin/salicylicacid.(1)Medical uses. Aches, colds, fever, inflammation, pain, sprains, and
sorethroat(aspirin-likequalities).(2)Sources.Willowandaspentrees(FigureV-7).(3)Preparation.
(a)Gather twigs, buds, or cambium layer (soft,moist layer betweentheouterbarkandthewood)ofwilloworaspen.
(b)Prepareteaasdescribedinparagraph3a(3).(c)Makepoultice.
•Crushtheplantorstems.•Makeapulpymass.
(4)Treatments.(a)Chewontwigs,buds,orcambiumforsymptomrelief.(b)Drinkteaforcoldsandsorethroat.(c)Usewarm,moistpoulticeforachesandsprains.
•Applypulpymassoverinjury.•Holdinplacewithadressing.
c.Commonplantain.(1) Medical uses. Itching, wounds, abrasions, stings, diarrhea, and
dysentery.(2) Source. There are over 200 plantain specieswith similarmedicinal
properties.ThecommonplantainisshowninFigureV-7.(3)Preparation.
(a)Brewteafromseeds.(b)Brewteafromleaves.(c)Makepoulticeofleaves.
(4)Treatments.(a)Drinkteamadefromseedsfordiarrheaordysentery.(b)Drinkteamadefromleavesforvitaminandminerals.(c)Usepoulticetotreatcuts,sores,burns,andstings.
d.Papain.(1)Medicaluses.Digestiveaid,meattenderizer,andafoodsource.(2)Source.Fruitofthepapayatree(FigureV-7).(3)Preparation.
(a)Makecutsinunripefruit.(b)Gathermilkywhitesapforitspapaincontent.(c)Avoidgettingsapineyesorwounds.
(4)Treatments.(a)Usesaptotenderizetoughmeat.(b)Eatripefruitforfood,vitamins,andminerals.
e.CommonCattail.(1)Medicaluses.Wounds,sores,boils,inflammations,burns,andan
excellentfoodsource.(2)Source.Cattailplantfoundinmarshes(FigureV-7).(3)Preparation.
(a)Poundrootsintoapulpymassforapoultice.(b)Cookandeatgreenbloomspikes.(c)Collectyellowpollenforfloursubstitute.(d)Peelandeattendershoots(raworcooked).
(4)Treatments.(a)Applypoulticetoaffectedarea.(b)Useplantforfood,vitamins,andminerals.
FigureV-7.UsefulPlants
4.HealthandHygienea.Stayclean(dailyregimen).(1)Minimizeinfectionbywashing.(Usewhiteashes,sand,orloamysoil
assoapsubstitutes.)(2)Combandcleandebrisfromhair.(3)Cleansemouthandbrushteeth.
(a)Usehardwoodtwigastoothbrush(frayitbychewingononeendthenuseasbrush).
(b)Usesinglestrandofan innercorestringfromparachutecordfordentalfloss.
(c)Usecleanfingertostimulategumtissuesbyrubbing.(d) Gargle with salt water to help prevent sore throat and aid in
cleaningteethandgums.(4)Cleanandprotectfeet.
(a)Changeandwashsocks(b)Wash,dry,andmassage.(c)Checkfrequentlyforblistersandredareas.(d)Useadhesivetape/moleskintopreventdamage.
b.Exercisedaily.c.Preventandcontrolparasites.(1)Checkbodyforlice,fleas,ticks,etc.
(a)Checkbodyregularly.(b)Pickoffinsectsandeggs(DONOTcrush).
(2)Washclothinganduserepellents.(3)Usesmoketofumigateclothingandequipment.
5.RulesforAvoidingIllnessa. Purify all water obtained from natural sources by using iodine tablets,
bleach,orboilingfor5minutes.b.Locatelatrines200feetfromwaterandawayfromshelter.c.Washhandsbeforepreparingfoodorwater.d.Cleanalleatingutensilsaftereachmeal.e.Preventinsectbitesbyusingrepellent,netting,andclothing.f.Drywetclothingassoonaspossible.g.Eatvarieddiet.h.Trytoget7-8hourssleepperday.
ChapterVIPERSONALPROTECTION
1.Prioritiesa. Evaluate available resources and situation, then accomplish individual
tasksaccordingly.b. First 24 hours in order of situational needs— (1) Construct survival
shelteraccordingtoselectioncriteria.(2)Procurewater.(3)Establishmultiplesurvivalsignals.(4)BuildFire.
c.Second24hoursinorderofsituationalneeds—(1)Constructnecessarytoolsandweapons.
(2)Procurefood.
2.CareandUseofClothinga.Neverdiscardclothing.b.Wearlooseandlayeredclothing.(1)Tightclothingrestrictsbloodflowregulatingbodytemperature.(2)Layerscreatemoredeadairspace.
c. Keep entire body covered to prevent sunburn and dehydration in hotclimates.Whenfullyclothed,themajorityofbodyheatescapesthroughtheheadandneckareas.
d.Avoidoverheating.(1)Removelayersofclothingbeforestrenuousactivities.(2)Useahattoregulatebodyheat.(3)Wearahatwhenindirectsunlight(inhotenvironment).
e.Dampenclothingwhenontheoceaninhotweather.(1)Usesaltwater,NOTdrinkingwater.(2)Dryclothingbeforedarktopreventhypothermia.
f.Keepclothingdrytomaintainitsinsulationqualities(drydampclothinginthesunorbyafire).
g.Ifyoufallintothewaterinthewinter—(1)Buildfire.
(2)Removewetclothingandrewarmbyfire.(3)Finishdryingclothingbyfire.
h.Ifnofireisavailable—(1)Removeclothingandgetintosleepingbag(ifavailable).
