University of Nigeria Research Publications

Aut

hor

UNEGBU, Mary Obiageli

PG/M.Ed/01/SD/32349

Title

The Impact of Workshops on the Attitude of Workers and Employers Towards People Living with HIV/AIDS: Implication for

Counselling

Facu

lty

Education

Dep

artm

ent

Educational Foundations

Dat

e September, 2005

Sign

atur

e

UNGGBU MARY Ol31AGELI

PG/NI.EI)/O l/SD/32349

THE liClP,tC'T OF iVORKSNOl'S O N THE ATTITIrDE O F

WORKERS AND E%lPLOYEIIS T0iV;IRI)S I'EOI'LE

1,IVING \Vl 1'1-1 [!IV AIIS: IMPI.lCA I ION IOR (.'O\ lNSl~~131N( i

UNEGBU MARY OBIAGELI

I'G/MED/O I/SI)/32349SEPTEMBE R 2,005

A THESIS PRESENTED TOTHE DEPARTMENT OF El)UCArTIONAI, FOUNDATIONS

APPROVAL, PAGE This thesis has hecn approvcd for ihc Dcpartrncnt of Eclucntional

Foundations, Faculty of t d w x t i o n I Inivcrsity of Nigeria Nsulil<a.

C,

THESIS SUPERVISOR

INTERNAL I<SAhI INER

DEAN FACULTY OF EDUCATION

1 tvish to esprc-ss my proli)i111~1 gratitude and deep ~~ppreciation to my supcrvisor, Dr. Beatrice A. Okelie-Oli. whose encouragement. guidance :md thorough supenkions contributed irn~mmely to tho successfid completion of this study.

It is also my pleasure to acknowiedge with thanks and gratitude. the timeless efforts of all the dutifiil Guidance and Counseling lecturers in the Department of Fcli~cational Foundations anit Guidance and Counseling unit fbr their :~ssistance and encouragement cspeciaI1~~ Prof: I$\c Ifelu~lni, Prof: (Re!,. Fr.) Kwabuisi arid Dr. J. Omeje. Also \I ort11). ol'aclinowlccig~~ient is 1-'roL A. Ali in the Department of Science Education.

'r-\BILE OF CONTENTS

, .. I 1tIc p1:c

,\pp"'\ 31 p3gc

Certification

iDedioation

Aclinon~led, wncnts

Table of contents

List of tables

List of figures

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTTON Bnckground 01' the study

Scope of thc study

LIST O F FIGC'RES

Iucrusing IIIV p r o dent.c m r m g pregnmt \ \o i i icn 111 CICICCLCCI ~1x111 :LI-LYI\ in I ' r iu( I OX?-2002 ),

LlecIining 1 I IV pre\ nloncc m c u y o m w in ~~clcctccl i ~ r b a n arws in Afi-icrr ( I 985-2002).

Median 1 IlV prevalence in Nigeria b! zone.

I IIV prcvalencc h j sl;~te in Nigeria I-ISS 3003

ottil~dcs 0 1 ii,orkcrs :~nd cmplo) er.; to\\ a r k I'cople I . i \ ing n i th I I 1 V I A I IS in tllc

1:ederul C':~piwl Territor),: 1mplic:ltion for counseling. Fivc rcsc;irch q~~estions

and five hypotheses guided ihc stody. 4 cross-sectional survey rcsrarch design

I\ as adopted for the stud). A totnI of 460 workers and 23 tmplovtrc nwe

randomly sampled, using simple random sampling technique out of the

nurnerous worliers :mcl estublishrnents in the 1;C-T. Stnxtured clt~cstionnnires

\vcre u e d for data collection. The reliability co-efficient of the instrument was

0.62. Mean and standard dcvintiun \\!ere emplo>.ed to answer thc research

CHAI'I 'ER ONE

1NTROI)lJCTlON

JcII.III:~. I<+~.!lts I ) [ ; I I O < I . ,~i[clit::; C;III-~LYI o ~ ~ t in 1 1 1 , ~ { ~ t si1ggc51cd I\\:I!. p~\i)plc id1

I~ig!~cr I : C ! L I ~ ; I ~ ~ ~ I I ; I I q ~ i ; ~ I i l ~ w ~ i o n t c ~ i d ~ ~ l 10 pcr~ .~ , i ic ~ : ? ~ L I C \ d i l ? i . ~ ~ c ~ ~ t l \ I?om tho5c

\.I it11 l o t i o ~ c 1 1 1 i : 1 i . I I i C . I I I I 1 1 1 1 ~

rcscar-cl~~r. has i111 cslig~~lccl llic c ~ t c n i 1 0 I\ hizh ~ul l t Ic . r : age ;~ncl ccli~c.:\t icl~~al

~ 1 ~ 1 i l I i I iuliot~s ~ I ~ I I L K I I ~ C ~iUit~~ilcs 0 1 ' a 1 1 ~ group , ) I ' p c ~ p l c LOT.\ L I I - ~ S l'coplc Li\:i~ig

\I it11 *l!V!211r)S.

