University of Novi Sad · VIII International Conference-Industrial Engineering and Environmental Protection (IIZS 2018) Organizer of the Conference: Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”

University of Novi Sad

Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

VIII International Conference

Industrial Engineering and

Environmental Protection

(IIZS 2018)

Proceedings

Zrenjanin, 11 - 12th October 2018.

IN COOPERATION WITH PARTNERS:

UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARA,

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,

HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY «St. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI«,

TECHNICAL FACULTY, BITOLA,

MACEDONIA

„AUREL VLAICU” UNIVERSITY OF ARAD,

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ARAD,

ROMANIA

UNIVERSITY OF EAST SARAJEVO,

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING EAST SARAJEVO,

REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA, B&H

UNIVERSITY OF GIRESUN,

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING,

GIRESUN, TURKEY

VIII International Conference - Industrial Engineering and Environmental

Protection (IIZS 2018)

Organizer of the Conference:

Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, University of Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia

Reviewers:

Ph.D Snežana Filip, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Ph.D James G. Speight, CD&W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, USA

Ph.D Bogdana Vujić, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Ph.D Eleonora Desnica, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Ph.D Ljiljana Radovanović, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Ph.D Jasmina Pekez, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Publisher:

Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, University of Novi Sad

For publisher:

Ph.D Dragica Radosav, Dean of Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin

Technical treatment:

MSc Ivan Palinkaš, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

MSc Mića Đurđev, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Ph.D Eleonora Desnica, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Ph.D Ljiljana Radovanović, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Ph.D Jasmina Pekez, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Design:

MSc. Stanislava Sinđelić, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

Lecturer:

MSc. Dragica Ivin, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Republic of Serbia

ISBN: 978-86-7672-309-6

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацијиБиблиотека Матице српске, Нови Сад

62:005.3(082)(0.034.4)

502/504(082)(0.034.4)

INTERNATIONAL Conference Industrial Engineering and Environmental

Protection (8 ; 2018 ; Zrenjanin)

Proceedings [Elektronski izvor] / VIII International Conference Industrial

Engineering and Environmental Protection (IIZS 2018), Zrenjanin, 11-12th October

2018. - Zrenjanin : Tehnički fakultet "Mihajlo Pupin", 2018. - 1 elektronski optički disk (CD-ROM) : tekst ; 12 cm

Nasl. sa naslovnog ekrana. - Str. [V]: Introduction / Slavica Prvulović. - Bibliografija

uz svaki rad

ISBN 978-86-7672-309-6

a) Индустријско инжењерство - Зборници b) Животна средина - Заштита -ЗборнициCOBISS.SR-ID 325938183

SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE - TECHNICAL FACULTY „MIHAJLO PUPIN“

Ph.D Slavica Prvulović, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Slobodan Janković, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Vjekoslav Sajfert, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Duško Letić, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Bogdana Vujić, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Nadežda Ljubojev, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Eleonora Desnica, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Ljiljana Radovanović, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Radoslav Mićić, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Vladimir Šinik, Tehnički fakultet “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Jasmina Pekez, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Zoltan Kazi, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Snežana Filip, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE

Ph.D James G. Speight, CD&W Inc., Laramie,Wyoming, USA

Ph.D. dr Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda, Obuda Univerzity, Budapest, Hungary

Ph.D Mário Augusto Tavares Russo, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Faculty of Technology and

Management, Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Ph.D Svetlana Lilkova, University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy (UACEG), Faculty of

Hydraulic Engineering, Sofia, Bulgaria

Ph.D Dimitar G. Petrov, , Technical University Sofia, branch Plovdiv, Bulgaria

Ph.D Valentina Emilia Balas, „Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, Faculty of Engineering, Arad, RomaniaPh.D Imre Kiss, University Politehnica Timisoara, Faculty of engineering, Hunedoara, Rumunija

Romania

Ph.D Francisc Popesku, University Politehnica Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania

Ph.D Mukrimin Şevket Guney, University of Giresun, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, TurkeyPh.D Mustaca Serkan Soylu, University of Giresun, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

Ph.D Yalçın Tepe, University of Giresun, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, TurkeyPh.D Mustafa Türkmen, University of Giresun, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

Ph.D Aysun Turkmen, University of Giresun, Faculty of Engineering, Giresun, Turkey

Ph.D Muharrem Hilmi Aksoy, Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Konya, Turkey

Ph.D Alexander Salnikov, Ukhta State Technical University (USTU), Ukhta, Republic of Komi, Russia

Ph.D Hrvoje Glavaš, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering,

Computer Science and Information Technology, Osijek, Croatia

Ph.D Tomislav Barić, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology, Osijek, Croatia

Ph.D Mirko Karakašić, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Slavonski Brod, Slavonski Brod, Croatia

Ph.D Vangelce Mitrevski, University «sv. Kliment Ohridski«, Technical Faculty, Bitola, Macedonia

Ph.D Tale Geramitcioski, University «sv. Kliment Ohridski«, Technical Faculty, Bitola, Macedonia

Ph.D Borut Vrščaj, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Department of Agricultural Ecology and Natural

Resources, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Ph.D Milija Kraišnik, University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Mechanical Enigineering, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Ph.D Mirjana Vojinović Miloradov, professor emeritus, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia

Ph.D Bratislav Blagojević, University of Niš, Faculty of Mechanical Enigineering, Niš, SerbiaPh.D Dragan D. Milanović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Enigineering, Belgrade, Serbia

Ph.D Mijodrag Milošević, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, SerbiaPh.D Dejan Lukić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, SerbiaPh.D Milan Rackov, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia

Ph.D Jasmina Radosavljević, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš, Serbia

Ph.D Amelija Đorđević, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš, Serbia

Ph.D Nenad Živković, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Niš, SerbiaPh.D Snežana Dragićević, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Čačak, SerbiaPh.D Ivona Radović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia

