The functions of simple characters:a. Slmpllclty and lifelikeness: the simple characters can make an important contribution to the overall of a work of fiction. The simple character, then, can serve very well as a minor character in fiction .contributing to our sense of the overall lifelikeness of the story.b. Slmpllclty and Imagination: the simple character is not limited in fiction to use as as a minor character, part of the background against which main action is played out. To know the function, we must distinct between the setreotyped simple character und the individualized simple charcter. Stereotypes are substitutes for imagination the individualized simple character is an original imaginative creation. Stereotype will appear as major charactersonly in fiction of very low order. But the individualized simple charcter may be an imaginative accomplishments worthy to take a central position in fiction of the very highest order. It can be drown that the simple character or the stereotype may appear in a minor role in serious fiction, but will play a major part, as a general rule, only in inferior fiction. Evaluation of character types: it is an oversimplification to assert without qualification that the complex character is a greater achievementthan the simple. So, we must ask what the character contributes to the story, and the author must always choose the Kind of character appropriate to his overall purposemethods of character portrayal

discursive method: the writer enumerates the qualities of the character simply and may even express approval or disapproval. The advantages of this method are simplicity and economy, the writer who is content to tell us directly to the characters, can quickly finish the job of characterization and go on to other things._ The ,disadvantage of it is relatively mechanically and discourages the readers' imaginative participation, that is the reader is not encouraged to react directly to the characters, to make up his own mind about them, as he must react to and make up his own mind about the real people he meets. The dramatic method: the author allows his characters to reveal themselves to us through their own words and actions, that is, how character is revealed to us in drama. The advantage of dramatic method is more lifelike and invites the reader's active participation in the story. The disadvantages of this method are less econcrntcol. and since to show the character takes longer than to tell. While it encourages file reader's active participation, it also increases the possibility of his misjudging the character. The contextual me hod: it 1s about the device of suggesting .character by the verbal context that surrounds the character e.g. a characters constantly describe terms appropriate to abest of prey, the reader may well conclude that the author is trying to tel him something.

omething..c>.--c: ~~" ~ J.~ & ~fng methods the

cont extual method can be combined w\th the

other methods f n evoluofing an au th or, s method of characterization,

fhe reader must keep in mind the appropriateness of the outnor' s

methods to the over all design of the story.

I.PL T = -The nature of plot, plot reveals events to us not only in their temporal,but also in

their causal relationships. Plot makes us aware of events not merely elements in a temporal series but also as an intricate pattern of cause and effect. The structure of plot: it is about the discernible pattern of the division ot

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the story into beginning, middle_and end. For the writer chooses,,to begin the story at one point and end it at another, he need not to feelbound by temporal sequence in moving from beginning through middle to end.~ Beginning: the beginning may be what come first in time, besides temporal sequence, determines the choice of beginning. For instance, Nathaniel Hawthorne's 'Young Goodman Brown'' was stoted: ''Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street at Solern village:

but put his head back, after crossing the thresnotd. to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife. And Faith, as the wife was aptly named, thrust her own pretty head into the street, letting the wind Play with the pink ribbons of her cap while she called to goodman brown.Expositions : it introduce to the storys title character about intorming the name and the profile of the characters, and the setting ot the story. It is the element if instability, the situation with which the story begins will contain within it a hidden or overt element of instability.Suspence : it is an expectant uncertainlyas the outcome of the story and a matter of not knowing how things will turn out involving some awareness of the possibility and some concern about them .

The middle . it moves from the end of the beginning to the beginning of the middle as the elements tending towards instability in the initial situation group themselves into what we recognize as a pattern ofconflict.

1. Conflict: it is related to the instability pattern including the crisis emerges and starts to happen in the story. For an example, in Young Goodman Brown this pattern emerges upon Brown's encounter with a strange man in the forest. Brown has been thinking of what is to happen that night and musing that knowledge of it would kill his wife,Faith. The starnge man has been expecting Brown and is, it seems, to be his companion for the evening. But Brown indicates that he wishes to return ome. It is in Brown's attempt to resis the will of his companion that the conflict becomes evident.

3. Climax: the story's highest point intesity, occurs when srown tirids that

his wife, Faith, the wife he had betieved would be k\\\ed~ by the very

thought of such evil practices, is among the converts.

he end: it consists of everything from the climax to the denoument, or

;1~11.,e of the story. In Young Goodman Brown, the end is devoted

:cma'h of Brown's experience in the forest. Shattered by what

has happened, he lives out his life in misery. and we are told " his dying

hour was gloom.''

4. POINT OF VIEW

DEFINITION OF POINT OF VIEW

An analogy: Let's try an analogy. Compare point of view in fictton with point

of view in purely physical terms. If I stand directly in front of you, I can't see

your shoulder blades. If I want to see your shoulder blades, one of us has to move. That is, I have to look at you from another point of view. In short, from any single physical point of view, there are some things I can see, and somethings I con not.

' Point of view is the term of which angle the story gets told.

-~~;:-:.: The author's power: for the author's relation to the world he creates in fiction,

the author is the ultimate source of being of every person, place, thing and

9vent in his work and know all there is to know about the creatures of his

......~. iimagination. To decde whether he will exploit

Types of point of view

1. The omniscient author

[!] : all-knowing author has access to the private thoughts and tee\\ngs oi

everyone i11 a novel or a story. It means that the author acted as if she

or he "knew a\\''. -

[!] the author feels free to comment, to chat w\th us as the readers, to

take us into her or his confidence. So, we are very aware ot the

author's presence as the narrator.

3.Third person objecti~e

[!I the story talks about its character in the "third person"of she or he.

There is limitatioli1 between the reader and the story that is much of what we see and hear we can only speculate about; we never enter fully into the thoughts and emotions of the people in the story.

lfrst person autobiographical

II the authors are speaking in thinly disguised from about tnelr own childhqod, their own families, their own conflicts or alienation involved

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