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UNNExT Workshop on Implementation of
e-SPS and Automation for Agriculture
Trade Facilitation
1-3 November 2016
Bangkok, Thailand
Somnuk Keretho, PhD UNNExT Expert Kasetsart University [email protected]
2
Business Process Analysis (BPA)
Introduce the technique of Business Process Analysis (BPA) for analyzing and optimizing trade facilitation procedures, especially SPS import/export certification procedures
3
BPA guide and online course
are available at
unnext.unescap.org
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/trade-investment-innovation/trade-facilitation/bpa-course
1. BPA for Analyzing and Proposing Trade Facilitation Improvement
2. Introduction into Unified Modeling Language (UML) i.e. two types of diagrams: Use-Case Diagrams & Activity Diagrams
3. Three Phases of a BPA Project
4. Case Studies
4
A Business Process is a collection of related and structured activities or tasks that produce a specific service or product.
Example Procedures of issuing Phytosanitary Certificates
in Bangladesh
Export procedures of garments from Dhaka, through port operations & customs clearance at Chittagong Port
Import Customs clearance procedures at the border check point of Phuentsholing, Bhutan
Import procedures and documentation of Lentils from Nepal, through Kakarvitta-Panitanki-Fulbari-Banglabandha borders, until the cargo arriving at Dhaka, Bangladesh.
5 3
A modeling and analysis of business processes for capturing “as-is” (current) conditions and proposing better “to-be” (target) business processes
For example, it may include... Documenting existing regulatory procedures in an agency
Describing a “standard procedure,” e.g. a common case
Identifying related quantitative indicators, e.g. number of steps
Collecting information about time and cost at different steps
Providing a specification for simplification or automation of the process (to be implemented in the future)
6 4
BPA can be used to analyse for
The whole supply chain of trade facilitation, or
A subset of these supply chain procedures
7
Buy-Ship-Pay Model
21. Master Sea Cargo Manifest(17)
22. House Sea Cargo Manifest (37)
23. Export Declaration (114)
24. Goods Transition Control List (27)
25. Application for Permission to Export Rice (KP. 2) (24)
26. Sales Report (KP 3) (21)
27. Application for the Collection of the Permit for the Export of Rice (A. 3) (35)
28. Permit for the Export of Rice (A. 4) (35)
29. Application for Certificate of Standards of Product (MS. 13/1) (44)
30. Certificate of Analysis (17)
31. Certificate of Product Standards (MS. 24/1) (45)
32. Certificate of Fumigation (21)
33. Application for Phytosanitary Certificate (PQ. 9) (29)
34. Phytosanitary Certificate (33)
35. Application for Certificate of Origin (42)
36. Certificate of Origin (38)
1. Proforma Invoice (35)
2. Purchase Order (39)
3. Commercial Invoice (51)
4. Application for Letter of Credit (24)
5. Letter of Credit (32)
6. Packing List (25)
7. Cargo Insurance Application Form (20)
8. Cover Note (23)
9. Insurance Policy (24)
10.Booking Request Form – Border Crossing (25)
11.Booking Confirmation – Border Crossing (30)
12.Booking Request Form – Inland Transport (16)
13.Booking Confirmation – Inland Transport (18)
14.Bill of Lading (42)
15.Empty Container Movement Request (TKT 305) (20)
16.Request for Port Entry (TKT 308.2) (27)
17.Equipment Interchange Report (EIR) (24)
18.Container Loading List (28)
19.Container List Message (32)
20.Outward Container List (34)
* Number in parenthesis is the no. of data elements
36 Documents involving 15 parties, and 1,140 data elements to be filled in
Regulatory Docs
Transport Docs
Commercial/ Financial Docs
8 7
16 days are required for Thai Rice export process
9
Ref: BPA Guide to Simplify Trade Procedures,” UNESCAP/UNECE, 2012
10
Business Process Analysis is a practical study to understand attributes of business processes,
and their relationships
Who involved
Procedures and Documents
required
Related Rules and Regulations
Some quantitative
indicators
11
11 12
Procedures and documents handling remain largely paper dependent.