Ph.D Mirjana Kijevčanin, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, SerbiaPh.D Aleksandra Sretenović, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Enigineering, Belgrade, SerbiaPh.D Marina Milovanović, University “Union – Nikola Tesla“, Faculty for entrepreneurial business and real estate management, Belgrade, Serbia

Ph.D Jordana Ninkov, Senior Research Associate, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia

Ph.D Tamara Ivetic, Senior Research Associate, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department

of Physics, Novi Sad, Serbia

Ph.D Marko Ristić, Research Associate, Institute Mihajlo Pupin, Belgrade, Serbia

Ph.D Jasmina Perišić, University “Union – Nikola Tesla“, Faculty for entrepreneurial business and real

estate management, Belgrade, Serbia

Organizing Committee:Ph.D Slavica Prvulović, President, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Bogdana Vujić, Vice president, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Eleonora Desnica, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Ljiljana Radovanović, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Jasmina Pekez, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Vladimir Šinik, Tehnički fakultet “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Zoltan Kazi, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Nadežda Ljubojev, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Ph.D Snežana Filip, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

MSc Jasna Tolmač, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

MSc Ivan Palinkaš, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

BSc Borivoj Novaković, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

BSc Jelena Mićić, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

MSc Una Marčeta, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

MSc Mića Đurđev, Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, Zrenjanin, Serbia

Word of Thanks

We wish to thank Ministry of Education, Science and Technological

Development, Republic of Serbia, for donated financial means which supported

printing the Conference Proceedings and organization of

VIII International Conference - Industrial Engineering and Environmental

Protection (IIZS 2018).

We are very grateful to: Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Provincial

Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research, for donated financial

means which supported printing of the Conference Proceedings and organizing

of the VIII International Conference - Industrial Engineering and Environmental

Protection (IIZS 2018).

INTRODUCTION

Departments of Mechanical engineering at Technical Faculty "Mihajlo Pupin", Zrenjanin, organized

seven international conferences «Industrial Engineering and Environmental Protection - IIZS».

Since 2017, Department of Industrial engineering in exploitation of oil and gas has been joined to the

Conference organization, and since 2018, Department of Environmental protection has been joined for

the first time.

Industrial engineering is a field of technique, which includes the processes and procedures, plants,

machinery and equipment used in manufacturing final products in different industries. The task of

industrial engineers is that on the basis of theoretical and practical knowledge, solve specific problems

in engineering practice, and the development of technology in the field of industrial production

process.

The theme of scientific conference «IIZS 2018», covers the fields of Industrial engineering and

Environmental protection, which are defined in the program of the conference, such as: Mechanical

engineering, Energetics and process technique, Designing and maintenance, Oil and gas engineering,

Health and environmental protection, Environmental management, Occupational safety.

The main goals of the conference can be identified here: innovation and expansion of knowledge

engineers in industry and environmental protection; support to researchers in presenting the actual

results of research projects, establishing new contacts with leading national and international

institutions and universities; popularization of the faculty and its leading role in our society and the

immediate environment, in order to attract quality young population for studying at our faculty,

cooperation with other organizations, public companies and industry; initiative for collecting ideas in

solving specific practical problems; interconnection and business contacts; introducing professional

and business organizations with results of scientific and technical research; presentation of scientific

knowledge and exchange of experiences in the field of industrial engineering.

We express gratitude to:

· The partners of the conference – „Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad, Faculty of engineering,

Arad, Romania; University «St. Kliment Ohridski«, Technical faculty, Bitola, Macedonia;

University Politehnica Timisoara, Faculty of engineering, Hunedoara, Romania; University of

East Sarajevo, Faculty of mechanical engineering East Sarajevo, B&H, Republic of Srpska;

University of Giresun, Faculty of engineering, Giresun, Turkey.

· The management of Technical Faculty «Mihajlo Pupin», University of Novi Sad,

for supporting the organization of the conference «IIZS 2018». We are also grateful to all the authors

who have contributed with their works to the organization of the scientific meeting «IIZS 2018».

We would like our Conference to become a traditional meeting of researchers, every year. We are

open and thankful for all useful suggestions which could contribute that the next, International

Conference - Industrial Engineering and Environmental Protection, become better in organizational

and program sense.

President of the Organizing Committee

Prof. Ph.D Slavica Prvulović

Zrenjanin, 11 - 12th October 2018.

Conference participants are from the following countries:

Serbia

United States of AmericaBrazil

Romania

SloveniaRepublic of Turkey

Montenegro

Iran Croatia Russia

FYR Macedonia Republic of Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina

Hungary

CONTENTS

PLENARY SESSION

ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY BETWEEN RHIZOBACTERIA AND PHYTOPATHOGENIC

FUNGI UNDER ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

(Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda) .......................................................................................................... 3

USING SHERPA SCREENING TOOL FOR DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AND

REGIONAL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

(Francisc Popescu, Bogdana Vujic, Adrian Eugen Cioabla, Aleksandar Djuric, Gavrila Trif-Tordai,

Delia-Gabriela Calinoiu, Luisa Izabel Dungan) ..................................................................................... 13

THE IMPACT OF THE ADSORBENT HYDRATION ON THE CADMIUM ADSORPTION FROM

WATER SOLUTIONS

(Milan Milivojević, Danijela Devrnja, Ivan Antanasković, Jovan Jovanović, Mirjana Kijevčanin) ..... 19

PEDELEC LI-ION BATTERY PACK LIFETIME

(Hrvoje Glavaš, Mirko Karakašić, Ivica Petrović, Držislav Vidaković) ................................................ 27

MICROSTRUCTURAL DIFERENCES BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND SINTERED TOOL

STEEL

(Zoran Karastojković, Nikola Bajić, Jasmina Pekez, Zoran Janjušević, Aleksandra Patarić)................ 34

I - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Session 1. Mechanical Engineering

A MODEL FOR MANUFACTURING OPTIMIZATION AND ACHIEVING HIGHER

PRODUCTIVITY IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

(Mihalj Bakator, Dragan Ćoćkalo, Milan Nikolić) ................................................................................. 45

