Urinary SystemUrinary System

FunctionFunction

1. _________1. _________

2. ________ of blood ________ and ________.2. ________ of blood ________ and ________.

3. regulation of the concentration of __________ 3. regulation of the concentration of __________ in the __________in the __________

4. Regulation of extracellular __________, 4. Regulation of extracellular __________, _________._________.

5. _________________________.5. _________________________.

I. Kidney StructureI. Kidney Structure

A. ExternalA. External1. Size of your _______.1. Size of your _______.2. ______________ shaped.2. ______________ shaped.3. _________ kidney is 3. _________ kidney is

slightly slightly _________ than the _________ than the left, due left, due to ____________.to ____________.

4. ___________ - anchors 4. ___________ - anchors kidney & adrenal kidney & adrenal

gland to gland to surrounding surrounding tissues.tissues.

5. ____________ - Cushion 5. ____________ - Cushion layer.layer.6. ____________ - thin, 6. ____________ - thin, transparent layer of transparent layer of

fibrous fibrous tissue.tissue.

B. InternalB. Internal1. Renal _______________ - inner most.1. Renal _______________ - inner most.

a. _______ - Concave portion where the renal a. _______ - Concave portion where the renal artery & artery & vein unit with the kidney.vein unit with the kidney.

b. ___________________ - space.b. ___________________ - space.c. ___________________ - membrane line basin.c. ___________________ - membrane line basin.d. _______ - funnel shaped channels from the d. _______ - funnel shaped channels from the

pelvis & pelvis & collects newly formed urine.collects newly formed urine.

2. ___________ - Outermost layer2. ___________ - Outermost layer

3. ____________3. ____________

4. ____________ - Parts of the cortex extends into the 4. ____________ - Parts of the cortex extends into the medulla.medulla.

5. ____________ - functional subunit of the kidney.5. ____________ - functional subunit of the kidney.

Kidney StructureKidney Structure

C. Blood Supply - 1200ml/min @ rest.C. Blood Supply - 1200ml/min @ rest.

To the nephronTo the nephron From the From the nephronnephron

1. _____ artery1. _____ artery 7. _________ 7. _________ ArteriolesArterioles

2. __________Arteries - 5 in the renal sinuses2. __________Arteries - 5 in the renal sinuses 8. ____________ 8. ____________ VeinsVeins

3. _________ Arteries - renal pyramids3. _________ Arteries - renal pyramids 9. ____________ 9. ____________ VeinsVeins

4. ____ Arteries - Between Cortex & medulla4. ____ Arteries - Between Cortex & medulla10. ___________ 10. ___________

VeinsVeins

5. _______________ Arteries - Cortex5. _______________ Arteries - Cortex 11. ___________ 11. ___________ VeinsVeins

6. ___________ Arterioles - to nephron6. ___________ Arterioles - to nephron 12. ___________ 12. ___________ VeinsVeins

Kidney OverviewKidney Overview

ReviewReview

What are some of the functions of the What are some of the functions of the excretory system?excretory system?

How much blood are in the kidneys at rest? How much blood are in the kidneys at rest? What are some factors that can influence What are some factors that can influence the amount of blood in the kidneys?the amount of blood in the kidneys?

What are the two parts of the kidneys?What are the two parts of the kidneys?

Blood Supply to KidneyBlood Supply to Kidney

D. _______________ - ____________kidneyD. _______________ - ____________kidney

A portion is in both the medulla & cortexA portion is in both the medulla & cortex

Two partsTwo partsa. Renal ________________a. Renal ________________

1. ___________________1. ___________________2. ___________________2. ___________________

a. ________ - pore in endothelial walls of a. ________ - pore in endothelial walls of glomerulus.glomerulus.

b. _________________ - specialized cells.b. _________________ - specialized cells.c. _________________c. _________________

b. Renal _______________ - Series of single layer tubulesb. Renal _______________ - Series of single layer tubules1. ________________________________1. ________________________________2. ________________________________2. ________________________________3. ________________________________3. ________________________________

E. Blood Flow Through E. Blood Flow Through NephronNephron

Blood __________ - Large -> Blood __________ - Large ->

______________ - Narrow & ______________ - Narrow & _________ high back _________ high back pressurepressure

EfferentEfferent

Blood <- Peritubular Tubulars Blood <- Peritubular Tubulars - porus & ________ pressure - porus & ________ pressure

NephroNephronn

F. _________________F. _________________

1. Distal _________ 1. Distal _________ tubular ________ the tubular ________ the _____________._____________.

2. ____________ the rate 2. ____________ the rate of ________ of ________ ___________.___________.