Missing and incorrect documentation slows progress through the supply chain
Keeping documents & freight in sync is complex and costly
Multiple parties capturing the same data is inefficient and error prone
We acknowledge other factors that makes trade in developing countries more difficult, including infrastructure, lack of adequate laboratory facilities, corruption, land-locked, … (but these are not the main scope of discussion in this workshop)
12 13
BPA is the first technical step in preparing for trade facilitation measures including process simplification and automation.
It provides Inventory of processes, documents, data, parties, rules &
regulations Description of the processes Specifications for harmonizing data and development of
electronic documents Specifications to develop software for the automation of
procedures Business Models for the operation of Single Window
environment A basis for maintenance and improvement
13 14
Several UN Recommendations for Trade Facilitation Improvement
Establishment of Single Window and
Paperless Trading Environment
Document Simplification and
Data Harmonization
Business Process
Simplification
Business Process Analysis (BPA)
UN/CEFACT Recommendation No. 33
•Manual for the Design of Aligned Trade Forms
•UN Trade Document Toolkit
•Draft APEC Handbook for Data
Harmonization and Core-Component
Based Electronic Message Development
•UN/CEFACT Core-Component Library
UN/CEFACT Recommendation No. 18
Business Process Analysis Guide
to Simplify Trade Procedures
14
1. BPA for Analyzing and Proposing Trade Facilitation Improvement
2. Introduction into Unified Modeling Language (UML) i.e. two types of diagrams Use-Case Diagrams & Activity Diagrams
3. Three Phases of a BPA Project
4. Case Studies
15
Business Process Modeling
What A technique for documenting a business process and its attributes
Activities that come in a specific order and decision points
Actors who perform those activities
Defined inputs and outputs of each activity
Criteria for entering and exiting the business process
Relationships among actors
Information flow
Associated rules and regulations
Quantitative indicators such as number of steps as well as time and cost required to complete a particular business process
Why To establish a common understanding about a business process that
is shared by all relevant parties
To communicate better all aspects of a business process
16
A set of standard graphical notations for documenting a business process and business requirements
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language
Is widely recognized and used among practitioners in business community as well as those in IT and software industry
Allows business domain experts to communicate procedural and documentary requirements with IT implementation or software development team
17
Use Case Diagram (What)
A frame of reference illustrating a high level business process and its associated actors
Activity Diagram (How)
A detailed elaboration of a use case diagram
A graphical representation of a business process and its attributes Activities that come in a specific order and
decision points
Actors who perform those activities
Defined inputs and outputs of each activity
Criteria for entering and exiting the business process
Relationships among actors
Information flow
Buy - Conclude
sales contract and trade terms
Exporter or Representative
Importer
Quote price and term of trade
Confirm the intent to purchase
Proforma Invoice
Purchase Order
Not acceptable
Acceptable
Cancel
Prepare the shipment of goods
Exporter or Representative
Importer
18
Notation Description
Actor
Represents a role in a particular business process
Is labeled with a role name
Use Case
Represents a business process
Is labeled with a descriptive verb phrase
Relationship Association
Link actors with business processes that they participate in
Subject Boundary
Represents a process area
Includes the name of a subject boundary on top
Boundary
Actor/Role
Use case
19
2) Ship
1) Buy
3) Pay
2.4) Apply for cargo insurance
2.2) Arrange transport
2.3) Prepare export
permit
2.5) Prepare and
submit customs declaration
2.1) Have
product sampled and examined
2.7) Clear goods through customs
2.8) Handle
Container and stow it on vessel
2.9) Prepare
documents required
by importers
2.6) Stuff container
and transfer to port of departure
Exporter or Representative
Importer
Exporter’s Bank
Importer’s Bank
Customs
Department of Foreign Trade
The Central Islamic Committee Office Thailand
Port Authority
Department of Consular Affairs
Insurance Company
Carrier (Shipping Line)
Inland Haulage
Department of Fisheries
Authorized Private Inspector
Customs’ Bank
20
Thailand Export Process
of Frozen Shrimp
Notation Description
Initial State
Represents the beginning of a set of activities