11 it; l-~o\~:c\~~~,.r-. \ \ o r thy to 11otc !hilt c\!c11 ~lioirsh \\r,l.l\hho~~s. co~~lbrcnccs.

sc~nin,lr.s, [hi. m:c!ia J M ~ SO on . have ,met .ire still kcing used 10 enlighten ihc

populc~ct. 011 the i.;sucs of FIlV and A1I)S. particularly with respect to attitudes

to\\ artis PI ,\I\'! IAs, 1 GI, this g1-oi117 0 1 ' pmons still csperienuc unlllvourablc

uttitucic~ torn tlic public.

IJpoti this hackground, the work sought to investigate the impact of

n.ork,~hcyx on thc allitricl~'~ of' norlicrs and c lnplo~wi to\~:trds I'wplc Living

~ i i t h IllVIAIDS in thc I 'C ' I ' ~ I J L I J ~ .

Statc~ncnt of the I'~-oh!em

fhcrc is n o tloubt that T JlV and i\Il>S is real and th:ti i t is in c\:cr\.

~ I I . I hc ll l : l i i l COIICL'I-12 ho \~c \u - . r~riscs lsom 111c l.:.tc\ i l ~ : \ ~ cicspitc t l ~

ulf'or+.s I;I go\u-nmcnts and other partners lo cniightcn the co~nmunity on the

is.;uc. through bill boarcis. radio jingle:.;, tctcvision slogans a n d h c pin1 ~ncclia, 1 - ( I I C I;>'-\ * I ~ : I ~ I I , . , I \ \ I \ , ' :\[I(.! '~1l)S is !:I(- , i . ( l t x I ~ , : T I I ; ~ - l \ , o ~ i . I I I c I . ~ : i y l j i \ \ ~ ~ \ ~ ~ - .

d ~ ~ m d : ~ ~ , ~ t tcvi~dcnce ! I I L \ L ~t~f,)~-l~:;liops h ~ ~ , c ~ C I I ~ u i c f I L c ~ i \ c I ~ I C L ~ ~ L I I I I ill i ! ~ ~ p ; ~ c ~ i ~ i g &,

1 . . 1 . . 1 ; ! I i , 1 i v L ~ , 1 t!!.:,:. ',' \~~: i ] ; t :~- : I \ - , ~ l l i . 8 , , : l i ~ , : , - l l ! , , ; 111 I . ~ I , I \ ; , ~ ~ [ I 1 : ~ I : I { ~ ! I ~ I ~ ~ ; ( j ! .

. / . , . I ., . , 1 1 ; ' : , . , I ; I ( , . , 8 , . , , , , , # - . ' , : ! , , i : ; ; ' : 1 ] I i , ! , 2 . ? > I , ; , , il'i,! . ;,.! , 1 : > I , , " ~ , , , , ~ ~ , ) , I .

1 ' ' *. , , I : : , I

1 1 . i . ; ~ ~ L , \ ~ I I ~ ~ ! : !~ i : , i ~ , l t : ! , ~ : t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : t i !:i;!t i l l , : - , , I I I c . ? \ ~ i o ~ \ , ,~-,l.%,,: ,,\ ) I ; I ~ ,:..\i(:lii I , . , I I

* . , . I a , " I:, , .,,; , \ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ I ( ~ I i : , ~ ! \ . I < . :111(.i ~ l i ~ / ~ , I ! : ~ (:[.,. i 1 1 . 1 ~ ~ l . ~ \ ~ . , : ( * ' , I , , , i ' t \ ; ' , ~ \ I / . I ! ~ ~ 1 \ , , I ! \ [ ! i

,,! 1 I ! ',' [ I< . \ ,I!,'\ 2 ' ' ;

~t extent does the gcndcr of thc public and private scctors ; evposed to workshops on I-IIV/A[L>S. influence their s toiirat-cts i'coplc I .iving r\ ith 1 I [I' itnd r\l l>S in tllc 1-C'r'!

it extent does the educational qualifications of the public workers exposed to worlishops on I-IIV/AIDS, influence titudes towards Pcople 1,iving with tlIV and ATUS in the

~t cstent does the age of the public sector workers exposed ltshops on IIIV/AIDS, influence their attitudes towards

, I.iving ~vith I11V ulc t AILIS in thc FCT'?

- \ - . 'I hcru is no sipnificant ciit'lkrcncc m o n g thc nwan suorus of ihc

,~t~ilrrclcs o f vt~rious acaclcmic clualilicalio~is 01' p r i ~ . ~ i ~ c scclor \voi-I\crs cuposcd to \~,orl.,..;hops on I I I V .'A1 I IS. ~ o ~ v a r d s I'coplc l,i\,ing with 1-IlV and l\I1)S in the I-C'I'.