(2)Allowwetclothestofreeze.(3)Breakiceoutofclothing.
i. Keep clothing clean (dirt reduces its insulation qualities). Examineclothingfrequentlyfordamage.
(1)DONOTsitorliedirectlyontheground.(2)Washclothingwheneverpossible.(3)Repairwhennecessarybyusing—
(a)Needleandthread.(b)Safetypins.(c)Tape.
j.Improvisedfootprotection(FigureVI-1).(1)Cut2to4layersofclothintoa30-inchsquare.(2)Foldintoatriangle.(3)Centerfootontrianglewithtoestowardcorner.
FigureVI-1ImprovisedFootWear
(4)Foldfrontoverthetoes.(5)Foldsidecorners,oneatatime,overtheinstep.(6)Securebyrope,vines,tape,etc.,ortuckintootherlayersofmaterial.
3.OtherProtectiveEquipmenta.Sleepingbag.(1)Fluffbeforeuse,especiallyatfootofbag.(2)Airanddrydailytoremovebodymoisture.(3)Improvisewithavailablematerial,drygrass,leaves,drymoss,etc.
b.Sunandsnowgoggles(FigureVI-2).(1)Wearinbrightsunorsnowconditions.(2) Improvise by cutting small horizontal slits in webbing, bark, or
similarmaterials.
FigureVI-2SunandSnowGoggles
c. Gaiters (Figure VI-3). Used to protect from sand, snow, insects, andscratches(wrapmaterialaroundlowerlegandtopofboots).
4.SheltersEvasionconsiderationsapply.a.Siteselection.(1)Nearsignalandrecoverysite.(2)Availablefoodandwater.(3)Avoidnaturalhazards:
(a)Deadstandingtrees.(b)Drainageanddryriverbedsexceptincombatareas.(c)Avalancheareas.
(4)Locationlargeandlevelenoughtoliedownin.b.Types.(1) Immediate shelters. Find shelter needing minimal improvements
(FigureVI-4).
FigureVI-4.ImmediateShelters
(2) General shelter. Temperate climates require any shelter that givesprotectionfromwindandrain.
(3)ThermalAFrame,SnowTrench,SnowCave.(FiguresVI-5throughVI-7).Coldclimatesrequireanenclosed,insulatedshelter.
(a)Snowisthemostabundantinsulatingmaterial.(b)Airvent is required topreventcarbonmonoxidepoisoningwhen
usinganopenflameinsideenclosedshelters.
Note:Asageneralrule,unlessyoucanseeyourbreath,yoursnowshelteristoowarmandshouldbecooleddowntoprecludemeltinganddripping.
FigureVI-5.ThermalAFrame
FigureVI-6.SnowTrench
FigureVI-7.SnowCave
(4) Shade shelter. Hot climates require a shade shelter to protect fromultravioletrays(FigureVI-8).
(a) To reduce the surface temperature, the shelter floor should beelevatedordugdown(approximately18inches).
(b) For thermal protection, a minimum of 2 layers of materialsuspended12-18 inches above the head is required.White is the best color toreflectheat(innermostlayershouldbeofdarkermaterial).
(5) Elevated platform shelter (Figure VI-9). Tropical/wet climatesrequireenclosed,elevatedshelterforprotectionfromdampnessandinsects.
c.Shelterconstruction.(1)Haveentrance45-90degreesfromprevailingwind.(2)Coverwithavailablematerial.
(a)Ifnaturalmaterialsareused,arrangetheminlayersstartingatthebottomwitheachlayeroverlappingthepreviousone.SeeFigureVI-10 foranexample.
FigureVI-8.Poncho/ParachuteShadeShelter
FigureVI-9.ElevatedPlatformShelter
FigureVI-10.ShingleMethod
(b)Ifusingporousmateriallikeparachute,blankets,etc.—•Stretchastightaspossible
•Usea40-60degreeslope.
•Useadditionallayersinheavyrain.d.Shelterconstructionmaterials:(1)Raftandraftparts.(2)Vehicleoraircraftparts.(3)Blankets,poncho,orparachutematerial.(4)Sheetofplasticorplasticbag.(5)Barkpeeledoffdeadtrees.(6)Boughs,broadleaves,drymoss.(7)Grassandsod.(8)Snow.(9)Sandandrocks.
e. Bed construction. Construct a bed to protect from cold, damp, groundusing—(1)Raftorfoamrubberfromvehicleseats.
(2)Boughs,leaves,ordrymoss.
5.FiresCAUTION:Weighhazards and risksofdetection against theneed for a
fire.
a.Evasionconsiderations:(1)Usetreesorothersourcestodissipatesmoke.(2)Usefiresatdusk,dawn,orduringinclementweather.(3)Usefiresattimeswhenthelocalpopulaceiscooking.
b.Firebuilding.The3essentialelements forstartinga fireareheat, fuel,andoxygen.
(1)Heatsources:(a)Matchesorlighter.(b)Flintandsteel (experimentwithvarious rocksandmetalsuntila
goodsparkisproduced).(c)Sparksfrombatteries.(d) Concentrated sunlight (use magnifying glass or flashlight
reflectors).(e)Pyrotechnics,suchasflares(lastresort),etc.(f) Friction method (Figure VI-11). Without prior training, this
methodisdifficulttomasterandrequiresalotoftimetobuildthedevice.
FigureVI-11.FrictionMethod
Note:Ifpossible,carryafire-startingdevicewithyou.