USING SCADA SYSTEM FOR PROCESS CONTROL IN WATER INDUSTRY

(Goran Vujnović, Jasmina Perišić, Zvonimir Božilović, Marina Milovanović, Radmila Vilma Getman, Ljiljana Radovanović) ............................................................................................................................ 53

ANALYSIS OF PUMP SHAFT BEHAVIOUR BY THE APPLICATION OF CATIA SOFTWARE

PACKAGE

(Nenad Janjić, Branko Savić, Danilo Mikić, Nenad Stanković) ............................................................ 61

APPLICATION OF FEA SIMULATION IN PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN WITH RESULT

ANALYSIS

(Aleksandar Kapunac, Eleonora Desnica, Ivan Palinkaš) ...................................................................... 67

APPLICATION OF MFF METHOD IN CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

(Mirko Karakašić, Milan Kljajin, Jože Duhovnik, Hrvoje Glavaš) ........................................................ 72

CFD STUDY OF A HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE: VALIDATION AND PARAMETRIC

ANALYSIS USING VARIOUS SWEPT BLADE DESIGNS

(Mehmet Numan Kaya, Faruk Köse) ..................................................................................................... 81

FABRICATION OF AN AUTHENTIC PART USING MATERIAL EXTRUSION TECHNOLOGY

(Jelica Anić, Biljana Marković, Milija Kraišnik, Jovica Ilić) ................................................................. 90

INFLUENCE OF FUNCTIONAL ADDITIVES ON STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF

Ti0.8Sn0.2O2 BASED VARISTOR CERAMICS

(Tamara Ivetić, Dalibor Sekulić, Svetlana Lukić-Petrović) ................................................................... 97

EVALUATION OF OPEN HOLE TENSILE QUALIFICATIONS OF HNT-EPOXY/BASALT

FIBER NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS

(Halil Burak Kaybal, Hasan Ulus, Ahmet Avcı) .................................................................................. 102

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF HALLOYSITE-EPOXY NANOCOMPOSITES: EFFECT OF

SEAWATER AGING

(Hasan Ulus, Halil Burak Kaybal, Volkan Eskizeybek, Ahmet Avcı) ................................................. 109

DEVELOPMENT AND MASTERING OF THE COMPOSITION OF ELECTRODE COATINGS

FOR WELDING STAINLESS STEEL

(Nikola Bajić, Darko Veljić, Mihailo Mrdak, Jasmina Pekez, Zoran Radosavljević, Zoran Karastojković) ............................................................................................................................ 113

DETERMINING ADHESION / COHESION STRENGTH OF PLASMA SPRAY COATINGS

USING THE ROCKWELL - C METHOD

(Mihailo Mrdak, Marko Rakin, Nikola Bajić, Darko Veljić, Jasmina Pekez, Zoran Karastojković) ... 119

DYNAMOMETRIC PROVING RING WITH NONCONSTANT GEOMETRICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF ITS CROSS-SECTIONS

(Dimitar Petrov, Dimitar Dimitrov)...................................................................................................... 123

THE EFFECTS OF WIDTH/DIAMETER RATIO ON PERFORMANCE OF A DYNAMICALLY

LOADED JOURNAL BEARING

(Hakan Adatepe, Mükrimin Şevket Güney) ......................................................................................... 131

BRIDGE CRANE MECHANISMS CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE SIGNIFICANCE

OF USE IN PRAXIS

(Jasna Tolmač, Slavica Prvulović, Marija Nedić) ................................................................................ 141

ON THE SPATIAL CHAOS APPEARANCE IN CASCADE CONNECTED NONLINEAR

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS WITH TRAPEZOIDAL NONLINEARITY TRANSITION

(Bojana M. Zlatkovic, Biljana Samardzic) ........................................................................................... 147

DETERMINING OF CORRECTIONAL VALUES OF WORKING RELIABILITY OF INTEGRAL

PARTS OF CIRCUIT – THE SPINNING BOX OF ROTOR SPINNING MACHINE

(Slobodan Juric, Slavica Prvulović, Ranko Radić) ............................................................................... 155

OPTIMIZING OPERATIONS SEQUENCE USING MODERN PARTICLE SWARM

OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

(Mijodrag Milošević, Dejan Lukić, Mića Đurđev, Jovan Vukman) ..................................................... 163

Session 2. Energetics and Process Technique

COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR SELECTION OF THE ORDER FOR THE LAYERS FROM THE

WALL OF INDUSTRIAL COOLERS

(Cvetanka Mitrevska, Kire Popovski, Vangelce Mitrevski, Igor Popovski) ........................................ 173

ECONOMIC – ECOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF HEAT PUMP PERFORMANCE – EXAMPLE

FROM PRACTICE

(Miroslav Vulić, Kristijan Vujičin) ...................................................................................................... 179

CRITICAL ANALISYS OF FORMULAS FOR THE LENGTH OF ELASTIC CABLES WITH

SUPPORTS ON SAME OR DIFFERENT LEVELS

(Dimitar Mitashev, Svetlana Lilkova-Markova) .................................................................................. 184

IMPROVED THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE WITH PCM – AN IMPORTANT PART OF EU

PROJECT CONCEPT HOLISTIC ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURAL RETROFIT TOOLKIT

(HEART)

(Rok Koželj, Rok Stropnik, Eva Zavrl, Uroš Stritih) ........................................................................... 190

EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF A THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF A

HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC-THERMAL SOLAR COLLECTOR

(Marko Šućurović, Miloš Božić, Vojislav Vujičić, Milan Marjanović, Snežana Dragićević, Marko Rosić) ........................................................................................................................................ 197

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES ON ELECTRIC POWER AND

SECURITY OF PARTICIPANTS IN TRAFFIC

(Srećko Ćurčić, Filip Madjarević, Dragan Nikolić) ............................................................................. 203

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VEHICLES IN THE SERBIA FROM THE

RECYCLING ASPECT

(Aleksandar Pavlović, Milan Nikolić, Miroslav Vulić, Eleonora Desnica) ......................................... 210