- I fcaltl~ profcssirmds and ohcr.; ~ v h o comc into regular c m a u l

with people in t'ected with I-ilV. Judd SIII-thcr statcd that medical

studenrs. dmrors and nursing stall' o1ic.n become paranoid L l t 7 0 ~ ~ t

hairing spilled blood of a HIV-positive person on thelr body, and

assume that thej. have become positive themselves. Such fears she

d d e d . turn nlo w i o u s psychological problen~\. Conscclucntly

iuch hcalth prolc~sio~ids ~~ccc i skillli~l co~~tlvAing. C o~tnsclirig also

wlps hcalth nrokssionals to practice universal precautions. Judd

:oncI~~dcd.

I-IIV ant! AIDS and rclated iqsocs:

I I rr~van I r n ~ u n o I?cficionc~. Virus ( I 11V) is the virus that cairbcs i\cquired

Imm~~r ic I)ctlcict~c! 5) nclronic (Al [IS). I i lV is a 11 ual\ \.lrirs. L\ hi& can survive

only irlside the human body. It infects the' body fluids such as bloud. sexual

tltiiciq :~nd brwut mill, ( I MOII. 2002). I I IV :~nd AIDS is one of the mwit cfeadly

cpiclcn-tics tli:it h;l\ c plasi~cd hum:lnity in wccnt years. A I D S uas first noliccd

in the r = d y eighties, allhuugh its origin has not been positively identitled. 111V

virus as r ~ p o r t c d ly (l:hdOI1, 2002). gradually n-calicns [he immune S! stem,

~ \ h i c h i.; tho h c d l ' s clct>nw. [ h i \ . i t acldccl. rn~ll~es the body rr~iahlc to resist

otlwt- i 1 t~\c ! ion Lmci iIi;11 lhc l~cr:,on i11 ICCLLX~ 1~11 I I \ V. C O I I ~ L I L * I ~ ~ I ~ L~~IIL~I I I~C~,

to si~llLr fi-om OPC i11ICction 10 anothcr as a rcsult of reduction in thu bod) 's

delknsu.;. 'I his inahilil> to rcsist o h - inii.ctions I hl( 11 l ~ d c l c d is r z k r r d to as

Ill ' '-; ,! I i i l , . f /1,. i i l l i - b * ~ i o ~ l , 111~11. 111, I ~ ( % I OII ,11112,- > ~ i - c 1 , .1 ,~ i r t~ , I 1 \ : I , I ~ [ ~ O I I I l l i

in tcctic I - ;

I ) 1 i I t o I , ' , I / ' ' , 111, b I l l ' , l ~ ~ ; l . I 11. ' 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 , 1

8 I I ! I 1 , 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 ' I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 i I ~ , I I 1 1 i I ! I

1 ' , l l l ~ \ l i l # 1 4 ) ' 1 . 1 / 5 1 I h,#

I41V a n d opportunistic infections:

As obscnrc.cl h> (FMOII, 2002). the prcscncc of T IIV virus in [he bodv

can trigger ~ ~ N o t h u r inlkctiuns, t\ hid1 are rcfcrred to as oppcrr~unistic int'cctions.

The niost common of these infections are Tuberculosis (TI<), oral thrush, and

dermatitis.

yxxl\1n2 O I I ~ l i c ~ ~ ~ t c r ~ ~ c l a t i o n s f ~ ~ j ~ bct\\c.cn IiIV ~rncl 1'13. ( 1 hi01 I , 2002) .

~,tatcd. ..a lot oj 'pcc~l~lc csti~i~atect at 5 0 " 0 in \ub-Saharan Aliica. x c l i \ ins \\ 1111

latcnt tuberculosis i~il'cction, which can bc reuct~\iated during pcriods of'

decreased body resistance such as occurs in AIDS". I n another dcvclopmcnt,

(( ) l lCSOI;,2003), clxilies, that althou$~ 11IV il~crcascs thc r~slt ol' clc\ cloping

1'13. but that, not all I IIV - positi\,c pcoplc have I'B and that not all pcoplc n it11

'1'B are HIV - positive.

HIV and Sexually Transmitted Inf'ections: (ST1's)- (F'bIOl I. '2002)

stated that S'I'I's are very common cspecially among people c\ ho cngagc in

~ ~ n p r ~ t c c t c d sex. It also ~~cIcIccI that thc \uric bchaviours that placc pcoplc at riil t

such as inllarmnation. blisters, sores and others. According t o him. --S'I7D's

such as gonorrhea, s?philis. cancroicl-\ and genital hcrpcs cause blistcrs. ulczrs.