(2) Fuel is divided into3 categories: tinder, kindling, and fuel (Gatherlargeamountsofeachcategorybeforeignitingthefire.)(a)Tinder.Tindermustbeveryfinelyshavedorshreddedtoprovidealowcombustionpointandfluffedto allow oxygen to flow through. (To get tinder to burn hotter and longer,saturatewithVaseline,Chapstick, insect repellant,aircraft fuel,etc.)Examplesoftinderinclude—•Cotton.
•Candle(shredthewick,notthewax).•Plasticspoon,fork,orknife.•Foamrubber.•Drybark.•Drygrasses.•Gunpowder.•Pitch.•Petroleumproducts.
(b)Kindling.Kindlingmustbesmallenoughtoignitefromthesmallflameofthetinder.Graduallyaddlargerkindlinguntilarrivingatthesizeoffueltoburn.
(c)Fuel.Examplesoffuelinclude—•Dryhardwood(removingbarkreducessmoke).
•Bamboo(openchamberstopreventexplosion).
•Drydung.c.Types.Firesarebuilttomeetspecificneedsoruses.(1) Tepee fire (Figure VI-12). Use the tepee fire to produce a
concentratedheatsourceforcooking,lighting,orsignaling.
FigureVI-12.TepeeFire
(2)Logcabinfire(FigureVI-13).Usethelogcabinfiretoproducelargeamountsoflightandheat,todryoutwetwood,andprovidecoalsforcooking,etc.
FigureVI-13.LogCabinorPyramidFires(3)Sodfireandreflector(FigureVT-14).Usefirereflectorstogetthemostwarmthfromafire.Buildfires
againstrocksorlogs.
CAUTION:DONOTuseporous rocksor riverbedrock-theymayexplodewhenheated.
FigureVI-14.SodFireandReflector
(4)Dakota fire hole (FigureVI-15). Use theDakota fire hole for highwindsorevasionsituations.
FigureVI-15.DakotaFireHole
(5)Improvisedstoves(FigureVI-16).Theseareveryefficient.
FigureVI-16.ImprovisedStove
ChapterVIIWater
1.WaterRequirementsDrink extra water. Minimum 2 quarts per day to maintain fluid level.
Exertion,heat,injury,oranillnessincreaseswaterloss.
Note:Paleyellowurineindicatesadequatehydration.
2.WaterProcurementa.DONOTdrink—(1)Urine.(2)Fishjuices.(3)Blood.(4)Seawater.(5)Alcohol.(6)Meltedwaterfromnewseaice.
b.Watersources:(1)Surfacewater(streams,lakes,andsprings).(2)Precipitation(rain,snow,dew,sleet)(FigureVII-1).(3)Subsurface(wellsandcisterns).(4)Groundwater(whennosurfacewaterisavailable)(FigureVII-2).
(a)Abundanceoflushgreenvegetation.(b)Drainagesandlow-lyingareas.(c)“V”intersectinggametrailsoftenpointtowater.(d)Presenceofswarminginsectsindicateswaterisnear.(e)Birdflightintheearlymorningorlateafternoonmightindicatethe
directiontowater.(5)Snoworice.
(a)DONOTeaticeorsnow.•Lowersbodytemperature.•Inducesdehydration.•Causesminorcoldinjurytolipsandmouth.
FigureVII-1.WaterProcurement
FigureVII-2.WaterIndicators
(b)Meltwithfire.•Stirfrequentlytopreventdamagingcontainer.•Speedtheprocessbyaddinghotrocksorwater.
(c)Meltwithbodyheat.•Usewaterproofcontainer.•Placebetweenlayersofclothing.•DONOTplacenexttotheskin.
(d)Useawatergenerator(FigureVTI-3).
FigureVII-3.WaterGenerator
(6)Openseas.(a)Wateravailableinsurvivalkits.(b)Precipitation.
•Drinkasmuchaspossible.•Catchraininsprayshieldsandliferaftcovers.•Collectdewoffraft.
(c)Oldseaiceoricebergs(TableVII-1).
TableVII-1.oldSeaIceorIcebergs
OLDSEAICE NEWSEAICEBluishorblackish milkyorgreyShatterseasily DoesnotbreakeasilyRoundedcorners SharpedgesTastesrelativelysalt-free Tastesextremelysalty
(7)Tropicalareas.(a)Allopensourcespreviouslymentioned.(b)Vegetation.
•Plantswithhollowsectionscancollectmoisture.•LeaningTree.Clothabsorbsrainrunningdowntreeanddripsinto
container(FigureVII-4).
FigureVII-4.LeaningTree
•Bananaplants.•Watertrees(avoidmilkysap).••Tap before dark. Let sap stop running and harden during the
daytime.••Producemostwateratnight.••Forevasionsituations,boreintotherootsandcollectwater.•Vines(FigureVTI-5A).••Cutbark(DONOTusemilkysap).••If juice is clear andwater like, cut as large apieceofvine as
possible(cutthetopfirst).••Pour intohand tochecksmell,color,and taste todetermine if
drinkable.••DONOTtouchvinetolips.••Whenwaterflowstops,cutoff6inchesofoppositeend,water
willflowagain.•Oldbamboo.••Shakeandlistenforwater.••Boreholeatbottomofsectiontoobtainwater.••Cutoutentiresectiontocarrywithyou.••Filterandpurify.•Greenbamboo(FigureVTI-5B).
FigureVII-5AandB.WaterVinesandGreenBamboo
CAUTION: Liquid contained in green coconuts (ripe coconuts may causediarrhea)..
•Beachwell.Alongthecoast,obtainwaterbydiggingabeachwell(FigureVII-6).
FigureVII-6.BeachWell
(8)Dryareas.(a)Solarstill(FigureVII-7).(b)Vegetationbag(FigureVII-8).
