UR...GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay Current differential requires both relays to be in time synchronization for differential calculations. Tx Rx Rx Tx L90 #1 L90 #2

g GE Power Management

UR - The Universal Relay

URUR Features Features

• FAMILY of relays built on a common platform

– Common “look & feel” for ease of use product to product

– All “bells & whistles”, present and future, available to whole

family

– Reduced training time and drafting costs

• MODULAR architecture

– Scaleable - accommodates a scaleable I/O architecture

– Flexible - accommodates different types of I/O

– Upgradeable - accommodates upgrading to new technologies

• FAMILY of relays built on a common platform

– Common “look & feel” for ease of use product to product

– All “bells & whistles”, present and future, available to whole

family

– Reduced training time and drafting costs

• MODULAR architecture

– Scaleable - accommodates a scaleable I/O architecture

– Flexible - accommodates different types of I/O

– Upgradeable - accommodates upgrading to new technologies


URUR Features Features

• COMMUNICATIONS

– High-speed networking capability (Ethernet - fiber, redundancy)

– Multiple Protocols - UCA 2.0, DNP 3.0, Modbus, IEC-870-101

• SUBSTATION Automation - System Solution

– PMCS + UR with UCA 2.0 MMS/Ethernet

• COMMUNICATIONS

– High-speed networking capability (Ethernet - fiber, redundancy)

– Multiple Protocols - UCA 2.0, DNP 3.0, Modbus, IEC-870-101

• SUBSTATION Automation - System Solution

– PMCS + UR with UCA 2.0 MMS/Ethernet


Software IssuesSoftware Issues

• Software accounts for 90% of digital relay design

• Most support functions are required in all types of relays

• Market needs are driving shorter development cycles

• Software accounts for 90% of digital relay design

• Most support functions are required in all types of relays

• Market needs are driving shorter development cycles


Solution: Modular SoftwareSolution: Modular Software

Modular SoftwareModular Software

‘Object Oriented Design’

allows for scalable,flexible and re-useablesoftware and features

Protection Class

•TOC

•IOC

•Distance

•Differential

•Frequency

•Volts/Hz

•etc

Objects


Hardware IssuesHardware Issues

• Microprocessor / Integrated Circuit Functionalityis increasing exponentially

• Components can become obsolete in 1 to 2 years

• Utility expect a 20+ year life

• Microprocessor / Integrated Circuit Functionalityis increasing exponentially

• Components can become obsolete in 1 to 2 years

• Utility expect a 20+ year life


Solution: Modular Hardware DesignSolution: Modular Hardware Design

Modular Hardware DesignModular Hardware Design

Concept


Physical Realization

Common PlatformCommon Platform

• Common hardware modules

• Common software modules

• Capability to run a wide varietyof applications

• Result: Universal Relay (UR)

Application Software

Transformer

Application

Line

ApplicationGenerator

Application

Feeder

Application

Control (PLC)

Application


HardwareHardware

• Flash memory

• Draw-out modules forserviceability

• Expandable I/O

• Field upgradable

• Flash memory

• Draw-out modules forserviceability

• Expandable I/O

• Field upgradable


HardwareHardware


• 4RU, 19 inch rack-mount chassis

• Hinged faceplate allows easy access to modules

• Faceplate can be mounted separately on doors forapplications limited in depth

• Extension cable connects faceplate to main unit

Configurable I/O via sub-modules

Sub-Modules

Hardware - Modular I/OHardware - Modular I/O


Modular design allows all modules to be easilyinserted or removed for upgrading or repair.Field wiring is left undisturbed

Draw-Out ModulesDraw-Out Modules


Hardware - Interfaces Hardware - Interfaces

CONTACT INPUTS (expandable)

Configurable inputs may be used for:

– Breaker status

– Oscillography trigger

– Control inputs

CONTACT INPUTS (expandable)

Configurable inputs may be used for:

– Breaker status

– Oscillography trigger

– Control inputs


CONTACT OUTPUTS (expandable)

Fully programmable

– Trip rated Form-A relays

– Form-C relays

– Fast Form-C relays

CONTACT OUTPUTS (expandable)

Fully programmable

– Trip rated Form-A relays

– Form-C relays

– Fast Form-C relays

User Interfaces User Interfaces

PROGRAM UPDATING

– Flash memory storageof firmware for field

updating viacommunications port.