OPTIMIZATION OF DRYING AND TRANSPORTING PROCESS OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER ON

THE STRIP DRYER AND PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS

(Slavica Prvulović, Jasna Tolmač, Robert Kiš, Marija Nedić) ............................................................. 216

AVAILABLE ENERGY POTENTIALS FROM WOOD AND HERBAL BIOMASS FROM THE

TERRITORY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF LUČANI (Srećko Ćurčić, Dragan Nikolić, Mirjana Đoković) ............................................................................. 224

SOME ASPECTS OF ABSORPTION COOLING

(Mukrimin S. Guney, Hakan Adatepe) ................................................................................................. 231

THE ADVANTAGES OF INTRODUCING ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRY

(Dragana Milosavljev, Edit Terek, Zoran Kovač, Svetlana Vukobratović Novković) ......................... 237

Session 3. Designing and maintenance

MAINTENANCE OF IT INFRASTUCTURE

(Ivan Barić, Krešimir Lacković) ........................................................................................................... 245

DEVELOPING A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PROJECT PORTFOLIO SELECTION IN

PROJECT BASED ORGANIZATION

(Ali Reza Afshari, Edit Terek, Sanja Stanisavljev) .............................................................................. 252

AUTOMATIZATION OF MAINTENANCE AS INSTRUMENT COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES

OF ENTERPRISES IN TERMS OF GLOBAL CRISIS

(Nataša Đalić, Mina Paunović, Ljiljana Radovanović) ........................................................................ 257

EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF SLIDING BEARING TEMPERATURE USING

THERMOGRAPHY

(Slaviša Moljević, Aleksija Đurić, Ranka Gojković, Biljana Marković) ............................................. 265

OPTIMAL STRATEGY FOR TECHNICAL SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE BY USING MARKOV

CHAIN

(Danilo Mikić, Edit Terek, Dušanka Milanov, Ivan Palinkaš) ............................................................. 272

Session 4. Oil and Gas Engineering

APPENDIX TO RESEARCH OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY OF

SERBIA PETROL STATIONS

(Sanja Milijančević, Dragan D.Milanović) .......................................................................................... 281

OPTIMIZING THE MAINTENANCE PROCESS OF PETROL STATIONS OF PETROLEUM

INDUSTRY OF SERBIA

(Dragan D.Milanović, Sanja Milijančević) .......................................................................................... 287

SPECIFIC CONDITIONS OF OIL SPILLS CLEANUP AT THE ARCTIC SHELF AND RISKS

CONNECTED WITH THEM

(Alexander Salnikov)............................................................................................................................ 293

PROBLEMS OF ELIMINATION OF OIL SPILL EMERGENCY AT THE ARCTIC SHELF

(Alexander Salnikov)............................................................................................................................ 297

Session 5. Engineering management

REALIZATION OF ONE SMART ENVIRONMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

(Miloš Đurđević, Natalija Vugdelija, Nenad Kojić) ............................................................................. 303

TOWARDS SMART ONTOLOGY BASED PROCESS FOR BUILDING RECONSTRUCTION

(Daniela Dvornik Perhavec, Andrej Tibaut) ......................................................................................... 310

THE ROLE OF HTML5 SVG GRAPHICS IN RESPONSIVE WEB DESIGN AND SEARCH

ENGINE OPTIMIZATION EDUCATION – CASE STUDY

(Tanja Krunić, Biljana Gemović) ......................................................................................................... 316

AN EXAMPLE OF IMPLEMENTATION CRM IN THE BANKING SECTOR

(Jasmina Perišić, Zvonimir Božilović, Marina Milovanović, Ivana Petrović, Radmila Vilma Getman, Marko Ristić) ........................................................................................................................................ 322

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURIAL PROFILES

(Vlado Medaković, Bogdan Marić) ...................................................................................................... 328

II – ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Session 6. Health and Environmental protection

BEST PRACTICES IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION THROUGH EDUCATION AND

INFORMATION ACTIVITIES: THE GRACILIS SHOWCASE

(Lucija Kolar, Anja Bubik) ................................................................................................................... 339

ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENERGY CONSUMPTION: EMPLOYEE PERSPECTIVE

(Vanja Vukoslavčević, Ladin Gostimirović, Aleksandra Mihailović, Ljubo Nedović, Nebojša M. Ralević) ............................................................................................................................. 345

GREENING AS A PERSPECTIVE SOLUTION FOR URBAN MICROCLIMATE MITIGATION –

A PILOT STUDY

(Anja Bubik, Lucija Kolar) ................................................................................................................... 351

NATURAL GAS - AN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAVIOR DURING THE 21ST

CENTURY

(James G. Speight, Ljiljana Radovanović) ........................................................................................... 356

EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING APPROACH IN TERMS OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION BY

ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION OF DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES

(Adrian Eugen Cioablă, Gabriela-Alina Dumitrel, Ana-Maria Pana, Francisc Popescu, Dorin Lelea,

Adrian Tenchea, Luisa Izabel Dungan) ................................................................................................ 362

THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS AND SUB-BITUMINOUS COAL

(Milan Protić, Ana Miltojević, Miomir Raos, Amelija Đorđević, Tatjana Golubović, Ana Vukadinović) ........................................................................................................................................ 368

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS CONTENT IN URBAN SOILS USING KRIGING

INTERPOLATION METHOD

(Alexis Toribio Dantas, Aleksandra Mihailović, Nebojša M. Ralević, Jordana Ninkov, Robert Lakatoš, Selena Samardžić, Srđan Popov) .......................................................................................................... 374

HERBICIDAL IMPACTS ON SOIL BIOPROCESSES IN ALFALFA RHIZOSPHERE

(Hosam E.A.F. Bayoumi Hamuda) ...................................................................................................... 379

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOILS USING AROMATIC PLANTS –

APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS

(Snežana Filip, Kiril Lisichkov) ........................................................................................................... 390