FigureVII-7.SolarStill
FigureVII-8.VegetationBag
(c)Transpirationbag(FigureVTI-9).•Waterbagmustbeclear.•Waterwilltasteliketheplantsmells.(a)SeepageBasin(FigureVII-10),
CAUTION:DO NOT use poisonous/toxic plants in vegetation/ transpirationbags.
FigureVII-9.TranspirationBag
FigureVII-10.SeepageBasin
3.WaterPreparationandStoragea.Filtration.Filterthroughporousmaterial(sand/charcoal).b.Purification.(1)Waterfromliveplantsrequiresnofurthertreatment.(2)Purifyallotherwater.
(a)Boilatleast1minute.(b)Pourfromonecontainertoanothertoimprovetastetoaerate.(c)Waterpurificationtablets.Followinstructionsonpackage.
c.PotableWater.(1)Ifwatercannotbepurified,obtainwaterfromaclear,cold,clean,and
fastrunningsource(ifpossible).(2)Put inclearcontainerandexposeto thesun’sultravioletrays tokill
bacteria.d. Storage. To prevent contamination, use a clean, covered or sealed
container.(1)Trashbag.(2)Prophylactic.
(3)Sectionofbamboo.(4)Flotationgear.
ChapterVIIIFOOD
1.FoodProcurementa.Sourcesandlocation.(1)Mammalscanbefoundwhere—
(a)Trailsleadtowatering,feeding,andbeddingareas.(b)Droppingsortrackslookfresh.
(2)Birdscanbefoundby—(a) Observing the direction of flight in the early morning and late
afternoon(leadstofeeding,watering,androostingareas).(b)Listeningforbirdnoises(indicationofnestingareas).
(3)Fishandothermarinelifelocations(FigureVIII-1).
FigureVIII-1.FishingLocations
(4)Reptilesandamphibiansarefoundalmostworldwide.(5)Insectsarefound—
(a)Indeadlogsandstumps.(b)Atantandtermitemounds.(c)Onponds,lakes,andslowmovingstreams.
b.Procurementtechniques.(1)Snares—
(a)Workwhileunattended.(b)Location:•Trailsleadingtowater,feeding,andbeddingareas.
•Mouthofdens(FigureVIII-2).
FigureVIII-2.SnarePlacement
(c)Constructionofsimpleloopsnare.•Usematerials thatwill not break under the strain of holding an
animal.•Useafigure8(lockingloop)ifwireisused(FigureVIII-3).••Once tightened, thewire locks inplace, preventing reopening,
andtheanimal’sescape.•To construct a squirrel pole (Figure VIII-4) use simple loop
snares.•Make noose opening slightly larger than the animal’s head (3-
fingerwidthforsquirrels,fist-sizedforrabbits).(d)Placementofsnares(setasmanyaspossible).
•Avoiddisturbingthearea.•Use tunneling (natural or improvised) (Figure VIII-5)
FigureVIII-3.LockingLoop
FigureVIII-3.LockingLoop
FigureVIII-4.Squirrelpole
FigureVIII-5.Funneling
(2)Noosestick(easierandsafertousethanthehands).(3)Twiststick(FigureVIII-6).
(a)Insertforkedstickintoadenuntilsomethingsoftismet.(b)Twistthestick,bindingtheanimal’shideinthefork.(c)Removetheanimalfromtheden.(d)Bereadytokilltheanimal;itmaybedangerous.
FigureVIII-6.ProcurementDevices
(4) Hunting and fishing devices. (See Figure VIII-7 for fishingprocurementmethods.)(a)Cluborrock.
(b)Spear.(c)Slingshot.(d)Pole,line,andhook.(e)Net.(f)Trap.
FigureVIII-7.ProcurementMethods
(5)Precautions:(a)Wearshoestoprotectthefeetwhenwadinginwater.(b)Avoidreachingintodarkholes.(c)Kill animalsbeforehandling.Animals indistressmayattract the
enemy.(d)DONOTsecurefishinglinestoyourselfortheraft.(e)Killfishbeforebringingthemintotheraft.(f)DONOTeatfishwith—
•Spines.•Unpleasantodor.•Pale,slimygills.•Sunkeneyes.
•Flabbyskin.•Fleshthatremainsdentedwhenpressed.
(g)DONOTeatfisheggsorliver(entrails).(h)Avoidallcrustaceansabovethehightidemark.(i)Avoidcone-shapedshells(FigureVIII-8).
FigureVIII-8.Cone-ShapedShellsofVenomousSnails(j)Avoidhairyinsects;thehairscouldcauseirritationinfection.
(k)Avoidpoisonousinsects,forexample:•Centipedes.•Scorpions.•Poisonousspiders.
(l)Avoiddiseasecarryinginsects,suchas—•Flies.•Mosquitoes.•Ticks.
c.PlantFoods.Beforeusingthefollowingguideuseyourevasioncharttoidentifyedibleplants:
Note: Ifyoucannotpositively identifyanedibleplantandchoose to tryanunknownplant,theseguidelinesmayhelpdetermineedibility.
(1)Selectioncriteria.
(a)Beforetestingforedibility,ensurethereareenoughplantstomaketestingworth your time and effort. Each part of a plant (roots, leaves, stems,bark, etc.) requiresmore than 24 hours to test.DONOTwaste time testing aplantthatisnotabundant.
(b)Testonly1partof1plantatatime.(c) Remember that eating large portions of plant food on an empty
stomachmaycausediarrhea,nausea,orcramps.Twogoodexamplesaregreenapples and wild onions. Even after testing food and finding it safe, eat inmoderation.