Final Activity State
Indicates the completion of the business process
Final Flow State
Indicates that further activities cannot be pursued
Transition Line
Indicates a sequential flow of actions and information
in an activity diagram
Fork (Splitting of Control)
Visualizes a set of parallel or concurrent flow of
actions
Join (Synchronization of Control)
Indicates the end of parallel or concurrent flow of
activities
Object
Represents a document or information that flows from
one activity to another activity (labeled with the name of
a document)
Notation Description
Swimlane
Is used to break up individual actions
to individuals/ agencies that are
responsible for executing their actions
Is labeled with the name of the
responsible individual or agency
Activity
Represents a non-decomposable
piece of behavior
Is labeled with a name that 1) begins
with a verb and ends with a noun; and 2)
is short yet contain enough information
for readers to comprehend
Decision
Represents the point where a
decision has to be made given specific
conditions
Attached with labels addressing the
condition on each transition line that
comes out of an activities and connects
to a decision point or vice versa
Process Participant 1
Process Participant 2
Process Participant n
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Exporter (or Representative) Department of Fisheries (DoF)
Authorized Private Inspector 2.1) Have
product sampled and examined
Exporter or Representative
Department of Fisheries (DoF)
Authorized Private Inspector
Collect sample
Examine
sample
Record the result
of examination
Test Report
Deliver sample
Collect
Test Report
Additional
examination required
Additional examination
not required Schedule the sampling date
Record result
of examination
Examine
sample
Collect
Test Report Test Report
Have product ready for sampling
Notify the date for sample collection
Submit Request for Sampling
Record sampling
result
Request for
Sampling
Collect
sample
22
1. BPA for Analyzing and Proposing Trade Facilitation Improvement
2. Introduction into Unified Modeling Language (UML) i.e. two types of diagrams Use-Case Diagrams & Activity Diagrams
3. Three Phases of a BPA Project
4. Case Studies
23
A BPA Project in Three Phases
I. Scope setting/Planning – Specify a scope of processes to be analyzed
e.g. Phytosanitary Certificate issuance (export) procedures, or Phytosanitary Certificate import procedures at a particular sea port.
II. Data collection and process documentation – Define and document a sequence of steps in actual practices and their attributes
Who involved (stakeholders/actors)
Procedures and documents required (input to/output from)
Related rules and regulation
III. Process analysis – Locate bottlenecks, examine what causes them, and develop measurable and quantitative process indicators (e.g. the number of steps, time and costs required to fulfill those processes)
Recommendation development – Determine how to eliminate each bottleneck and prioritize improvement actions
24
Project Sponsor
Project Manager/ Project Leader
Process Analysts
Process Participants/ Business Domain Experts
1) Define a project scope
2) Develop a
detailed plan and secure resources
3) Acquire
background information
4) Conduct
interviews and document captured data
5) Analyze the “as-is”
process and identify
bottlenecks
6) Develop and
propose
recommendations
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
25
Step Deliverable
Step 1: Define project
scope
Use case diagram illustrating business domain, process areas, process participants, and key
business processes
Step 2: Develop a detailed
plan and secure resources
Detailed project plan including an estimation of human resources required, schedules, and
software supported tools
A list of potential interviewees and their contact information
Step 3: Acquire background
information
A folder of background information about the business processes under the investigation
A list of guiding questions for the interview
Step4: Conduct interview
and document captured
data
A set of activity diagrams illustrating activities that come in a specific order and decision points,
actors who perform those activities, defined inputs and outputs of each activity, criteria for entering
and exiting the business process, relationships among actors, and information flow
A set of business process descriptions that describes activity diagram and lists all related rules
and regulations
Activity diagram illustrating integrated processes in the business domain
Time-Procedure chart displaying time required to complete each business process
Step 5: Analyze the “as-is”
processes and identify
bottlenecks
A set of observations of the as-is business processes that have the potential for improvement
Step 6: Develop and