APPLICATION OF POLY (PROPYLENEIMINE) DENDRIMER FOR REMOVAL OF TOXIC

METALS

(Afshin Maleki, Behzad Shahmoradi, Reza Rezaee, Roya Ebrahimi, Bagher Hayati,

Mahdi Safari) ........................................................................................................................................ 397

EVALUATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR THE CITY OF

NOVI SAD

(Jelena Mićić, Nemanja Stanisavljević, Bogdana Vujić, Una Marčeta, Višnja Mihajlović) ................ 404

APPLICATION OF ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS USING IRON ANODE AND

GRAPHITE CATHODE FOR DECOLORIZATION OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER

(Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Fatemeh Sepyani) ......................................................................... 412

SUPERVISORY CONTROL OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS IN THE

GALVANIZING PLANT

(Stanko P. Stankov) .............................................................................................................................. 415

PRESENCE OF MICROCYSTINS IN STAGNANT WATERS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF

DEGRADATION

(Ljiljana Nikolić Bujanović, Miloš Simičić, Milan Čekerevac, Milena Tomić, Marijana Stamenković Đoković) .......................................................................................................... 423

UPGRADING THE SMALL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS BY LIME

STABILIZATION OF DISPOSAL SLUDGE

(Mahdi Farzadkia, Hassan Pasalari, Reza Barati) ................................................................................ 432

WATER SALINIZATION IN IRAN: SPATIAL VARIATION OF SALINITY IN GROUNDWATER

RESOURCES OF NORTH WEST (URMIA LAKE)

(Mohammad Mosaferi, Mohammad Shakerkhatibi, Hamed Jahani Moghadam,

Seyed Mehdi Esmat Saatloo) ................................................................................................................ 437

PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DIAZINON FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING

TiO2/ZnO NANOCOMPOSITE

(Zahra Darbandi, M.A Zazouli, Mohammad Shokrzadeh, Noureddin Mousavinasab) ....................... 442

THE EFFECT OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF POLLUTANT ON METABOLIC ACTIVITY

OF SELECTED FUNGI AND THEIR BIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL

(Violeta Jakovljević, Nataša Ɖorđević, Bojana Veljković, Zana Dolićanin, Miroslav Vrvić) ............. 451

ANALYZING THE QUALITY ASPECTS OF THE EEW MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT

PROCESS

(Mihalj Bakator, Dejan Đorđević, Sanja Stanisavljev) ........................................................................ 459

ANALYSIS AND OPTIMISATION OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE IN RESIDENTIAL

BUILDINGS WITH SUNSPACES

(Ana Vukadinović, Jasmina Radosavljević, Amelija Đorđević, Milan Protić, Zoran Nikolić)............ 466

CALCULATING DAILY VIBRATION EXPOSURES AND WORKED EXAMPLES IN CASE

HAND-ARM VIBRATION

(Vladimir Šinik, Momčilo Bjelica, Slobodan Janković, Željko Despotović) ....................................... 473

CALCULATING DAILY VIBRATION EXPOSURES AND WORKED EXAMPLES IN

WHOLE-BODY VIBRATION

(Vladimir Šinik, Momčilo Bjelica, Slobodan Janković, Željko Despotović) ....................................... 479

Session 7. Environmental Management

SUNSPACES AS PASSIVE DESIGN ELEMENTS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT AND

ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE HOUSING

(Ana Vukadinović, Jasmina Radosavljević, Amelija Đorđević, Dejan Vasović, Goran Janaćković) ................................................................................................................................ 487

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SLOVENIAN MOUNTAIN HUT WITHIN THE

SCOPE OF SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN HUTS IN EUROPE

(Rok Stropnik, Mitja Mori) .................................................................................................................. 493

BUILDINGS FROM RECYCLABLE MATERIALS

(Jasmina Radosavljević, Amelija Đorđević, Ana Vukadinović, Zoran Nikolić) .................................. 501

Session 8. Occupational Safety

PREVENTION OF CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS IN THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF

SERBIA

(Nadežda Ljubojev, Una Marčeta) ....................................................................................................... 509

STUDENTS SESSION

IMPROVING THE PALLETIZATION PROCESS IN INDUSTRY BY USING THE FANUC

ROBOT

(Marija Nedić) ...................................................................................................................................... 517

THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF TECHNICAL

SYSTEMS IN AIMS OF RELIABILITY

(Aleksandra Felbab, Ljiljana Radovanović) ......................................................................................... 521

ERGONOMY IN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY FOR CABLE MANUFACTURE

(Slađana Borić, Eleonora Desnica, Mina Paunović) ............................................................................ 527

THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNICAL INSPECTION ON THE SAFETY OF MOTOR VEHICLES

(Bojan Vukobrat, Borivoj Novaković, Ljiljana Radovanović, Mila Kavalić, Sanja Stanisavljev) ...... 531

THE ROLE OF KAIZEN IN IMPROVING EMPLOYEES SAFETY AT WORK

(Nikola Petrović, Edit Terek, Dragica Ivin, Danka Joksimović, Dragana Sajfert,

Marija Mjedenjak) ................................................................................................................................ 540

THE ROLE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT – TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

IN ORGANIZATIONS

(Nikola Petrović, Dragica Ivin, Danka Joksimović, Dragana Sajfert, Marija Mjedenjak) ................... 544

QUALITY MANAGEMENT-BASED MEASURES FOR IMPROVING MAINTENANCE OF

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS – EXAMPLES FROM AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

(Slađana Borić, Ljiljana Radovanović, Mina Paunović) ...................................................................... 548

ADVOCATIVE DESIGN OF THE WORK AS A FACTOR MOTIVATION OF THE WORKER

(Aleksandra Felbab, Natalia Lerik, Rijana Markuš) ............................................................................. 553

MODERN STRUCTURAL STEELS

(Biljana Maljugić, Jasmina Pekez, Ivan Palinkaš) ............................................................................... 559

VIII International Conference Industrial Engineering and Environmental Protection 2018 (IIZS 2018)

October 11-12th, 2018, Zrenjanin, Serbia

__________________________________________________________________________________________

PEDELEC LI-ION BATTERY PACK LIFETIME

Hrvoje Glavaš1, Mirko Karakašić2, Ivica Petrović1, Držislav Vidaković3

1University of Osijek, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information

Technology Osijek, Osijek, Croatia2University of Osijek, Mechanical Engineering Faculty, Slavonski Brod, Croatia

3University of Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Osijek, Croatia

e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Energy policy of EU promotes electro-mobility, especially the use of bicycles and electric bicycles.