ReviewReview

What is a nephron?What is a nephron?

What are the two parts of the nephron?What are the two parts of the nephron?

What is the job of the podocytes?What is the job of the podocytes?

Where in the nephron is the juxtaglomular Where in the nephron is the juxtaglomular appratus?appratus?

II. Kidney Function

Removal of _________substances (through excretion - urea & uric acid) from the blood stream & maintain a fluid balance electrolyte concentration, & pH.

A. Urine formation

_______ L (145 gallons)/day - _______ time your total blood volume.

_______% of the fluid is returned to the blood stream.

___% ________ L is excreted as urine.

3 step process

1. _____________ - movement of blood plasma across the filtration membrane at the renal corpuscle.

a. _________ - fluid & dissolved substances that penetrate the membrane.

b. High _____________ pressure at the glomerulus (glomerular capillary pressure) pushes plasma through the filtration membrane.

c. Net Filtration pressure (NFP) 10mm of mercury.

d. Rate of __________ is determined by filtration that is __________.

High filtration _________= high volume of __________

ReabsorbtionReabsorbtion

2. Reabsorptiona. __________% of water, majority of nutrients, essential

ions are removed & transported to nearby peritubular capillaries. K+, Ca+, HCO3-, Cl-

b. ____________ of material is returned to the blood stream resulting in a concentration of wastes that remain in the tubule.

c. Filtrate vs urine

_______________ - Same as blood plasma except the lack of proteins.

__________ - more concentration of ions, urea, & uric acid

d. Reabsorption procedureProximal Convoluted Tubule ____% of

__________.

Main site of water & solute reabsorbtion.

Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule

Urine SubstancesUrine Substances

3. Loop of Henle 15% of reabsorption.

___________ - continues water reabsorption

Solute concentration increases

____________ - Reabsorption of solutes (Chloride, sodium)

More dilute because of the removal of solutes.

____________ - Reabsorption of solutes (Chloride, sodium)

More dilute because of the removal of solutes.

Reasorption in Distal tubule

collecting dcut

4. ______________ - Net movement of unwanted substance from the peritubular capillaries into the proximal convoluted.

How does this movement occur?

________________ - H ions (controls the body’s pH), Potassium ions, Penicillin)

__________ – urea

__________

ReviewReview

What are the three parts to urine What are the three parts to urine formation?formation?

How is each part different? What are How is each part different? What are some methods that each part uses for some methods that each part uses for urine formation?urine formation?

III. Urea & Uric Acid Formation___________ containing wastes products from _____________A. Urea

Liver’s metabolism of ______ creates ammonia (______), so it is quickly converted to ______ by the liver & released in to the bloodstream.______% is excreted in _______/______% is _________ by the body.

B. Uric AcidMetabolism of certain _______________._____% is ______ by urine

IV. Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume

______________in response to our changing condition of our _______ to maintain a constant blood composition & volume.

___________ -Increases slat in urine & _________ urine volume.

_________ exercise - Urine volume is less with ____________.

Juxtaglomerular regulates urine formation & is triggered when NFP ___________.

ReviewReview

Where does urea and uric acid come Where does urea and uric acid come from?from?

What are some activities that can increase What are some activities that can increase urine output? What are some that can urine output? What are some that can decrease urine output?decrease urine output?

A. _________ & __________ – _______ water re-absorption.

_______ converts a plasma protein to _______.

____________ is then converted in the blood into _____________.

___________ effects the adrenal _________ to release _______________ which increases re-absorption of Sodium, Chloride, water (increases blood pressure).