propose recommendations
Final report with recommendations which may include diagrams of “to-be” business processes
Ph
ase
I P
has
e II
Ph
ase
III
26
27
Identify any bottlenecks, redundancies, and non-value-added activities in procedural and documentary requirements
Make those procedures & documentary requirements transparent and easy for stakeholders to access to
Merge some procedures, and/or documents(forms)
Eliminate redundant procedures and unnecessary documentary requirements
Automate procedures and promote the sharing of trade and transport data among relevant stakeholders
Modify related laws and regulations to facilitate the operation of the newly designed business processes
Reform the regulatory-related organizational structures
28
Example:
Department of Foreign Trade
Office of Commodity Standards
Customs Exporter or Representative
Prepare documents
for submitting to Customs at port of exit
Permit for the Export
of Rice (A.4) with actual
quantity exported
Certificate of Standards
of Products (MS. 24) with
actual quantity exported
Record the actual
quantity exported and released date
Acknowledge
the provided information
Prepare documents
to declare the actual amount exported
Permit for the Export
of Rice (A.4) with actual
quantity exported
Certificate of Standards
of Products (MS. 24) with
actual quantity exported
Evidence of Sales
(Purchase Order or
Sales Contract)
Acknowledge
the provided information
Example of redundant
procedural and
documentary
requirements Acknowledge
the provided information
Department of Foreign Trade
Verify the
accuracy/authenticity of exported cargo
Exporter or Representative
Customs
Office of Commodity Standards
Thailand’s Export Process of Jasmine Rice
29
Office of Commodity Standards
Customs Exporter or Representative
Prepare documents
for submitting to Customs at port of exit
Record the actual
quantity exported and released date
Acknowledge
the provided information
Permit for the Export
of Rice (A.4) with actual
quantity exported
Certificate of Standards
of Products (MS. 24) with
actual quantity exported
Evidence of Sales
(Purchase Order or
Sales Contract)
Acknowledge
the provided information
Department of Foreign Trade
Department of Foreign Trade
Verify the
accuracy/authenticity of exported cargo
Exporter or Representative
Customs
Office of Commodity Standards
Example:
Thailand’s Export Process of Jasmine Rice
1. BPA for Analyzing and Proposing Trade Facilitation Improvement
2. Introduction into Unified Modeling Language (UML) i.e. two types of diagrams Use-Case Diagrams & Activity Diagrams
3. Three Phases of a BPA Project
4. Case Studies
30
Case Exercise 1 Describe the meaning of
the following Use Case Diagram and Activity Diagrams
31
1) Buy
3) Pay
Exporter or Representative
Importer
Exporter’s Bank
Importer’s Bank
Customs
Thai Chamber of Commerce
Port Authority
Insurance Company
Carrier (Shipping Line)
Inland Haulage
Department of Foreign Trade
Authorized Private Inspector
Department of Agriculture
Board of Trade of Thailand
Department of Consular Affairs
Department of Disease Control
Office of Commodity Standards
2) Ship
2.1) Obtain Export Permit
2.4) Obtain cargo insurance
2.2) Arrange transport
2.7) Transfer to port of departure
2.8) Clear goods through
customs
2.5) Provide customs
declaration
2.9) Handle cargo and stow
on vessel
2.10) Prepare documents required
by importer
2.6) Stuff a container or
a lighter
2.3) Arrange the inspection and
fumigation
2.11) Verify the accuracy/authenticity
of exported cargo
A Use Case Diagram:
Showing main procedures
for exporting Rice
from Thailand
(through a sea port)
32
33
Department of Foreign Trade
Exporter or Representative
Prepare documents for the application
of export permit
Verify submitted information
Sign and authenticate A. 4
Correct
Incorrect
Collect A. 4 Permit for the Export
of Rice (A. 4)
2.1) Obtain export permit
Application for Permission to Export Rice (KP. 2)
Evidence of Sales (Purchase Order or
Sales Contract)
Draft Permit for the Export of Rice (A. 4)
Sales Report (KP 3)
Application for the Collection of the Permit
for the Export of Rice (A. 3)
33
An Activity Diagram:
Showing detailed procedures and document requirements
for obtaining a Rice Export Permit
34
Case Exercise 2
35
Analyzing As-Is PC Issuance Processes & Identifying any Bottlenecks/Improvement Opportunities
1. Exporter or authorized representative submits an PQ.7 application form (along with Import Permits (if any)) requesting for approval and PQ.7 number from NPPO, Department of Agriculture
2. If the application and attached documents are satisfied by NPPO, NPPO informs the Exporter for transport fee payment.
3. Exporter pays for the fee the NPPO accountant, the NPPO is informed of the payment, then the issues the PQ.7 with the unique ID number.