PEDELEC is a form of an electric bicycle that does not require a registry plate, and with a battery power 250 W

electric motor helps the driver to overcome the altitude differences and influence of the wind. Batteries for

electric bicycles are based on Li-Ion technology. Battery packs are made of standard cells that have a lifecycle of

1000 cycles. In realistic exploration conditions, the lifecycle is four years and up to a third of the declared cycle

of use. The reason for this is the climatic conditions which lead to increased temperatures in usage and charging

temperatures, which significantly reduce their life cycle. Paper on a practical example shows the dynamics of

PEDELEC usage, energy needs for specific route characteristics, as well as changes in the thermal pattern of the

battery and its condition after 4 years of use. The analysis was performed with Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)

using infrared thermography, which confirmed the inhomogeneity of thermal patterns and the moment of final

battery failure.

Key words: Li-Ion, 18650, battery pack, PEDELEC, thermography

INTRODUCTION

Energy policy of the European Union promotes the use of electric vehicles. In order to reduce import

of crude oil, CO2 emissions and congestion in large cities. The aim of the European Union’s land

transport policy is to promote mobility that is efficient, safe, secure and environmentally friendly.

London is the first city to introduce Congestion charging zone in 2003. The charge covers a 21 km2

area in London. If you enter the zone between 7am and 6pm on a weekday, you pay a flat daily rate.

The charge has risen from 5 £ in 2003, 7.50 £ in 2006 to 11.50 £ in 2018. Residents receive a 90 %

discount and registered disabled people can travel for free. Emergency services, motorcycles, taxis and

minicabs are exempt. Fully electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell cars are exempt from this charge,

along with a number of efficient hybrids. With the aim of reducing traffic congestion, the use of

bicycles and electric bicycles is promoted. 40000 vehicles drive into it per hour in the morning peak.

Since implementation, vehicle delays have reduced by 26 % inside the charging zone and the bus fleet

and ridership have increased significantly, [1].

Aim of this paper is to present case study of four years usage of electric bicycle PEDELEC on city

area with special reference to the weakest element of the electrical mobility, battery. PEDELEC (pedal

electric cycle) is name for bicycle with an electric motor supporting the ride. Electric motor with

maximum power of 250 W helps the driver until reach the speed of 25 km/h. It is the only form of

electric vehicle in EU countries that does not require registration.

PRACTICAL USAGE OF PEDELEC IN THE AREA OF CITY OSIJEK

Basic information on daily transport needs

Cycling in Osijek represents a way of life and a favorite recreation on 40 kilometers of cycling trails.

The city is located on an international bicycle route along the Danube that stretches from Germany

across Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. The European bicycle route Euro Velo 6

connects Osijek with Budapest and Novi Sad. The second route nearby is the Euro Velo 13, the so-

called Iron Curtain Route [2]. For daily traffic needs, in this research, was used Kalkhoff's electric

bicycle. This bicycle has 8FUN drive engine on the front axle, power 250 W and Li-Ion 36 V, 9 Ah

battery (Fig. 1).



__________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 1. Kalkhoff PEDELEC used for research

A typical day-trip on the way from home to work (Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer

Science and Information Technology Osijek) as well as the speeds in (km/h) on individual parts of

route can be seen in Fig. 2.

Figure 2. The basic daily route of PEDELEC and the driving dynamics of the daily route, source [2]

Average traffic speeds of PEDELEC goes from 20 to 22.8 km/h, [3]. Average traffic speeds in EU

cities: London (19 km/h), Berlin (24 km/h), Warsaw (26 km/h), Edinburgh (30 km/h), Rome

(30 km/h), Glasgow (30 km/h), Bristol (31 km/h), Paris (31 km/h), Belfast (32 km/h), Munich

(32 km/h), Amsterdam (34 km/h), Barcelona (35 km/h). Conducted measurements during May 2015

indicate that the average speed of traffic in Osijek by car (38.4 - 39.7 km/h) and bicycle (12.5 -

14.6 km/h). Average traffic speed with PEDELEC and car in the populated area of high traffic density

is similar [3]. The experiences from the literature, calculations by ExtraEnergy based on market

values. As a basis for calculation, the lifecycle of PEDELEC including batteries was taken as 4 years

or 19200 km, alongside a kWh price of 0.2 €, plus annual repair and spares cost of 150 €.

Alternatively, the figure of € 40 per month for motivational leasing via an employer could be used, in

which a PEDELEC to a value of € 1,800 would be leased over a period of three years for 38,01 € per

month, [4].

Practical experiences of authors are presented in Table 1. Battery analyzed in this paper provided,

during 4 years, 2543 km, while the experiences of other users of a similar bicycle that used only the

lowest amount of engine power tell about 7000 km before the battery is dead. In the first years of use,

the rechargeable battery of the test bicycle was allowing a movement radius of 30 - 40 km. In the

fourth year, autonomy fell up to 15 km. Then in just a few recharges, on the radius of 7 km and then

the battery has died. The price of the new battery is 351 €. This makes the price of the mileage, on the

test model, higher than the cost of fuel in a car (0.08 €/km).