___________ in blood pressure, _________ NFP, increased in filtrate production.

B. ___________-Increases water re-absorption.

Released by the ________________

Regulates rate of active transport in the distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct.

____________ the re-absorption of _________ by transporting it out.

________ follows because of the ____________ ________________.

Volume of urine ___________, __________ in blood ______________.

C. ____________________ (ADH) - Posterior Pituitary Gland. Increases water _________________________.

______________ in blood volume - Pituitary releases ADH.Increases the permeability of distal tubules & collecting ducts to water.Water absorption ___________, therefore blood volume ______________._______________ in urine ______________.

D. _____________________- decreases water re-absorptionReleased by the cells in the right atrium of the heart when blood pressure changes within the heart.

___________ the ability of the kidneys to ________ water & solutes, resulting in a large volume of _________, therefore blood pressure ___________.

E. ____________________- Decreases water reabsorption

Nerve impulses from the ____________ nervous system stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of afferent arterioles.

_______________ results in decreased in blood flow passing through the glomerulus.

Decreased in ______________.

Decreased in __________ & ____________.

From heavy __________ or ___________.

Hormonal regulation overview

ReviewReview

Renin, angiotension I & II, aldosterone, Renin, angiotension I & II, aldosterone, and ADH increase water reabsorption, and ADH increase water reabsorption, how? Why would you need your body to how? Why would you need your body to reabsorb water?reabsorb water?

How does Atrial Natriuretic Factor decrease water reabsorption? Why?

V. Maintenance of Body Fluids

Uptake of water & _________ = __________.Organs involvedSkin, liver, organs of the alimentary canal, & kidney (largest effect).

VI Regulation of pH

________ - ______ are normal rangesLow ______ _______ (_________ or __________) high

pH Alkalosis (respiratory or metabolic).

A. Buffers. Resist changes in pH.Three main buffersProteinsPhosphates________________ - most important because it regulates the respiratory & urinary system.

H20 + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3In blood_____________________________

B. Respiratory System

(+) CO2, (-) pH, _________ increases in _____ breathing - more _______ _______ pH(+).(-) CO2, (+) pH, brain _______ breathing, _____ CO2 leaves, CO2 _____________ in tissues, (+)H ,(-) pH .

C. Kidney(-) pH, ___________ the rate of secretion of H @ the same time rate of ___________ of _______________.Excess H are removed & restoring the pH.

(+) pH _____________ rate of H secretion & ________________________Lower pH.

Regulation of pH

Regulation of Potassium

Regulation of Calcium

ReviewReview

What is the pH range that your body What is the pH range that your body should be in for normal function?should be in for normal function?

What is the main mechanism that controls What is the main mechanism that controls normal blood chemical ranges?normal blood chemical ranges?

How does your body deal with excessive How does your body deal with excessive Hydrogen ions?Hydrogen ions?

VII Ureters

A. __________ newly formed urine from the ________ to the _____________.

B. Pair tubular organ designed for ______________.

C. Arise from the renal _______.

D. Extend downward along the _________________.

E. Behind the peritoneum (_______________________).

E. Wall of each ureter as three layers.

1. __________ - ______ membrane, protects underlying cells from

the passage of urine.

2. ___________ -Smooth _______ & ______ fibers, peristaltic

contraction.

3. _________ - fibrous connective tissue

that protects the underlying tissue.

F. _______ at each opening that acts as a one way valve.

ReviewReview

What is the job of the ureter?What is the job of the ureter?

How many do ureters do you have?How many do ureters do you have?

Why is the ureter coated in mucus?Why is the ureter coated in mucus?

Why are there flaps at the top and bottom Why are there flaps at the top and bottom of the ureter?of the ureter?