Enables productupdating on-site forlatest features

PROGRAM UPDATING

– Flash memory storageof firmware for field

updating viacommunications port.

Enables productupdating on-site forlatest features


COMMUNICATIONS

– Modbus RTU onRS485 @ 115 kbps

– MMS/UCA 2.0 onRedundant 10BaseF

COMMUNICATIONS

– Modbus RTU onRS485 @ 115 kbps

– MMS/UCA 2.0 onRedundant 10BaseF

POWERFUL PROCESSORS

Numerical data processingusing a 32 bit CPU and

DSP for high speedcomplex task processing

POWERFUL PROCESSORS

Numerical data processingusing a 32 bit CPU and

DSP for high speedcomplex task processing

FlexLogic minimizes the requirement for auxiliary components andwiring while making more complex schemes possible.

FlexLogicFlexLogic

URPC


Virtual Inputs / Outputsextend the I/O capability of the

relay to LAN communications.

Virtual Inputs / OutputsVirtual Inputs / Outputs


• Networkable

• Peer to peercommunications

• Self-defining data

• External dataaccess viacorporate WAN

Peer to Peer CommunicationsPeer to Peer Communications


MeteringMetering

• Current (Phase, Neutral and Ground) -Accuracy: ± 0.25% of reading or ± 0.1% of rating from 0.1 to 2.0 x

CT rating (whichever is greater)

• Voltage (Vab Vbc Vca Van Vbn Vcn) -Accuracy: ± 0.25% of reading from 10 to 208 V

• Apparent Power (VA) - Accuracy: ± 1.0% of reading

• Real Power (Watts) - Accuracy: ± 1% of reading

• Reactive (Vars) - Accuracy: ± 1%

• Power Factor - Accuracy: ± 0.02

• Current (Phase, Neutral and Ground) -Accuracy: ± 0.25% of reading or ± 0.1% of rating from 0.1 to 2.0 x

CT rating (whichever is greater)

• Voltage (Vab Vbc Vca Van Vbn Vcn) -Accuracy: ± 0.25% of reading from 10 to 208 V

• Apparent Power (VA) - Accuracy: ± 1.0% of reading

• Real Power (Watts) - Accuracy: ± 1% of reading

• Reactive (Vars) - Accuracy: ± 1%

• Power Factor - Accuracy: ± 0.02


MonitoringMonitoring

• Oscillography– 64 samples / power frequency cycle

– Adjustable Memory (1 record / 128 cycles to 31 records / 8 cycles)

– 6 Analog, 15 digital channels can be displayed

– Selectable triggers

– Adjustable trigger position

• Event Recorder– 1024 events, events are date and time stamped to nearest millisecond

– Selection of points to monitor (pickup, operation, logic, I/O)


ConnectivityConnectivity

•• Communications– Protocols

– Peer to Peer Communications

•• URPC™

•• Integration


CommunicationsCommunications

PROTOCOLS

• Modbus RTU protocol

– Standard Front Port: RS232

– Rear Port: RS485 up to 115kbps

• UCA2 protocol– Application: MMS

– Physical: 10BaseT (Ethernet) or 10BaseF (Fiber Optic)

– Transport layer ISO-OSI and TCP/IP

PROTOCOLS

• Modbus RTU protocol

– Standard Front Port: RS232

– Rear Port: RS485 up to 115kbps

• UCA2 protocol– Application: MMS

– Physical: 10BaseT (Ethernet) or 10BaseF (Fiber Optic)

– Transport layer ISO-OSI and TCP/IP


URPC Program FeaturesURPC Program Features

• View actual values

• View/edit setting on-line

• View Event Recorder for

troubleshooting

• Upgrade relay firmware

programming

• View relay Status

• View/edit setting off-line with

setting file manager

• On-line instruction manual

• Download & view oscillography

in Comtrade format

Windows 95/ NT Based SoftwareWindows 95/ NT Based Software


The three main types of data - Snapshot data, Oscillographic data, and

Settings data - can be accessed from this screen, the Event recorder.