Table 1. The mileage of the battery over the lifetime

Year Test bike Kalkhoff PEDELEC Similar bike with same battery

2014 20 km 1000 km

2015 1093 km 2500 km

2016 950 km 1500 km

2017 300 km 2000 km

2018 180 km 0 km

Sum 2543 km 7000 km

€/km 0.14 0.05



__________________________________________________________________________________________

PEDELEC energy needs on daily route

When driving a bicycle, the driver often invests extra energy in overcoming air resistance in the case

of wind and potential differences in the case of a hill. The average recreational cyclist developing a

power of 100 W, when in good form it can go even up to 200 W. Professional cyclist develop from

200 W up to 300 W. In races, 400 W was recorded in continuity at a distance of 14 km [3]. Needs of

driving power are best described in Figure 3 left [5]. Figure 3 right presents speed and proportional

energy demand from 75 kg driver with a bike by primary resistance forces during a state of 300 W

constant power cycling, source professional training systems, scientific training for cyclist and

multisport athletes.

win

d

istance

rolling resistance100

200

300

400

500

600

700

(W)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 (km/h)

grad

ient

3 %

800

0

3 m

/s

head

air res

83

%61

%43

% 30

% 21

%14

% 10%7% 5% 4% 3%

4%3%3%

3%3%

3%

3%

3%

3%

3%

3%

12

%

13

%24

%

43

%

58

%

68

%

75

%

80

%

84

%

87

%

88

%

90

%

3%

11

%

10%

8%

8%

7%6%

5%5%

10%8% 9%7%5% 6%4%3%2%1%0%0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100% 50 km/h

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Bering & driverain friction

Gravity

Rolling resistance

Air resistance

3%3%

12

Rolling resistanceRolling resistanceRolling resistance

Air resistanceAir resistanceAir resistanceAir resistance

Gradient

Speed

Figure 3. Required driving force for different speeds and proportional energy demand

by primary resistance forces during steady-state cycling

The mathematical description of the needed power in relation to the variables as bike speed, wind

speed, mass and resistance is defined by the expression (1). Trajectory dependency of particular

variables are detail described in [6].

VrCs

bm

rmg

wVV

aKW ×

úûù

êëé ++++= ))((2)( (1)

where: W - shaft power s - gradient (%) (5 % = 0.05) mr - driver mass

Ka - drag factor Cr - rolling resist. coefficient 0.003 mb - bike mass

V - bike speed Vw - headwind speed g - 9.81 m/s2

LI-ION BATTERY

The demand for PEDALEC started in 2005 mainly thanks to the widespread use of Li-Ion batteries

[3]. Li-Ion batteries, thanks to a higher energy density, are currently the best solution for electrical

mobility (Fig. 4).

Energy density (Wh/kg)

Energ

y d

ensity (

Wh/l)

250200150100500

0

100

200

300

400

600

500 Li-ion

Pb

Ni-Cd

Ni-MH

Lighter

Sm

alle

r

700

800

Year

Energ

y d

ensity (

Wh/l)

201520102005200019951990

0

100

200

300

400

600

500

700

800

Figure 4. Energy density trend and increase in performances of 18650 Li-Ion cell [7]



__________________________________________________________________________________________

In Li-Ion batteries (LiBs), Li+ ions move from the positive electrode to the negative electrode upon

charging, and reversely upon discharge, as shown in Fig. 5. The negative electrode is usually carbon-

graphite (LiC6). There are different kinds of positive electrodes: the lamellar compounds (archetype

LiCoO2), the spinel compounds (archetype LiMn2O4) and the olivine compounds (LiFePO4). The

electrolyte is either liquid, made of carbonates plus a Li salt, or a solid (a conductive polymer). Liquid

electrolyte allows for much greater power density because the carbonates are good ionic conductors.

Liquid electrolyte major problem is that boil at about 90 °C, and in practice, these batteries can be

operated in the temperature range of 20 to +60 °C. At higher temperatures, the electrolyte deteriorates;

at lower temperatures, the conductivity is too small. With a solid-state battery, the conductivity of the

electrolyte is small so that the battery need to heat to the 90 °C. Battery pack mainly are make from

standardized Li-Ion cells, Fig. 5, [8]. The first LIB generation (Sony Corporation, 1991) was produced

in a standardized format, the well-known 18650 cylindrical cell [9].

Figure 5. Construction and interior design of a 18650 cylindrical battery

Lithium-ion chemistries tend to operate best between about 10 and 35 °C; this is referred to as the

optimal temperature range. This is where you want the batteries to be at most of the time. However,

most all lithium-ion chemistries will still operate down to about −20 °C and up to about 45 °C; this is

known as the operational range. In this temperature range, no reduction in battery life would be

expected to be experienced during normal operation. Between −20 and −40 °C the electrolytes may

begin to freeze and the cold temperatures increase the impedance within the cell thereby resisting the

flow of ions and reducing capacity and performance, and above 60 °C many lithium-ion cell

chemistries begin to get more unstable; this is known as the survival temperature range, [7].

BATTERY PACK

Battery pack for PEDELEC is usually 36V. To get this voltage, it is necessary to connect 10 batteries

in the series. In order to provide sufficient energy, certain elements may contain multiple parallel cells.

The analyzed pack contains 40 CGR18650CG Li-Ion MH12210 cells. Cell nominal voltage is 3.6 V

and with capacity 2250 mAh gives a pack capacity of 9 Ah.

Figure 6. Panasonic CGR18650CG characteristic from data sheet

It is important that all cells, inside battery pack, are similar characteristics (inner resistance) because it

depends on lifecycle of battery pack [10]. As some of the batteries in the same series differ in one

another, it is necessary to monitor the charging cycles because Li-Ion batteries are sensitive to



__________________________________________________________________________________________

overflow which can lead to ignition. Battery Management System (BMS) is the basic component of

each battery pack. Electric bicycles do not have a Thermal Management System (TMS) which can

cause a temperature difference of about 2 – 3 °C from the coolest cell to the warmest cell. In the case

of cars and larger battery packs the difference can be as much as 6 – 8 °C. The reason why this is

important is that a large temperature gradient between the cells will cause the cells to age at different

rates, more information in [11]. Hotter cells will age faster than the cooler cells, and if there is a large

gradient, this could mean that the battery’s calendar life will be reduced prematurely [7].

BMS serves to balance energy of individual cells because the behavior of the group is complex [12].