'~i;tdccluatc housing a ~ i d 1;ick 01' I i t g i c ~ ~ c m;iitc I IIV- inlixtctl pel-sons a . c n morc

into commercial sex. \ \ hich cxpo\cs them to I IIV infbclio~i. C'on\cq~tcntl>~. 11 ( 1

added. - ' poverty puts prcssilre on n.\.omcn to survivc and support their I'amil ics

by engaging in unsali. scx"

Culture - In some cultures cspcclall~ clc\lcloping countries \ \ omen

cannot negotiate sex \vith their partners because men are seen to bc superior and

have the f i n d say over all issucs in the fimilj including scx. O n this. A\iakc

(3002). stated '-in numerous Al'rican countrics,, nomcn are o1ic11 not in a

posi~ion to question thcir partners about extra marital alf'airs, to rcl i~sc sexual

contact. or to suggest safer sexual practices." In some co~~nt r ies also, illnesses

arc ~~su;t l ly linked t o cvil spirits. Conscc1ucntIy. pcople remain in ~ h c tiark

regascling the 1;incls ol' assistance ill^'! I J C L ~ lbr their ~ncciical problems.

I'hercfore, Ackaltc aclcicd -'c~iltural bclicfs o l k n rcllcct ignorancc and denial

about A1 0s.'' I.'ollo\\ in2 tticsc erroneous bclicl's A\\ altc continued. hclp arc

Violation of Human Rights- It I~os been l'ound that many People 1,iving

\I ith ~IIV/IZIDS do nut get to choose how, 1% h m . and to tvhom to disclosc thcir

I-IIV positive status because such information are disclosed to other people

n.ithout their permission. In a rcpor-t, (IrNAIDS, 2003) stated.

. L . . . when surveyed recently, 29% of persons

living with HIV/;\IDS in IncliL1, 38% i n Indonesia,

and over -!(I% i n I 'linilnnif \,lid their I IIV- poqitive

>tatus 11;d lven ic\cnlt.cl Lo wrrleone cljc. n i t l i o ~ r ~

!heir conwit . In many case.;. test rewlts were

shared \$it11 perconu other than the cpouce or

family members"

( 1 \ I [ ) \ . ~~~~~-~ 17~12~2 :?)

Stigma anil Iliscrimination Experts bclieve that stisma anit

ciiscriminntion malcc people xtixid to find out lhuir IIIV- status.

According to (11-0, 2001). stigma and discrirninntion build on csisting

prejudices and patterns of social cxclusiot~. Consequently. in order not to

Ix excluded socially. the HIV- pos i t i~~e persuns licep l k i r status to

themselves. thus spreading thc inl'cction to others. (UNAIUS. 2003),

stated that stigma and discrimination may help to perpetuate risky

behaviors such as unsafe sex among the I-IIV- positive persons. ho

might have the tcndency to beliuve thnt behaving dilfcrently ~vould raise

suspicion about their I-IIV- status. ILO supported this view by saying that

stigmatization of People Living with I [IVIAIDS fuels a natural desire to

kecp quict about ~ h u inlkction. t2i~1s hclpins the spread.

ILLlnd to hc tlzc highust amongst tIic cl~lier rcgions of' h c world. . \ c u o r d i n ~ to

affected by the t-I I Vi A1 CIS cpidemic." They nitded that in 2003. an estimated

26.6 million pcople in the SSA region were living with the virus. Thc

prevalence ol' HIV in this sub-region varies consiclerably fro111 c ~ ) ~ ~ n t r y to

country, with a range of lou in the lcast uffected countries to high in h e worst

affected ones. To illustrate this, (UNAIDShVMO, 2003), stated that prevalence

ranged from Irss that 1% in Mauritania to almost 40% in Botsivana, 8% in

Uganda. 23% in Namibia. 25% in Lirnhabw. 30% in Lesotho. 39% in

Swaziland, to mention but a few. UNAIDS/'WMO further stated that, within the

sub-region, South Africa rcgistcrs thc highest 1-FIV prevalence. According to

Increasing HIV prevalence among pregnant women in selected urban areas in Africa: 1985 - 2002

Declining HIV prevalence among pregnant women in selected urban areas in Africa: 1985 - 2002

'I... - -

Year

Figure 2: Declining I-HV prcvdence m o n g pregnant ivomcn in sclccted urban

0.0 -

Zone Source: Federal Pvlinistly of I lealth 2004.

F i g ~ ~ r e 3: Median I i IV prevalence by /.one.

HIV prevalencu in h e 36 states of Nigeria and the FC'P clifl'er markecily.

(FMOH, 2004) reported that the state ranking of HIV prevalence shotved that

Cross River State had the highest ol' 12.994, folIocved by Benue State which

1.2% \vas recorded in Osun Statc. Idc only 4 Statcs hacl 1 IIV p r o ~ ~ l e n c e ol'

2% and below, 14 hnci 5% and above.

Figure 4: HIV prevalut-rce kq State in Nigcr-ia HSS 2003.

