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Urban Water Use Characteristics
Saroj Sharma
2
Domestic (residential)
Commercial
Industrial
Public use
Miscellaneous
- distribution system
cleaning
- system losses
Urban Water Use
Source: Ageing Pipes and Murky Water (New Zealand, 2002)
3
4
Urban area, Singapore
5
6
Peri-urban area, Durban, South Africa
7
Climatic conditions
Size of the city
Standard of living
Quantity of water supplied
Pressure in the distribution system
Duration of supply (continuous or intermittent)
Price of water, rate structure and metering
Quality of water
Extent of industrial and commercial activities
Extent of waterborne sanitation/sewerage
Availability of other private water supply
Factors Affecting Urban Water Demand
8
91
136
167
202
209
265
350
355
431
666
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Kathmandu
UK average
Bogota
Manila
Delhi
Bangkok
Australia average
Tokyo
Canada average
USA average
Total average water consumption (lpcd)
Total Average Daily Consumption
Source: Second Water Utilities Data Book 1997 (ADB); Water and Wastewater Utility Data – 2nd Edition 1996 (WB)
9
336
278
268
249
195
158
145
132
129
120
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Canada
Japan
Australia average
Italy
Turkey
Switzerland
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
Belgium
Total average water consumption (lpcd)
Source: Household water pricing in OECD Countries (OECD 1999)
Household water consumption in some OECD countries (1995 Statistics)
10
Urban Water Use Characteristics
% of total urban water use Sector
Southern California
Sydney (Australia)
US cities Average
Domestic 66.7 65 44
Commercial 16.9 10 24
Industrial 5.6 14 15 Public use 3.6 6 9 Others 7.2 5 8
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City Domestic Non-domestic NRW% % %
Osaka 50 43 7Chengdu 36 46 18Shanghai 54 30 16Hongkong 37 38 25Karachi 57 13 30Kathmandu 61 2 37Ho Chi Minh 45 17 38Dhaka 54 6 40Kualalumpur 30 27 43Jakarta 29 20 51Delhi 37 10 53Colombo 25 20 55Manila 23 15 62
Urban water use characteristics in some Asian cities Source: Water in Asian Cities, ADB (2004)
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Source: Sustainable Water Use in Europe (EEA 2001)
Household uses England and Wales (%)
Finland (%) Switzerland (%)
Toilet flushing 33 14 33
Bathing and Showering
20 29 32
Washing machines and dish washing
14 30 16
Drinking and cooking
3 4 3
Miscellaneous 27 21 14
External use 3 2 2
Pattern of Water Use in Household
13
Residential Water Use - Australia
Source: Thomas G. Parry: Influencing demand - water pricing
14
Residential Water Use – Winnipeg, Canada