(2)Avoidplantswiththefollowingcharacteristics:Note:Using these guidelines in selecting plants for foodmay eliminate someedible plants; however, these guidelineswill help prevent choosingpotentiallytoxicplants.
(a)Milky sap (dandelionhasmilky sapbut is safe to eat and easilyrecognizable).
(b) Spines, fine hairs, and thorns (skin irritants/contact dermatitis).Pricklypearand thistlesareexceptions.Brackenfernfiddleheadsalsoviolatethisguideline.
(c)Mushroomsandfungus.(d)Umbrellashapedflowers(hemlockiseliminated).(e)Bulbs(onlyonionssmelllikeonions).(f)Grainheadswithpink,purplish,orblackspurs.(g)Beans,bulbs,orseedsinsidepods.(h)Oldorwiltedleaves.(i)Plantswithshinyleaves.(j)White and yellow berries. (Aggregate berries such as black and
dewberriesarealwaysedible,testallothersbeforeeating.)(k)Almondscentinwoodypartsandleaves.
d.Testprocedures.
CAUTION:Testallpartsof theplant foredibility.Someplantshavebothedibleandinedibleparts.NEVERASSUMEapartthatprovedediblewhencookedisedibleraw,testthepartrawbeforeeating.Thesamepartorplantmayproducevaryingreactionsindifferentindividuals.
(1)Testonly1partofaplantatatime.(2)Separatetheplantintoitsbasiccomponents(stems,roots,buds,and
flowers).
(3)Smellthefoodforstrongacidodors.Remember,smellalonedoesnotindicateaplantisedibleorinedible.
(4)DONOTeat8hoursbeforethetestanddrinkonlypurifiedwater.(5)Duringthe8hoursyouabstainfromeating,testforcontactpoisoning
byplacingapieceoftheplantontheinsideofyourelboworwrist.Thesaporjuiceshouldcontacttheskin.Usually15minutesisenoughtimetoallowforareaction.
(6)During testing, takeNOTHING bymouthEXCEPT purifiedwaterandtheplantyouaretesting.
(7)Selectasmallportionofasinglepartandprepareitthewayyouplantoeatit.
(8) Before placing the prepared plant in your mouth, touch a smallportion(apinch)totheoutersurfaceofyourliptotestforburningoritching.
(9)Ifafter3minutesthereisnoreactiononyourlip,placetheplantonyourtongueandholditfor15minutes.
(10)Ifthereisnoreaction,thoroughlychewapinchandholditinyourmouthfor15minutes(DONOTSWALLOW).Ifanyilleffectsoccur,rinseoutyourmouthwithwater.
(11) Ifnothingabnormaloccurs, swallow the foodandwait8hours. Ifanyilleffectsoccurduringthisperiod,inducevomitinganddrinkawaterandcharcoalmixture.
(12) If no ill effects occur, eat 1/4 cup of the same plant prepared thesameway.Waitanother8hours.Ifnoilleffectsoccur,theplantpartaspreparedissafeforeating.
CAUTION:1.Ripe tropical fruitsshouldbepeeledandeatenraw.Softness, rather thancolor, is thebest indicatorofripeness.Cookunripefruitsanddiscardseedsandskin.2. Cook underground portions when possible to reduce bacterialcontaminationandeasedigestionoftheirgenerallyhighstarchcontent.During evasion, youmay not be able to cook.Concentrate your efforts onleafygreenplants,ripefruits,andabovegroundripevegetablesnotrequiringsignificantpreparation.
2.FoodPreparationAnimalfoodgivesthegreatestfoodvalueperpound.
a.Butcheringandskinning.(1)Mammals.
(a)Removetheskinandsaveforotheruses.(a)Onecutskinningofsmallgame(FigureVIII-9).
•Opentheabdominalcavity.•Avoidrupturingtheintestines.•Removetheintestines.•Saveinnerorgans(heart,liver,andkidneys)andallmeatypartsof
theskull,brain,tongue,andeyes.(b)Washwhenreadytouse.(c)Ifpreservingthemeat,removeitfromthebones.(d) Unused or inedible organs and entrails may be used as bait for
othergame.
FigureVIII-9.SmallGameSkinning
(2)Frogsandsnakes.(a)Skin.(b)Discardskin,headwith2inchesofbody,andinternalorgans.
(3)Fish.(a)Scale(ifnecessary)andgutfishsoonafteritiscaught.(b)Insertknifepointintoanusoffishandcutopenthebelly.(c)Removeentrails.(d)Removegillstopreventspoilage.
(4)Birds.(a)Gutsoonafterkilling.(b)Protectfromflies.(c)Skinorpluckthem.(d)Skinscavengersandseabirds.
(5)Insects.
(a) Remove all hard portions such as the legs of grasshoppers orcrickets.(Therestisedible.)(b)Recommendcookinggrasshopper-sizeinsects.
CAUTION:Deadinsectsspoilrapidly,DONOTsave.
(6)Fruits,berries,andmostnutscanbeeatenraw.b.Cooking.
CAUTION:ToKillparasites,thoroughcookallwildgame,freshwaterfish,clams,mussels,snails,crawfish,andscavengerbirds.Saltwaterfishmaybeeatenraw.
(1)Boiling(mostnutritiousmethodofcooking—drinkthebroth).(a)Makemetalcookingcontainersfromrationcans.(b)Dropheatedrocksintocontainerstoboilwaterorcookfood.
(2)Baking.(a)Wrapinleavesorpackinmud.(b)Buryfoodindirtundercoalsoffire.