. lnflucncc of Gcncler (sex), Agc and Educational Qrralificntions on

Attitudes:

Some research studies haw becn carried out in the past to find out how

gender, age and educational qi~alifications influence puoples nttitrrdes.

Gcndcr (Scx) - Eaglj. in Fulcl~nnn (20110). in n research. I'o~rnci cut th:lt women

arc somewklt Inore easily persuaclcd than men. pnrticular-Iy wlicn the\, Iiavc lcss

knwvledge of the mcssnge. Brief and Adlag (1975). in n s t ~ ~ d y csamincci

maleit'emale differences in occupational attitudes wi th in minority groups. Ifie

sample consisted 01' Chmp A that comprised 3 1 female and 33 male b l x k

p;irticipa~~ts in n prc-cn~plc~ d ~ i l i l ~ . ~ ~ O S I X I I I I I ~ L ' \\-11iIc Ciroi~p I: co~~lpriscd 3 S

!>III:IIC x 1 ~ 1 5 5 ~ n ; ~ l c h I ; ~ c l ~ p1rticip1111s in si~niI;~r ~ ~ I - O ~ - : I I I ~ I I I C \ ~ , i t l ~ ITIC:III ages 111'

I y.i ; I I ~ I i i . 7 T:,::II-S I X , , ~ X I I \ , I C I I - . I I I U I - C , < L I I I \ , \ I I O \ \ 4 110 ~ ~ ~ ~ i i l ' i c , ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ i l ~ l ~ r c ~ ~ c c

111 I ~ I C ,I~LY.LII :;torrs i l l ' I I I ; L I C S III(.I I > I I I ; ~ I L , s ( ,I.I.!I.III , \ . i!. h i l t : ( ~ I . I ) { I ~ ~ ~ ~ [ t i c ; ~ t c ~ I

, i iyni 1ic;rnt dil'l.ct-cncc Iri rhc ;~lc.nr.c \ ) I ' .i,)ci;~l intcs;~ctii~~l I i r ~n~l lus ; m c I [i.~nalc..;.

Age - Conventional ~\isilorn holds that as h ~ r n i n n k i n g s :yc. ~hcir helicli

become more and more rigid. I-lowevcr, Visser and Krosnicli in D;llt(m (1999),

found that middle-aged adults were more resistant to change than olclcr adults.

' h e tluo nskcd thousands nl' people ~ ~ h o u t their social :mi political \.icn.s, m d

attempted to change those views by presenting conflicting pieces of

information. The result showed that while middle-aged adults stuck to their

original beliefs, clderlj, subjects \vere Llaxible. The rcsearchei-s herefixe noted

that older adults ma! accept new idc~is more willingly becausc of :I natural

decline in mental sharpness, thc size ol'their social groups and also because they

may kind i t harder to rccogni/e the flaws in beliefchanging arpmcnts.

Educational qualitications - The result ol' studies carried nut in [he past

suggest that ecl~~cational clua1ificatic)ns :Ire a desirable vnrinhle in fiuiilan

bchavirwr as well as attitudes. An investigation bv - . Aiila in Kuzeein (1999).

re\ulc.cl that crnplo) ccs ~ \ ' i t h higli~r c ~ l i r ~ ~ ~ i o ~ ~ \t i l l pcrceiix i ss~~us ilil'krcntl~

lYo111 tliosc I[ it11 I ~ ) \ \ . L T L ~ I ~ I C ; ~ [ ~ ~ I I . 111 ;~dd i l i~ .m- \lt)rsc lc)?3. \ ~ ' ~ ~ I ~ I I I L T a11d Kitincy

iL) i i . i\\c111 , I I I [ ~ \ ' ! ; I \ I ~ : I . I ' ; [ jS. i ) ~ : l i / ~ . r l4?0(J. , 1 1 * i c t i l l 1, I,.IXIII ~ : Y : I I I I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ I\IC

[ I I I ~ I . I I I ~ C C I ) [ ' ~ C I I ~ I I : , I I ~ ~ I ~ ; I I it:\ ! I / ' : \ ot.l..::r:i I!II i t ' l 1 1 7 i o \ i \ : . : i i ( i l l . I ' l l< I - G L Y I I I L . - , I l l ) \ \

I \i;.~l <tI~~ca[icui:~l \,.:I t:I'i iri 111 I < C I I ~ ( : L I l l ~ c 11 OI-!<<I-S' C X ~ ~ : C I ; I [ ~ \ I I I : ~ I:( UICCI-I I~I I : i ~ ) b

I - C \ ! , I I + ( \ K ;I:< \+,ell :is I ~ I L ~ ~ I - i o i ~ ~ > c I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ I I Y ~ I I P ~ I I ~ J I - : I ~ . .,IICII i11~1t llic !~i!:hcr 1;lc

8:( I I I C L I ~ ~ I )il. I lic 11 iglicr 1 I I C I I . I \ I . ~ , C ~ : < - [ : \ ~ L C L : I ~ ~ O I I Y .