Snapshot Data

Oscillographic Data

Settings Change Data

Event Recorder Capture ScreenEvent Recorder Capture Screen


Snapshot DataSnapshot Data


OscillographicOscillographic Data Data


Settings Change DataSettings Change Data


UR Relay TypesUR Relay Types


•• F30 Feeder Management Relay (9/98)• L90 Line Current Differential (11/98)• C30 Controller/Metering (2/99)• C60 Controller/Metering/Breaker Failure (4/99)• F60 Feeder Management Relay (4/99)• T60 Transformer Management relay (4/99)• D60 Line Distance Relay (5/99)• L60 Line Current Phase Comparison Relay (6/99)

Staged release of enhancements to platform andindividual relay models

Substation AutomationSubstation Automation


The UR Relay is the Engine for Substation Automation


UR - The Universal Relay


UR L90 Line Differential Relay

An integrated transmission line protection

system for series compensated lines

g GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay

The second Relay designed from the ground

up around the MMS/UCA 2TM Ethernet

communications standard. Giving you the

flexibility, connectivity and power to manage

your facility.

Connectivity

� ModBus RTU

� MMS/UCA2TM Protocols

� SI Compatibility

Flexibility

� FlexCurves

� FlexLogic

� FlexModules

� Other Features

Power to Protect Your LinesPower to Protect Your Lines

gGE Power Management

Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview

� Applications� Protection and Control� New & Unique Concepts� User Interfaces� Order Codes

L90 Line Differential Relay

ApplicationsApplications

The L90 is a digital current differential relay systemintended to provide complete protection fortransmission lines of any voltage level.

�Overhead Lines and Cables�Lines with 2 Terminals�EHV, HV, Sub-Transmission�With/ without Series Compensation


Transmission LineTransmission Line

Protection & Metering Protection & Metering


Protection & Control FunctionsProtection & Control Functions

�Current Differential with Adaptive Restraint�High Speed Tripping, 1/2 - 2 cycles�Backup Overcurrent�Direct Transfer Trip�Stub Bus Protection


Current Differential SchemeCurrent Differential Scheme

�Similar to a Percentage Restraint Scheme�Adaptive Statistical Restraint�Adaptive Based on Relay Measurements�More Accurate and Sensitive Fault Sensing�Detects High Impedance Single Line to Ground Faults that Existing Systems may not Detect


New & Unique ConceptsNew & Unique Concepts

� Data Consolidation� Restraint Characteristic� Sampling Synchronization


Three key technical considerations in

designing a new current differential relay:

Data ConsolidationData Consolidation

� Balance between transient response and bandwidth � Phase consolidation:

– Phase current information is combined

– Faulted phase information is lost

– L90 does not use phase consolidation

� Time consolidation:– Reduces communication bandwidth requirements

– Improves security caused by single corrupted data sample

– L90 uses time consolidation


Extract appropriate parameters to be transmitted

from raw samples of transmission line currents

Phaselets Phaselets ConceptConcept


0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 2246

4

2

0

2

4

65

-5

fy ( )n

2240 n1

2

3

4

5

6

7

89

1

0 1

1 1

2 1

3 1

4 1

5 1

6Full Cycle Window

= 8 Phaselets

Phaselet

( 1/8 cycle)

Disturbance Detector

50DD

Disturbance Detector

50DD

Phaselets Phaselets Concept - Concept - PrefaultPrefault


+X

-X

+R

1st Pre-Fault Phaselet:

Disturbance Detector resets

calculation window.

Area of

uncertainty

+X

-X

+R+X

-X

+R

-X

+R

+X

Full Cycle

Pre-Fault Phasor

(No uncertainty)

Phaselet 1

Phaselet 4

Phaselet 6

Phaselet 8

Phaselets Phaselets Concept - FaultConcept - Fault


-X

+R

+X

1st Fault Phaselet:

Disturbance Detector resets

calculation window.