Balancing can be active and passive. In practice, it is most passive because the price of active

balancers is not justified by energy savings. The passive cells balancer that fill individual cell in the

charging process before the other, i.e. achieve the 4.2 V voltage slowly empties over the resistor that is

connected in parallel with the cell. Fig. 7 shows the location of BMS and individual cells in the

analyzed battery pack as well as the sematic layout of the BMS compound.

CG

R1865

0C

G

Li-io

n M

H12210

4 c

ells

in p

ara

llel

BMS

IN

OUT

Figure 7. Battery photo with charger and schematic representation of

the BMS in the battery pack (bottom view)

The premature destruction of the battery led to the use of charging immediately after the run, which

was mainly during high outdoor temperatures. The lack of thermal management and the unequal

distribution of dissipation led to a different aging of the cells, which can be seen from the thermal

form in Fig. 8.

Figure 8. Uneven thermal pattern in operation (top view)

The temperature values in Fig. 8 show a difference in the battery temperature of 3.7 °C, while the

difference to the housing takes up to 8.4 °C. Older cells with lower capacity have higher internal

resistance. Because of this, good cells take over most of the current on themselves. This leads to their

heating and aging. Batteries in the battery pack are set in two levels, so you need to analyze both sides

of the battery pack. Fig. 9 (left) shows the upper side of the battery and the lower side (right). Fig. 9

can clearly estimate the location of individual cells as well as assume their qualitative status.



__________________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 9. Battery pack thermal pattern in charging process

(left top view, right bottom)

When after 4 years the battery could not exceed more than 800 meters, we carried out an additional

thermographic analysis and determined the existence of a hot spot. Fig. 10 shows a thermal hot spot on

the cells that have stopped working. Hot spots represent the healthy cells that are in parallel with the

defective cell and conduct a current of the serial circuit.

Figure 10. Battery pack thermal pattern at end of lifetime

(left top view, right bottom)

Taking average PEDELEC speed and radius of autonomy, it is possible to estimate the average engine

power. The drop in capacity that is manifested through reduction of autonomy is shown in Table 2 as

an estimate of the capacity of a battery pack and of a particular cell.

Table 2. Battery pack capacity estimation based on PEDELEC average speed and range

PEDELEC

range (km)

Operating

time (h)

Battery pack

capacity (Ah)

Average

power (W)

Cell capacity

(mAh)

Percentage of

initial battery

capacity

40 1.75 9.00 185 2250 100

15 0.66 3.38 185 844 38

7 0.31 1.58 185 394 18

CONCLUSION

Batteries are the basic element of electro-mobility. With the launch of the Li-Ion battery on the

market, the intense development of various forms of electric vehicles begins. For the needs of electric

bicycles, PEDELEC especially, various battery packs are developed based on standard 18650 cells. In

order to achieve the necessary voltage, the battery cells are put in series. Battery capacity increases by

joining individual cells in parallel. The difference in characteristics and the need for voltage control,

require BMS in each battery pack. BMS controls the voltage of an individual cell in the serial

connection so that there is no overcharge and fire. Manufacturers declare battery life over the number

of charging and discharging cycles. The number of the lifecycle for Li-Ion battery is 1000. Under

realistic conditions of exploitation, battery life is 4 years. Based on two practical examples, the



__________________________________________________________________________________________

charging number is estimated to be from 120 to 200. Main cause of the deviation from the

manufacturer's reference is the temperature regime of exploitation and charging. Temperatures that are

during charging process higher form standard testing temperature, significantly short the battery life

cycle. On analyzed batteries, we can see that the capacity drops by an average of 20 % per year and

the end of battery use occur suddenly. Infrared thermography, as an NDT method, can help to detect

the inhomogeneity of the thermal pattern which is a consequence of uneven aging of individual cells in

the battery pack.

REFERENCES

[1] Badstuber, N., London congestion charge has been a huge success. It’s time to change it,

www.citymetric.com, March 12, 2018

[2] Glavaš, H., Dorić, D., Aračić, S., Practical Application of PEDELEC in the City of Osijek,

38th Conference on Transportation Systems with International Participation Automation in

Transportation, 14.- 18.11.2018. Osijek –Budapest, Croatia –Hungary, 2018.

[3] Glavaš, H., Barić, T., Keser, T., ''Pedelec - Pedal Electric Cycle'' 35th Conference on

Transportation Systems with International Participation Automation in transportation 2015,

Zagreb - London ; Croatia - England, 03.-08.11.2015.

[4] Leaserad at Go Pedelec MDM Workshop Stuttgart. 14th June 2012, page 22.

[5] Wijk, W., Bicycle Traffic Planning and Design, Warszawa, Poland, May 25, 2012

[6] Wilson, D. G., Bicycling Science 3ed., MIT Press Cambridge, London, 2004.

[7] Warner, J., The Handbook of Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Design Chemistry, Components,

Types and Terminology, Elsevier, ISBN: 978-0-12-801456-1, 2015

[8] https://spectrum.ieee.org/ns/images/sep07/images/lithf2.gif

[9] Alejandro, A. Franco editor, Rechargeable Lithium Batteries, Elsevier Ltd. Woodhead

Publishing ISBN 978-1-78242-090-3, 2015

[10] Gogoana, R., Pinson, M. B., Bazant, M. Z., Sarma, S. E.,: ''Internal resistance matching for

parallel-connected lithium-ion cells and impacts on battery pack cycle life'' Journal of Power

Sources 252, 8-13 , 2014.

[11] Omar, N., et al., Lithium iron phosphate based battery – Assessment of the aging parameters

and development of cycle life model, Applied Energy, Volume 113, 2014, Pages 1575-1585,

ISSN 0306-2619, DOI: /10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.003.

[12] Dubarry, M., Vuillaume, N., Liaw, B.Y., From single cell model to battery pack simulation

for Li-ion batteries, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 186, Issue 2, 2009, ISSN 0378-7753,

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.10.051.

Documents

University of Novi Sad · VIII International Conference-Industrial Engineering and Environmental Protection (IIZS 2018) Organizer of the Conference: Technical faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”