Teaching stdents to ~~ndcrstancl prejudiced beliefs for \ \ hat

they xre and to reject them: Training students in tile rilles of'

evidence and inference; Introducing students to the customs

and practices of 111inoriQ youps: Teaching students to make

independent, critical judgments aboi~t ~ocictal norms and practices.

(Schellenberg et al (1999). A Joi~rnal of Res'earch Internet).

Based on the above viewpoints. Schellenberg ct nl suggested that greater

levels o F etlucnt ion IF i l l generally be ncco~npanied h\j :t rednction in prejudice

tu \ \wd my minority group. l'his suggests thcrtlhrc thilt highlj- uducatcd people

are likely to have positive attitude ton:lrd People 1,iving with I-I[V and AIDS.

hcunusc of possihilit! of' thc \ irus .;prc~~ciing ro other pcrsofi~ in L I I C \i orkplacc,

r-cducctf proclucti\ i l l o I ' ~ h c in kc tcd \\ orlicrs. md uddccl cost of' t-ctaining such

\\orkcrs in situations c\ I I C ~ C . the cmployx might bc rcquired to givc care atid

support to such ivorltcrs. C ~ I I S C C ~ L I C I I I ~ ~ , A h ~ ~ i i i d ;~ddcd, that c~nplo! C ~ C 41oij'

unfavournblc: attituclcs to tllc cstent of terminating the mploqment of such

\vorl.rerc.

Following somc prolrcn caws o f ~~~~~~~~~s' rrnfjvou~-nblc ~lttitucies to

I-1IV-pohitive 15-orkcrs ILO. i l l a sctninar organized for Labour Court .lucIges and

assessors in 2001, tnnde an eslract from HZY related court cases in some parts

of the world. It cited a case in 1999 where a worker was discharged Srom the

Au~tralian Defence korces after testing positi1.e to FIIV. I t also citod the case of

another worker whose employer, "Canadian Armed Forces" tcrminated his

employment and also differentiated adversely against him. in the course of his

employment because he n,as MIV-positive. ILO f'urthcr cited another case

where the disability clause of an employer in Canada, excluded workers from

receiving bcnefits for illness related to HIV-positive status. Here in Nigeria,

mqjority of such cascs are no t reportccl. Honwer. in narrating the ordeal of

IIIV-positive i~orkers. On) ia (2003). dated rhe case of a new employee n h o

was asked by her employer to go for some tests. 'I'l~e tests revealed t h a ~ she \\.as

FI1V-positive and the employer aslcecl her to withdraw her employment.

In a statement by Daijit:

My colleagues c1idn.L openly cay anything to tnc,

hut the environment was no longer thc same.

'They avoided me. If I entered the room they

would leave abruptly. 'I'hen they asked me

to keep a separare glass u f water. I tlecided

to quite the job.

(Daijit in ILO, 200 1 . page 17).

Reporting the cxtcnt ol' ~nl':~vo~1r'aL71e attitudes of co-\vurl.rers to cvorlw-s

irlfectec! with t IIV virus in I Jgandan worIcplnces, (11,0,2001) adclcd that finger-

pointing was a common response to workers who are open about their HIV-

positive status. I t filrther statcd:

Rcdnction of unfavo~-able :tttitorles to People Living with HIV/;iII)S and

prevention of HIV/AIllS through wt~rl~shops, education and counseling

\Vorkshops - (2nc mxior \ t ra teg li)r the prevention oi' l fIV and ,\IDS is

~vorkshnps. World 1 lcalth Orgnizat ion (WHO) in N m i i (2001). statccl that !hc

most cl'f ctive means in the fight for a change o f attitude towarcis AIDS depends

greatly on the ~nanipulation o f intbrtnation. Britannica (I997), states that while

a person might consult his inner experiences i\s ej-idcnce of' his own attitudes,

only his public behaviour can receivc objective study. This therefore means,

that the right information or1 IIIV :ind N D S through workshops \ v i l l bc a usefirl

instrument in changing the myth being held by the public regarding HIV and

AIDS.

to prc\ cnl t~-:~~isrnission o f I IlV infc~tion:

to pso~idc risk ;~sst.ssment l i~r pcople \\ho arc at risk 01'

con~r:~c~ing I IIV infection.