+X

-X

+R +X

-X

+R

-X

+R

+X

Full Cycle

Fault Phasor

(No uncertainty)

Phaselet 9

Phaselet 12

Phaselet 14

Phaselet 16



Phaselet Simulation on ‘Noisy’ Waveform

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128

0f( )n

n

Sinusoid with random white Gaussian noise.



0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

2.2

2.4

maxmagw

minmagw

w

Decreasing

‘area of uncertainty’

(or variance error) as

phaslet window size

increases.

Convergence

of uncertainty area

to equivalent of full cycle

Fourier Transform.

Phaselets improve operating speed while maintaining security.

Phaselet Simulation on ‘Noisy’ Waveform

Restraint CharacteristicRestraint Characteristic


Classic Dual-Slope Restraint Characteristic

Protected

Element

I1 I2

Iop = | I1 + I2 |

Ioperate = Iop = | I1 + I2 |

Irestraint = Ir = K [ |I1| + |I2|]

Ioperate

Irestraint

K1

K2

Restraint CharacteristicRestraint Characteristic


Classic Dual-slope Characteristic L90 - Adaptive Elliptical Restraint Im

Re

Iop

Dynamic restraint region

based on magnitude of

the variance error

measurement (i.e. the

difference between the

actual values measured

and the estimated data

from the Fourier

Transform calculation)

When the waveform is

distorted due to CT

saturation, harmonic

content, or fault initiation

transients, the restraint

region will grow larger.

Static restraint

region formed by

classic method

Im

Re

IopIr

L90 combines the classic method with adaptive elliptical

restraint to improve both security and dependability.

Sampling SynchronizationSampling Synchronization


• Clocks are synchronized to each other (no master clock)• Phases are synchronized to each other

– Primary source is current measurements

– Secondary source is time tagged messages (ping-pong)

– Timing error is driven to zero

– Phase angle deviations are minimized (



Current differential requires both relays to be in

time synchronization for differential calculations.Tx

Rx

Rx

Tx

L90

#1

L90

#2

Communications

Channel

t0

t3

t2

t1

tf

tr

tf = forward travel time

tr = return travel time

tf = tr = t3 - t0 - (t2 - t1) 2

“Ping-Pong”

Synchronization

Technique:

Traditional “Ping-Pong”

synchronization technique assumes

forward time delay (tf) is equal to

the return travel time (tr). This is

NOT the case for communications

equipment found in the

utility/industrial environment.



• Minimizes variance on channel delays and jitter by averaging

• “Ping-Pong” calculations

• Implements a DPLL (digital phase-locked-loop) allowing the

Ping-Pong algorithm to stabilize to new path delays.

• Calculates phase error at each end due to channel delays and

compensates clocks at both ends

L90 Improvements on “Ping-Pong” Synchronization scheme:

FlexibilityFlexibility

�� Relay Channels

� FlexCurvesTM

�� FlexLogicTM

�� FlexModulesTM

� Metering and Monitoring


Relay ChannelsRelay Channels


• 820 nm Multi-mode Fiber (LED)

• 1300 nm Multi-mode Fiber (LED)

• 1300 nm Single-mode Fiber (ELED)

• 1300 nm Single-mode Fiber (Laser)

• G.703 (April 99)

• RS422 (April 99)

Two Terminal Communication Channels

Three Terminal Available in April ‘99

Typical application of

FlexCurves:

When the protectioncurves used for lateral taps2 and 3 differ; customFlexCurves can beconstructed to coordinatewith both.

