Urban Groundwater Monitoring and Management

377 million live in

Management

377 million live in urban areas

But what is happening underground?Sushil GuptaChairman, CGWB

Urbanization- Indian Context• 31.16 % of the total population lives

in urban areas, as per 2011 census.• Rapid urbanization results in a large• Rapid urbanization results in a large

scale consumption of ground water.• Its is expected that by 2021 approxp y pp

40% people would live in urban areawhere major economic activitieswould take placewould take place.

• Innovative urban planning contributeto economic development bystrengthening urban infrastructure.

• Urban sector presently contributesabout 62%–63% of the Indian GDPabout 62%–63% of the Indian GDPand expected to increase to 75% by2021. Source-Planning Commission report

Urban water supply system in Indian cities

There are 3 types of situation.

• Entire water supply from surface water

• Entire water supply from ground water.

• Mixed supply, a combination of both.

URBAN GROUNDWATER USEURBAN GROUNDWATER USEclassification of settings and scenariosclassification of settings and scenariosclassification of settings and scenariosclassification of settings and scenarios

DelhiDelhi

Kolkata

Ch iChennai

URBAN DEVELOPMENTURBAN DEVELOPMENT“one person’s solution becomes the others problem”“one person’s solution becomes the others problem”p pp p

The Integrating Element

GROUNDWATERGROUNDWATERGROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER & THE CITY& THE CITYan evolving (oftenan evolving (often--an evolving (often an evolving (often

unsustainable) unsustainable) relationshiprelationship

Impact of urbanization on ground water regime

Ground water abstraction results in :

• Progressive lowering of ground water level.

• Decrease in well yieldDecrease in well yield.• Changes in surface water-

ground water relationship .• Infiltration from rivers• Infiltration from rivers.• Saline water intrusion ( fig 1 )• Large scale lowering may

ti fcause compaction of sediments, mainly clays and silts causing subsidence.Fig. 1 Saline water intrusion

Impact of Urbanization over Ground water

• Reduction of recharge areadue to roads, building anddue to roads, building andpavements.

• Deterioration of groundwaterquality due to mixing ofqua ty due to g osewerage water throughunlined open drains, leakagefrom cesspits and septic

Acid mine drainage

tanks.• Acid mine drainage• Contamination from industrial

wastes• Radioactive contamination

Industrial wastesIndustrial wastes

Impact of Urbanization over Ground water

Water accumulationWater accumulation

wastewater infiltration

Process of groundwater pollution Class I & Class II cities and Town

38254 MLD Waste water Generated

35 Metro cities 15644 MLD Waste water Generated

Treatment Capacity only 8040 MLD

Untreated water accumulation in nearby surface water body

City Cesspoolssurface water body

G d W t ll tiGround Water pollution

Source: CPCB report

Absolute Rise and Fall in Water Level (Pre Monsoon 2002 to Pre Monsoon 2011) in Urban Cities of India

S No. State Urban City Rise (m) Fall (m)1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad -3.322 A dh P d h Vij d 0 882 Andhra Pradesh Vijayvada 0.883 Andhra Pradesh Vishakhapatnam 2.964 Bihar Patna -3.565 G j t Ah d b d 2 835 Gujarat Ahmadabad 2.836 Gujarat Rajkot -6.347 Gujarat Surat 2.008 G j t V d d 6 688 Gujarat Vadodara 6.689 Haryana Faridabad -15.12

10 Jharkhand Dhanbad 1.2511 Jharkhand Janshedpur 5 9111 Jharkhand Janshedpur 5.9112 Karnataka Bangalore 1.4013 Kerala Kochi 0.3814 Madhya Pradesh Indore 1 5614 Madhya Pradesh Indore 1.5615 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal -0.4016 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur -2.90

Contd….S No. State Urban City Rise (m) Fall (m)

17 Maharashtra Greater Mumbai -6.7718 Maharashtra Nagpur -2.38gp19 Maharashtra Nashik 0.2620 Maharashtra Pune -1.7321 NCT Delhi Delhi -8.7522 Punjab Amritsar -3.9523 Punjab Ludhiana -13.1524 Rajsthan Jaipur -16.3525 Tamil Nadu Chennai 2.5326 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore 4.0127 Tamil Nadu Madurai -1.8628 Utt P d h A 3 2928 Uttar Pradesh Agra 3.2929 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad -3.4530 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur -2.6031 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow 0 5231 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow -0.5232 Uttar Pradesh Meerut -1.9533 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi -4.77

Case StudiesCase Studies

CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA

Kolkata

GROUND WATER SCENARIO IN AHMEDABAD –GANDHINAGAR (TWIN CITY)GANDHINAGAR (TWIN CITY)

Gujarat

Ahmedabad - Gandhinagar - Twin City with surrounding urban areas

Gandhinagar City

with surrounding urban areas

Gandhinagar Ahmedabad City

CGWB piezometers in Ahmedabad & Gandhinagar area shows continuous decline of deep water level since last two decades