4. Exporter receives the approved PQ.7., and informs the surveyor for fumigation.
5. Exporter, surveyor and NPPO agree on the fumigation schedule – then Surveyor conducts the fumigation.
6. NPPO officer inspects the fumigation, and provides the inspection report.
7. Exporter submits the PC application form to NPPO.
8. If the inspection report is satisfied, NPPO issues a draft PC for the Exporter to verify.
9. If Exporter is ok with the draft PC, informs NPPO.
10. Exporter pays for other fees, then NPPO issues the signed PC to Exporter.
11. Exporter sends the PC to the Importer to be shown to the import country’s NPPO.
A Case Example
* This is a case of Department of Agriculture, MOAC, Thailand.
- Manual operations
- Paper-based
transactions
- Costly and take
several days for
3-4 physical visits
to complete the
transactions
- Difficulty in data
cross checking &
validation
(possible paper
fraud and error
prone)
36
- Electronic
transactions
instead of
manual
- Electronic
documents
instead of paper
documents
- Faster/less cost:
2-3 physical visits
were reduced to
1 physical visit,
or none for all
transactions
- Better compliance
with data cross
checking
A Case Example
1. Exporter or authorized representative submits an PQ.7 application form online (along with scanned Import Permits (if any)).
2. The application and attached documents are validated online, if ok – the Exporter is informed for transport fee payment.
3. Exporter pays for the fee online (through online e-Banking or other payment instruction).
4. The ePhyto System approves the PQ7 online and inform the Exporter, the designated Surveyor and NPPO officer for fumigation schedule.
5. Surveyor conducts the fumigation.
6. NPPO officer inspects the fumigation, and provides the inspection report online.
7. Exporter submits the online PC application form to NPPO.
8. If the inspection report is satisfied, NPPO issues a draft PC for the Exporter to verify online.
9. If Exporter is ok with the draft PC online, the system will generate the fee amount.
10. Exporter pays for other fees online, then NPPO issues the signed PC to Exporter on the system
11. The ePhyto Certificate could be printed out or sent electronically to the import country’s NPPO.
37
Submit P.Q.7 Application
Schedule for Fumigation
and Inspection
Request for Phytosanitary
Certificate
Exporter
NPPO Department of Agriculture
Surveyor
38
Exporter NPPO, Department of Agriculture
Submit an P.Q.7 application
An P.Q.7 Application
Form
Import Permit (If any)
Verify and Validate Documents
If the documents are not satisfied.
Calculate the processing fee
If the documents are satisfied.
Pay the processing fee
Receive Payment and Issues the P.Q.7 No.
No. of P.Q.7 Acknowledge
39
Exporter Surveyor NPPO, Department of Agriculture
Send the P.Q.7 No. and Schedule for fumigation
and inspection
Acknowledge the fumigation and
inspection
Make a schedule
Acknowledge Inform results of Inspection
Acknowledge
Agree on the fumigation and inspection schedule
Conduct fumigation and facilitate inspection by
NPPO
Record the result of Inspection
40
Exporter NPPO, Department of Agriculture
Submit the approved P.Q.7 (with No.)
Application for Phytosanitary Certificate (P.Q.7) with No.
Bill of Lading
Verify and Validate Documents
If documents are not satisfied.
Print the Draft of Phytosanitary Certificate
If documents are satisfied (also check
the inspection report).
Verify the Draft of Phytosanitary Certificate
Send to the authorized signatory
Phytosanitary Certificate
Request for correction
Correct
Incorrect Generate processing and
certificate fee
Make a payment and receive the Certificate
41
Exporter NPPO, Department of Agriculture
Submit the PC Application online
Online Application for Phytosanitary
Certificate
Scanned Bill of Lading
Validate documents and approve
Generate the processing fee
If documents are satisfied.
Pay processing fee online
Receive Payment
Receive paper Phytosanitary
Certificate
Electronic Phyto System
Receive and validate the
online application
If documents not satisfied
42
Issue PC online and send the Electronic PC to the import country’s NPPO.
Inform that the
documents are not
satisfied.
1. BPA is a simple but powerful methodology to capture/monitor the “as-is” conditions, and to propose “to-be” processes and documentation requirements for trade and transport facilitation improvement.
2. UML Diagrams: Use Case Diagrams & Activity Diagrams, and also Time-Procedures Chart are introduced.
3. Three Phases of a BPA Project is recommended. 1. scoping/planning, 2. capturing/modelling the as-is, and 3. analyzing/proposing recommendations for improvement
43