(3)Leaching. Somenuts (acorns)must be leached to remove the bittertasteoftannin.Useoneofthefollowingleachingmethods:(a)Firstmethod:
•Soakingandpouringthewateroff.•Crushingandpouringwater through.Coldwater shouldbe tried
first;however,boilingwaterissometimesbest.•Discardingwater.
(b)Secondmethod:•Boil,pouroffwater,andtastetheplant.•Ifbitter,repeatprocessuntilpalatable.
(4)Roasting.(a)Shakeshellednutsinacontainerwithhotcoals.(b)Roastthinlyslicedmeatandinsectsoveracandle.
3.FoodPreservationb.Keepingananimalalive.c.Refrigerating.(1)Longterm.
(a)Foodburiedinsnowmaintainsatemperatureofapproximately32degreesF.
(b)Frozenfoodwillnotdecompose(freezeinmeal-sizeportions).(2)Shortterm.
(a) Food wrapped in waterproof material and placed in a streamremainscoolinsummermonths.
(b) Earth below the surface, particularly in shady areas or alongstreams,iscoolerthanthesurface.
(c)Wrapfoodinabsorbentmaterialsuchascottonandre-wetasthewaterevaporates.
c.Dryingandsmokingremovesmoistureandpreservesfood.(1)Usesalttoimproveflavorandpromotedrying.(2)Cutorpoundmeatintothinstrips.(3)Removefat.(4)DO NOT use pitch woods such as fir or pine; they produce soot
givingthemeatanundesirabletaste.d.Protectingmeatfromanimalsandinsects.(1)Wrappingfood.
(a)Usecleanmaterial.(b)Wrappiecesindividually.(c)Ensureallcornersofthewrappingareinsectproof.(d)Wrapsoftfruitsandberriesinleavesormoss.
(2)Hangingmeat.(a)Hangmeatintheshade.(b)Coverduringdaylighthourstoprotectfrominsects.
(3)Packingmeatonthetrail.(a)Wrapbeforefliesappearinthemorning.(b)Placemeatinfabricorclothingforinsulation.(c) Place meat inside the pack for carrying. Soft material acts as
insulationhelpingkeepthemeatcool.(d)Carryshellfish,crabs,andshrimpinwetseaweed.
e.DONOTstorefoodintheshelter;itattractsunwantedanimals.
ChapterIXINDUCEDCONDITIONS
(NUCLEAR,BIOLOGICAL,ANDCHEMICALCONSIDERATIONS)
1.NuclearConditions
CAUTION: Radiation protection depends on time of exposure, distancefromthesource,andshielding.
a.Protection.(1)FINDPROTECTIVESHELTERIMMEDIATELY!(2)Gatherallequipmentforsurvival(timepermitting).(3)Avoiddetectionandcapture.
(a)Seekexistingshelterthatmaybeimproved(FigureIX-1).
FigureIX-1.ImmediateActionShelter
(b)Ifnoshelterisavailable,digatrenchorfoxholeasfollows:•Digtrenchdeepenoughforprotection,thenenlargeforcomfort(FigureIX-2).
•Coverwithavailablematerial.
FigureIX-2.ImprovisedShelter
(4)Radiationshieldingefficiencies(FigureIX-3).
FigureIX-3.RadiationShieldingEfficiencies(5)Leavecontaminatedequipmentandclothingnearshelterforretrievalafterradioactivedecay.
(6)Liedown,keepwarm,sleep,andrest.b.Substance:(1)Water.Allownomore,than30minutesexposureon3ddayforwater
procurement.(a)Watersources(inorderofpreference):
•Springs,wells,orundergroundsourcesaresafest.•Waterinpipes/containersinabandonedbuildings.•Snow(6ormoreinchesbelowthesurfaceduringthefallout).•Streamsandrivers(filteredbeforedrinking).•Lakes,ponds,pools,etc.•Waterfrombelowthesurface(DONOTstirupthewater).•Useaseepwell.
(b)Waterpreparation(FiguresIX-4andIX-5).•Filteringthroughearthremoves99percentofradioactivity.•Purifyallwatersources.
(2)Food.(a) Processed foods (canned or packaged) are preferred; wash and
wipecontainersbeforeuse.
(b)Animalfoods.•Avoidanimalsthatappeartobesickordying.•Skincarefullytoavoidcontaminatingthemeat.•Beforecooking,cutmeatawayfromthebone,leavingatleast178
inchofmeatonthebone.•Discardallinternalorgans.•Cookallmeatuntilverywelldone.
(c)Avoid.•Aquatic food sources (use only in extreme emergencies because
ofhighconcentrationofradiation).•Shellsofalleggs(contentswillbesafetoeat).•Milkfromanimals.
(d)Plantfoods(inorderofpreference).•Plants whose edible portions grow underground (for example,
potatoes,turnips,carrots,etc.).Washandremoveskin.•Edible portions growing above ground that can be washed and
peeledorskinned(bananas,apples,etc.).•Smoothskinnedvegetables,fruits,orabovegroundplantsthatare
noteasilypeeledorwashed.
FigureIX-4.FiltrationSystems,FilteringWater
FigureIX-5.FiltrationSystems,SettlingWaterc.Self-aid:(1)Generalrules:
(a)Preventexposuretocontaminants.(b) Use personal hygiene practices and remove body waste from
shelter.(c)Rest,avoidfatigue.(d)Drinkliquids.
(2)Wounds.(a)Cleanaffectedarea.(b)Useantibacterialointmentorcleaningsolution.(c)Coverwithcleandressing.(d)Watchforsignsofinfection.
(3)Burns.(a)Cleanaffectedarea.(b)Coverwithcleandressing.
(4) Radiation sickness (nausea, weakness, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea,lossofhair,radiationburns).