IIX Urinary Bladder

A. Is an ___________ like organ that _______ urine from the ureters & stores it until release into the ____________.

B. Located on the _______ of the pelvis behind the ________.

C. ______ surface is only covered by peritoneum.

D. _______ are extremely _________.

E. Average capacity of _____ ml, but it can hold ______ that.

F. Ureteral openings.

G. ___________ - frequent site of urinary infections.

H. Walls of the bladder is made up of _____ layers:

1. Innermost – ________

2. ___________ - supportive.

3. Smooth muscle, ____________ -

__________ & ________ layers of fibers.

4. _______ connective tissue.

ReviewReviewWhat is the function of the urinary bladder?What is the function of the urinary bladder?

Why is the urinary bladder coated in mucus?Why is the urinary bladder coated in mucus?

What is the average capacity of the urinary What is the average capacity of the urinary bladder? What is the maximum capacity of the bladder? What is the maximum capacity of the urinary bladder?urinary bladder?

What is the purpose of smooth muscle in the What is the purpose of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder?urinary bladder?

IX UrethraIX UrethraA. _______ urine from the A. _______ urine from the urinary bladder to the _______, urinary bladder to the _______, differs between males & differs between males & females.females.

B. ________ urethral sphincter B. ________ urethral sphincter - _________ muscle, _____________ - _________ muscle, _____________ keeps urine in the bladder.keeps urine in the bladder.

C. ________ urethral sphincter - C. ________ urethral sphincter - _______ muscle – ________________ muscle – _________

1. _______1. _______a. ___ inches a. ___ inches

longlongb. Passes b. Passes through the through the __________.__________.c. Carries c. Carries __________ fluids.__________ fluids.

2. Females2. Femalesa. ____ inches a. ____ inches

longlong

X. _______ (voluntary control between 2-3)

A. Process of emptying the bladder & is both a _________ & ________ response.

B. ______ ml, bladder wall stretches to activate the ________ receptors.

C. Send a signal to the ______________.

D. Motor signal are sent to the bladder by a ____________.

E. _________ muscle to contract & _________ urethral sphincter to ______.

F. As _________ continues to contract, ___________ urge to void.

G. Maybe stopped by the ________ urethral sphincter if timing is not appropriate.

H. Further contraction of the detrusor

ReviewReviewWhat is the function of the urethra?What is the function of the urethra?

Define micturition.Define micturition.

Is micturition negative or positive feedback?Is micturition negative or positive feedback?

How big is the urinary bladder have to be in How big is the urinary bladder have to be in order to send a signal to begin micturition?order to send a signal to begin micturition?

XI Problems with the Urinary System

A. ________ - absence of urine due to kidney failure or obstruction

B. _________ - kidney stones due to increased salts in urine.

Uric acid crystals that precipitate out of the blood stream & build up in the lower gut.

__________ of calcium salts.

C. ___________ - Inflammation of the urinary bladder due to entry of a bacteria through the urethera.

D. ___________ - Presence of blood in the urine caused by cuts in the urinary tract

E. Renal Failure & Dialysis

1. loss of the kidney’s ability to respond to changes in the body.

2. rapid loss of fluid, electrolytes.

3. build up of wastesAcute - abrupt stoppage, temporary.

4. Pain, Reduce urine output, bleeding.

5. Injury, infection, drugs.

6. Chronic - progressive loss of kidney function because of reduced glomerular function.

7. Build of urea in blood, pH imbalance, electrolytes imbalance.

8. Kidney failure - no formation of urine, result in rapid build. of of toxic wastes, & acidic pH - death in 8 - 10 days.

9.Kidney transplant or dialysis - 3 times a week.

DialysisDialysis

XII Testing for healthy kidneys

A. ___________ - analysis of chemical content of a urine sample

ReviewReviewDefine urinalysis.Define urinalysis.

What are some causes that can affect the kidney What are some causes that can affect the kidney to stop its function?to stop its function?

How fast can death occur if the kidney does not How fast can death occur if the kidney does not return back to normal function?return back to normal function?

What can be done to preserve the life of an What can be done to preserve the life of an individual while waiting for a kidney transplant?individual while waiting for a kidney transplant?

What basic principle is dialysis based upon?What basic principle is dialysis based upon?