According to ;"\tlejumo (2004). Counsellors are a lie) Ihcus in the

prevention of HIV as they ;trc often called upon to counsel students \vho are

must vulnerable to I IIV. Counseling in HIV can be prc-test or post-test. [n

sitnaticms \vIlerc the tust results are positive. corrnscling, \\;hen ~~ppmpriately

app!ieci, helps the iukcted person to maintail1 a balance and LO refrain from

spreading the virus. Sudd (2004), statcd "Counseling helps them to hce life in a

pragmatic way." Co~mseling is also usefill in changing the unhvourable

attitudes of partners, family membcrs. co-workers, cmploycrs and others

towards People Living with HIV and AIDS. According to Judd (2004), family

members and employers usually take a harsh view of HIV- positive status of a

person. To change tl~esc negative views. Judd added requires sltillf~d

counseling.

Snmmary of Rcvicw of liclntcd Literature

Counsclins hclps inciic iduals to nchie~e x l jus~~ncnt and ti~llillment in

major clocicions of' l i fb 13ec;~use il huuses on the psublcn~s rmcl nccclc of' clicnts

mcl hclps them learn \ \ha t is ncecled l o resolkc the prohlcms Shctxr and Stone

in Okelie (1996). 'l'he WHO in (FMOI I , 2003). cleiined counseling in I IIV and

AIDS as ". . . a confidential dialogue between a person and care proviiicr, aimed

at enabling the person c o p nith stress and ~nake informed perwnnl decisions

relating to 1-TIV and AIDS", ~ ~ h i l e Judd (2004), detincc it as .'a cpc.cid form of

interpersonal communication in which feelings, thoughts and attitudes are

expressed, explored and clarified".

The review revealed that attitude is a learned predispositions to respond

positively or negatively to certain objects, situations, concepts or other persons.

Britannica (1997), identified that attitucle is inserred from behaviour

consequently. Schallcr (1994). stated that attitudes art: i~nportant detcrminantc

of behaviours.

The review showed that MIV causes AIDS and that HIV/AIDS infects the

body fluids, gradually weakens the body's i lnnl~~ne system, thus making it

~ui~iible to resist othcs infections and Ic:~ts to opportiunictic inrectionc. 1 he stuchf

1ilrlht.r .;ho\ircd that HIV progresw I'aster in chilcit.cn than in ;di~l ts m d listed

rhc 111c~lcs 01 ' ~sn~is~rr i~sirm :I\ w \ ~ i ; i I in(crcourw. ~ L ' S I T L \ \ C C ' I I tlicn. I ~ I O I ~ I C T - ~ O -

c h ~ l d I I . ~ I I I ~ I I I ~ \ , ~ ~ O I I . blood. and ~ , l ~ x i l ~ ~ - ~ ) l . ~ l i a ~ p t ~ l ~ j c c ~ ~ , , L [ C I I LP, h l ~ d c ~ . c l ipp~~ .~ ,

: ~ n c l rrnstcr-iliscct irifb:tctf ncccllcs.

1 ilw~trrrc ;11.;o t-cvc;~lurl Lhx~ rnmy ~~uop lc !ni \c t~ucci~ c I l I\.' to hc

I I-:UISIIII! lcd 111roi11:h ~ I I ~ < L . C ~ I>I!CS. ~ ~ ; ~ n i t m p :~f \ . public ~oilcth. 3 h : ~ r ~ ~ ~ g l i ~ d 1, i[li-

lnd hugging or timching : i n I I I V-po\itii c 11crcon. I Ilc. l i tcrac~lr-c lio\i c.1 CI-.

4io~~'ccl ~11:it \irch bclicl; C I I Y n1c.1-c III\ lhs hic.11 Ic.:~d to un l:1\.orL~hIc .~~ti tuclc\

to\\;lrds Pcoplc I i\.ing \\ it11 I HV and ,\LDS. I hus. (1:510tI. 3002). st;~tcci 7hurc

is LI necd. thcrelbre. to cmphasizc t k : ~ thorc i \ no c\ icicncc to suggest that I-IIV

can he transmitted tliroi~gl~ insect bites, the L I S ~ of toilets. sharing meals ~vi th

i IIV- ir.rfcctcd permns. or CVUII 1111gging them"

The 1iter;iture hon*cd that I IIV ptwnlunce is \.cry high in the sub-

Sal i~~ran Afi-ica and h a t over 31nillio1l Nigerians arc infcctccl hy h e virus

(FMOFI, 3004). I t alro sl~ov~ccl that I C'T i l b u j u r~nlicd third in the 3001 and

TI03 N;ltional Sentincl Survcj's with 10.3% and 8.4% sesp~ t ivc ly . file study

reviewed three major theories o 1' attitude acquisition. Thc C'lassical

Conditioning Theory of Ivan Iravlo\t which state.; that an object can be

conditioned to amit either psiti\-'c. or negative responses. the Operant

Conditioning Theory of B.F. Skinner which utilizes reinforcement to bring

about desired changes in objects and the Social Learning Theory of Bandura

and Walters which holds that, through vicarious learning, an obwver 's

behaviour is modified by administering reinforcement to a model being

observed. It idcntifics that many approaches can be used to chnngc attitudes.

one of which it stated ;IS Rational Emotive 'I'hurapy of Albert Ellis.