(a)Timeisrequiredtoovercome.(b)Rest.(c)Drinkfluids.(d)Maintainfoodintake.(e)Preventadditionalexposure.
2.BiologicalConditionsa. Clues which may alert you to a biological attack follow: (1) Enemy
aircraftdroppingobjectsorspraying.(2) Breakable containers or unusual bombs, particularly those bursting
withlittleornoblast,andmuffledexplosions.(3)Smokeormistofunknownorigin.(4)Unusualsubstancesonthegroundorvegetation;sick lookingplants
orcrops.b.Protectionfrombiologicalagentsfollow:(1)Useprotectiveequipment.(2)Batheassoonasthesituationpermits.(3)Washhairandbodythoroughlywithsoapandwater.(4)Cleanthoroughlyunderfingernails.(5)Cleanteeth,gums,tongue,androofofmouthfrequently.
c. Survival tips for biological conditions follow: (1)Keep your body andlivingareaclean.
(2)Stayalertforcluesofbiologicalattack.(3)Keepnose,mouth,andskincovered.(4)Keep food andwater protected.Bottled or canned foods are safe if
sealed.Ifindoubt,boilfoodandwaterfor10minutes.(5)Constructshelterinacleararea,awayfromvegetation,withentrance
90degreestotheprevailingwind.(6) If traveling, travelcrosswindorupwind(takingadvantageof terrain
tostayawayfromdepressions).
3.ChemicalConditionsa.Detecting.(1)Smell.Manyagentshavelittleornoodor.(2)Sight.Manyagentsarecolorless:
(a)Color.Yellow,orange,orredsmokeormist.(b)Liquid.Oily,darkpatchesonleaves,ground,etc.(c)Gas.Someagentsappearasamistimmediatelyaftershellburst.(d)Solid.Mostsolidstateagentshavesomecolor.
(3)Sound.Muffledexplosionsarepossibleindicationsofchemicalagentbombs.
(4)Feel.Irritationtothenose,eyes,orskinand/ormoistureontheskinaredangersigns.
(5)Taste.Strangetasteinfoodorwaterindicatescontamination.(6) General indications. Tears, difficult breathing, choking, itching,
coughing,dizziness.
(7)Wildlife.Presenceofsickordyinganimals.b. Protection against chemical agents follows: (1) Use protective
equipment.(2)Avoidcontaminatedareas.
(a)Exitcontaminatedareabymovingcrosswind.(b)Selectroutesonhighground.(c)Avoidcellars,ditches,trenches,gullies,valleys,etc.(d) Avoid woods, tall grasses, and bushes as they tend to hold
chemicalagentvapors.(e) Decontaminate body and equipment as soon as possible by—
•Removing.Pinch-blotting.•Neutralizing.Warmwater.•Destroying.Burying.
c.Self-aidinchemicallycontaminatedareas.(1) If achemicaldefenseensemble isavailable—(a)Useallprotective
equipment.(b)Followantidotedirectionswhenneeded.
(2)Ifachemicaldefenseensembleisnotavailable—(a)Removeortearawaycontaminatedclothing.
(b)Rinsecontaminatedareaswithwater.(c) Improvise a breathing filter using materials available (T-shirt,
handkerchief,fabric,etc.).d.Tipsforthesurvivor:(1)DONOTusewoodfromacontaminatedareaforfire.(2) Look for signs of chemical agents around water sources before
procurement(oilspots,foreignodors,deadfish,oranimals).(3)Keepfoodandwaterprotected.(4)DONOTuseplantsforfoodorwaterincontaminatedareas.
AppendixATHEWILLTOSURVIVE
ARTICLEVICODEOFCONDUCTIwillneverforgetthatIamAmericanfightingforfreedom,responsible
formy actions, and dedicated to be the principleswhichmademy countryfree.IwilltrustimmyGodandintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
1.PsychologyofSurvivala.Preparation—(1)Knowyourcapabilitiesandlimitations.(2)Keepapositiveattitude.(3)Developarealisticplan.(4)Anticipatefears.(5)Combat psychological stress by— (a)Recognizing and anticipating
existingstressors(injury,death,fatigue,illness,environment,hunger,isolation).(b) Attributing normal reactions to existing stressors (fear, anxiety,
guilt,boredom,depression,anger).(c) Identifying signals of distress created by stressors (indecision,
withdrawal,forgetfulness,carelessness,andpropensitytomakemistakes).b.Strengthenyourwilltosurvivewith—(1)TheCodeofConduct.(2)PledgeofAllegiance.(3)FaithinAmerica.(4)Patrioticsongs.(5)Thoughtsofreturntofamilyandfriends.
c.Groupdynamicsofsurvivalinclude—(1)Leadership,goodorganization,andcohesivenesspromotehighmorale:(a)Preventingpanic.
(b)Creatingstrengthandtrustinoneanother.(c)Favoringpersistencyinovercomingfailure.(d)Facilitatingformulationofgroupgoals.
(2)Takingcareofyourbuddy.(3)Workingasateam.(4)Reassuringandencouragingeachother.
(5)Influencingfactorsare—(a)Enforcingthechainofcommand.(b)Organizingaccordingtoindividualcapabilities.(c)Acceptingsuggestionsandcriticism.
2.SpiritualConsiderationsa.Collectyourthoughtsandemotions.b.Identifyyourpersonalbeliefs.c.Useself-control.d.Meditate.e.Rememberpastinnersourcestohelpyouovercomeadversity.f.PrayforyourGod’shelp,strength,wisdom,andrescue.(1)TalktoyourGod.(2)GivethanksthatGodiswithyou.(3)AskforGod’shelp.(4)Prayforprotectionandapositiveoutcome.
g. Remember scripture, verses, or hymns; repeat them to yourself and toyourGod.
h.Worshipwithoutaidofwrittenscripture,clergy,orothers.i.Forgive—(1)Yourselfforwhatyouhavedoneorsaidthatwaswrong.(2)Thosewhohavefailedyou.
j. Praise God and give thanks because— (1) God is bigger than yourcircumstances.