FlexCurvesFlexCurves


MonitoringMonitoring

�� Fault Location

� IRIG-B Time Synchronization

�� CT Failure/Current Unbalance� Trip Circuit Monitors� Channel Monitor� Test Features

– Local loopback for channel

– Manual test mode

– Playback of oscillography files


PROTECTIVE COVER

� Protects keypad when not in use� Can be fitted with a seal

RESET KEY

� Clears event, EVENT CAUSE LED

� indicators, and latched alarms

User InterfacesUser Interfaces


STATUS INDICATORS

IN SERVICE: The relay is operating normally

TROUBLE: Self-test detected a problem

TEST MODE: The relay is in test mode

TRIP: A trip command had been issued

ALARM: An alarm condition is present

PICKUP: Pickup condition detected

RS232 SERIAL PORT

� Connect to a PC to run URPC

� Use for downloading settings, monitoring

data, sequence of events reports, Oscillography



EVENT CAUSE LED INDICATORS

VOLTAGE: Event caused by voltage

CURRENT: Event caused by current

FREQUENCY: Not applicable

OTHER: Not applicable

PHASE A Indicates which

PHASE B phase was

PHASE C involved

NEUTRAL/GROUND

RS232 SERIAL PORT

� Connect to a PC to run URPC

� Use for downloading settings, monitoring

data, sequence of events reports, Oscillography



DISPLAY

� 40 character vacuum fluorescent display

� Visible in dim lighting or at any angle

� Used for programming, monitoring, status,

fault diagnosis, user programmable

messages and settings

KEYPAD

� Numerical keypad and command keys

allow full access to the relay

� Rubber keypad is dust tight and

splash-proof with door

� Website address via HELP for technical

support

G E P O W E R M A N A G E M E N TR E L A Y

MENU

HELP

ESCAPE

ENTER

MESSAGE

VALUE



CONTACT INPUTS (Expandable)Configurable inputs may be used for:

� Breaker status

� Oscillography trigger

� Control inputs

CONTACT OUTPUTS (Expandable)

� Trip rated Form-A relays� Form-C relays that may be programmed for

� auxiliary functions



COMMUNICATIONS� ModBus® RTU on RS485 @

115 kbps

� MMS/UCA 2.0 on Redundant

10BaseF

POWERFUL PROCESSORSNumerical data processing using a

32 bit CPU and DSP for high speed

complex task processing

PROGRAM UPDATINGFlash memory storage of firmware for field

updating via communications port. Enables

product updating on-site for latest features.



Order CodeOrder Code

L90 - * 00 - H C * - F ** - H * * - L * *- N* *- S**- U**- W**


Base Unit L90 Base Unit

CPU A RS485 + RS485

C RS485 + 10BaseF

D RS485 + Redundant 10BaseF

Software Options 00 No software options

Mounting H Horizontal

Faceplate C Faceplate with keypad and display

Power Supply L 24/48 V (Low); 19-60 VDC, 19-81 VAC

H 125/250 V (High); 88-300 VDC, 70-265 VAC

CT/VT 8A Standard 4CT/4VT

Digital I/O XX No module

6G 4 Form-A, 8 inputs

6I 4 SCR outputs, 16 inputs

Digital I/O 6A 6A 6A 6A 2 Form-A, 2 Form-C, 8 inputs

6B 6B 6B 6B 2 Form-A, 2 Form-C, 4 inputs

6C 6C 6C 6C 8 Form-C outputs

6D 6D 6D 6D 16 Inputs

6E 6E 6E 6E 4 Form-C, 8 inputs

6F 6F 6F 6F 4 Form-A, 8 inputs

6G 6G 6G 6G 8 Fast Form-C outputs

6H 6H 6H 6H 4 Form-A, 8 inputs

6I 6I 6I 6I 6 Form-A, 4 inputs

6J 6J 6J 6J 4 SS SCR outputs, 8 inputs

6K 6K 6K 6K 4 Form-C, 4 Fast Form-C

Inter-Relay Communications 7A 820 nm, multi-mode, LED, 2 Terminal

7B 1300 nm, multi-mode, LED, 2 Terminal

7C 1300 nm, single-mode, ELED, 2 Terminal

7D 1300 nm, single-mode, LASER, 2 Terminal

7R G.703 2 Terminal

7T RS422 2 Terminal


UR L90 Line Differential Relay

An integrated transmission line protection

system for series compensated lines

Documents

UR...GE Power Management L90 Line Differential Relay Current differential requires both relays to be in time synchronization for differential calculations. Tx Rx Rx Tx L90 #1 L90 #2