Fence diagram of the Guwahati area

Spatial distribution of Fe and F in greater Guwahati area

FENCE DIAGRAM

85°-05' 85°-10'

N

DA

NA

PU

R

AM

KU

AN

NGANGA R

FENCE DIAGRAMPATNA URBAN AREACGWB, MER, PATNA

S

EW

0 5 Km2.5

ScaleA

UL

WA

RI S

HA

RIF

NIS

ABA

D

MIT

HA

PU

R KA

DA

KH

AJE

KALA

N

GAM

PUR

PIR

DA

MAR

IA

NGA R.ScaleK

HA

GA

PH

ULW A

N

BEG

0

60

25°35'

25°35'

ER

60

120

DE

PTH

IN M

ETE

LEGEND

Clay with silt and Kankar (supports dugwells, Phreatic aquifer)

Medium to Coarse sand Coarse sand+Gravel

180

240

Clay Fine to Medium sand

85°-05' 85°-10'

gl)

0

3

Wat

er L

evel

(m

bg

6

W 9

12

YEAR

15

CHANDIGARHCHANDIGARH

WATER SUPPLY• REPLENISHABLE GW RESOURCES – 2030 hamREPLENISHABLE GW RESOURCES 2030 ham

– BY AND LARGE UNUTILIZED• CHD WATER SUPPLY BYE LAWS • TWIN PROBLEM:

– HEAVY DECLINE IN DEEPER AQUIFERSWATER LEVELS IN THE SHALLOW – WATER LEVELS IN THE SHALLOW AQUIFER VERY SHALLOW IN THE SOUTHERN SECTORS

• WATER LOGGING• DEWATERING• 1420 HAM( 8.6 MGD = 39mld ) CAN BE

AUGMENTED• PUMPING TO BE CONCENTRATED IN THE • PUMPING TO BE CONCENTRATED IN THE

SOUTHERN SECTORS : 39 TO 55

162 monitoring stations

NCT OF DELHI

GROUNDWATER QUALITY GROUNDWATER QUALITY -- DELHIDELHI

The quality of groundThe quality of groundwater is fresh down to30 m. to 70 m., belowwhich the water isbrackish to saline.

Fresh/Saline waterinterface is deep(approximately 70 m(approximately 70 mbgl) in Palla area and inJagatpur & Sonia Viharareas ground water isbrackish/saline even atshallower depths of 20pto 25 m.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY GROUNDWATER QUALITY -- DELHIDELHI

Salinity of ground water isy gmeasured in terms of EC. TheEC values of ground water ofNew Delhi ranges fromNew Delhi ranges from237μS/cm at TRANSCOWazirabad in North East district

S/ 0Cto 16700μS/cm at 250C at Kairin district South west.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY GROUNDWATER QUALITY -- DELHIDELHI

The nitrate (NO3)The nitrate (NO3)concentration in groundwaterranges from trace at few

l t 1500 /l t Tik iplaces to 1500mg/l at TikriKalan in West district. Inabout 73.4% of the samples,Nitrate is more than the safedrinking water limit of 45 mg/l

GROUNDWATER QUALITY GROUNDWATER QUALITY -- DELHIDELHI

Fluoride is present inalmost all samples and itsconcentration generallyvaries from 0.07 mg/l atvaries from 0.07 mg/l atKatlupur in district NorthWest to 7.24 mg/l at KhairaKalan also in district NorthKalan also in district NorthWest. In about 14.5% ofthe samples, fluoride ismore than the safe drinkingwater limit of 1.5mg/l.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY GROUNDWATER QUALITY -- DELHIDELHI

Limit: 0.01 mg/lLimit: 0.05 mg/l

GROUNDWATER QUALITY GROUNDWATER QUALITY -- DELHIDELHI

Limit : 0.05 mg/l (may relax upto : 1.5 mg/l)

Limit : 0.1 mg/l

Sample data ofSample data of DWLR with

telemetry Installed t Sh Sh ktiBhawan, Delhi

at Shram ShaktiBhawan, Delhi

GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

• Utilizing Potential Aquifers underlying Yamuna Flood Plains65 MGD65 MGDFour Potential areas:

• Palla-Hiranki Sector• Akshardham Mandir- Mayur Vihar Sector• DND Flyover Sector• Kalindi Kunj-Jaitpur Sector

• Rain Water Harvesting and artificial recharge to ground waterRain Water Harvesting and artificial recharge to ground water

• Development of Groundwater resources of NCR – 740 MGDThree potential areas :

f C• Yamuna Flood Plains of NCR• Areas along Upper Ganga Canal in NCR• Ganga Flood Plains of NCR

• Development of Brackish Water Aquifers – 80 MGD

• Waste water reuse/recycle

• Efficient use

Rainwater Harvesting and Artificial Recharge structures in Delhi city

• Influence of water management on aquifers in urban areas:

• Shift to surface water• Shut down tubewells which help recovery of ground

water levelwater level.