(2)Godwillseeyouthrough(nomatterwhathappens).(3)Hopecomesfromabeliefinheavenand/oranafter-life.
k.Trust.(1)FaithandtrustinyourGod.(2)Loveforfamilyandself.(3)Neverlosehope.(4)Nevergiveup.
1.Withothersurvivors—(1)Identifyorappointareligiouslayleader.(2)Discusswhatisimportanttoyou.(3)Sharescripturesandsongs.(4)Prayforeachother.(5)Trytohaveworshipservices.
(6)Writedownscripturesandsongsthatyouremember.(7)Encourageeachotherwhilewaitingforrescue,remember—(a)Your
Godlovesyou.(b)PraiseyourGod.
AppendixBPublicationInformation
1.Scope
This UNCLASSIFIED multiservice tactics, techniques, and procedurespublication is designed to assist Service members in a survival situationregardlessofgeographiclocation.
2.Purpose
This publication provides Service members a quick reference,weatherproof, pocket-sized guide on basic survival, evasion, and recoveryinformation.
3.Application
The target audience for this publication is any Servicemember requiringbasicsurvival,evasion,andrecoveryinformation.
4.ImplementationPlan
Participating Service command offices of primary responsibility (OPRs)will review this publication, validate the information, and reference andincorporate it in Service and commandmanuals, regulations, and curricula asfollows:Army.TheArmywillincorporatetheproceduresinthispublicationinUSArmytraininganddoctrinalpublicationsasdirectedbythecommander,USArmy Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Distribution is inaccordancewiththeDepartmentofArmyForm12-99-R.
MarineCorps.TheMarineCorpswillincorporatetheproceduresinthispublication inUSMarineCorps traininganddoctrinalpublicationsasdirectedbythecommandinggeneral,USMarineCorpsCombatDevelopmentCommand(MCCDC). Distribution is in accordance with Marine Corps Publication
DistributionSystem.
Navy.TheNavywillincorporatetheseproceduresinUSNavydoctrinaland training publications as directed by the commander, Navy WarfareDevelopmentCommand (NWDC).Distribution is in accordancewithMilitaryStandardRequisitioning and IssueProceduresDeskGuide andNavyStandingOperatingProceduresPublication409.
Air Force. Air Force units will validate and incorporate appropriateproceduresinaccordancewithapplicablegoverningdirectives.DistributionisinaccordancewithAirForceInstructions33-360.
5.UserInformation
a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NWDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Application(ALSA) Center developed this publication with the joint participation of theapprovingServicecommands.ALSAwillreviewandupdatethispublicationasnecessary.
b.ThispublicationreflectscurrentjointandServicedoctrine,commandandcontrol(C2)organizations,facilities,personnel,responsibilities,andprocedures.Changes in Service protocol, appropriately reflected in joint and Servicepublications,willlikewisebeincorporatedinrevisionstothisdocument.
c. We encourage recommended changes for improving this publication.Keyyourcommentstothespecificpageandparagraphandprovidearationalefor each recommendation. Send comments and recommendation directly to—ArmyCommanderUSArmyTrainingandDoctrineCommandATTN:ATDO-AFortMonroeVA23651-5000DSN680-3153COMM(757)788-3454
MarineCorpsCommandingGeneralUSMarineCorpsCombatDevelopmentCommandATTN:C423300RussellRoadQuanticoVA22134-5001DSN278-6234COMM(703)784-6234
NavyNavyWarfareDevelepmentCommandATTN:N5686CushingRoadNewport,RI02841DSN948-4201COMM(401)841-4201
AirForceHQAirForceDoctrineCenterATTN:DJ216SweeneyBoulevardSuite109LangleyAFBVA23665-2722DSN574-8091COMM(757)764-8091E-mailAddress:[email protected]
ALSAALSACenterATTN:Director114AndrewsStreetLangleyAFB,VA23665-2785DSN575-0902COMM(757)225-0902E-mail:[email protected] publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our
respectivecommandsandothercommandsasappropriate.
JOHNN.ABRAMSGeneral,USACommanderTrainingandDoctrineCommand
B.J.SMITHRearAdmiral,USNCommander
Commander
NavyWarfareDevelopmentCommandJ.E.RHODESLieutenantGeneral,USMCCommandingGeneral
MarineCorpsCombatDevelopmentCommandTIMOTHYA.KINNANMajorGeneral,USAFCommanderHeadquartersAirForceDoctrineCenterFM21-76-1
MCRP3-02HNWP3-50.3*AFTTP(I)3-2.2629JUNE1999
ByOrderoftheSecretaryoftheArmy:Official:ERICK.SHINSEKI
General,UnitedStatesArmy
ChiefofStaffJOELB,HUDSON
AdministrativeAssistanttotheSecretaryoftheArmy9916744
DISTRIBUTION:ActiveArmy,ArmyNationalGuard,andU.S.ArmyReserve:Tobedistributedinaccordancewiththeinitialdistributionnumber311368,requirementsforTM55-1680-351-10.
ByOrderoftheSecretaryoftheAirForce:TIMOTHYA.KINNANMajorGeneral,USAFCommanderHeadquarters Air Force Doctrine Center *Supersedes: AFP AM 36-2246, 1March1996
AirForceDistribution:F