The rcvicm showcd thc lindings of' othcr researches using gcnckr. :\ge and

c.ducational qualifications as variables. It rehealed proven cases u f Employers'

unfavourable attit~~cics to norkers bring with IHIV and AIDS and personal

stnte~nent., by I ITV-positivc \I orlier\. of unJ';~vorablc a t t i t~~dcs hy their co-

\sorkers and cmplo\crs. l h e lilt-raturt: iclentilictl workshops, cfkctive

&cation. o t ~ ~ ~ n w l i n ~ : i~icl peer cd~~cal ior i :IS vrrne of' tlic I I I ( \ \ L cI'ICcti\ t w;nTs of'

IVC' cntinl; I t lV , ~ r l c l \ 11lS J I I ~ I - C ~ I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I I , ) I ' ~ I I I / J \ ~ u - ~ I ~ J I c I L [ ~ [ I i d t h ;I&

l'u)plc 1 i \ in2 - i[11 I 1 I V :tnd 41 1)s. I lo\\ (:I ~ $ 1 - . dicrc ih 110 \\ or]\ I, l i t ) \ \ 11 1 0 [ h i 5

r I : i t i I I o r l i I I ~ t t i t ~ l ~ l c s 0 1 .

~mpIo!-~:t-~ .\11c1 i! O I - I L C I \ to11 :II-(!\ l ) co \~ lc 1 i f ins t\ 1111 I ! I \ / ' ,\I I )$ . 1 ICIICI: [ I I C

c'irrrcnt \ttirh..

This chnptcr dcscrihcs thc iiesign of ~ l ic stud>. the Itre;\ of rhe study.

population. sample and sampling technique. instrument lbr d a ~ a collection.

validity of thc ins~rumenl. rclinhilit! of thc instrument. mctliod of data

cuI lection. and method of d:~ta anal!,sis.

Research design

The cross-sectional survey rescarch design was utilized thr the study.

Best (1981). described cross-sectional survey as a research muthoci. which

permits the description of phenomena as they exist in their natural settings.

'Thus, Rarbie (1975), considered the survey design one of the best available

research designs to the reso;trcher who is interested in collecting original data

For the purpose of description.

wxswrq ' .

I+'urthcnnorc. b a r i n g in mind t h t the Clovcrnmcnts through [heir t-arious

qcncics in the 1C'T \ i ~ c h as the Nutiun;il Action Cominittce on .Z11)S (NACA).

linc Ministries 0 1 2 I I I V and AIDS. h c F C ' T Action C'cmmittue on AIDS

(I-'.\CA) d various othcr pwtncrs hat.c continuccl tu sen~itii-c through

\\orl;shops, t l x cntirc 1,C'r cornmunit! on the issws o l ' l I lV and .\lIX. a survey

ol' the impact of ~o r l i shops on the altitudes o f \VOI-kcrs and emplo\~.rs in the

FCT towards People f,iving with HIViAIDS became very imperative.

Population:

The population for the study comprised all workers and employers in

organized formal sector in FCT. both public and private. Organized formal

sector was chosen with the view that such cvorkpl~~ces would have exposed their

personnel to workshops on t-IIV and AIDS.

cqr~al chance of h c i l ~ y picl,cct \\ithoilt h i a h . I lie picccs ot' papcr-\ \\'crc) h l i c n

prtqxrly and with clowd c~ us. tIic rest.archer dippcd IICI- l l i l~~d into the container

ro pick a piecc ut' h e p q x r each time. She recorduc1 ~ h c namc of the

orgnnization, run~ptt.cI the piccc of papcr and dropped it into the container. She

rcpcated the wercisc until thc rcqnircd numbor of orgmizations \icrc: got.(see

appcndis B fiw samplccl org:lni7ations) Thc s m e ttchniquc of' s i~nplc balloting

11 ith replacement \!;IS q~pl icd to compose ~ h t : bur hundrucl met sixtt' tvork~rs.

To composc ernplojcrs h r the stucly. the in~~estigator automilticallq ~rseci thc

Heads of Administration ol' [he twenty-three sampled organizations because in

her opinion those administrutive heads rvpresented tho views of thc employers.

Rcliahility nf instrrrmcnt

?he rcliability 01' the instrument \vas determined by using the tcst-retest

method. The qrlestionnnirc was administerect ttvicc after an interval of two

weeks to thirty responclents comprising tw-enty-five workers and five mployers

in five organizations. The two sets ucre co-related to get rcliability co-offlciont

of 0.62. This was considered high for the instr~lment to be reliable.

Procedure for collection of data

The investigator personally visited all the randomly composed

organizations to administer the questionnaires on the respondents. This was

aimed at collecting ~ h c completed copies f'rom the respondenls and also to keep

then1 i~tider si~pervijion to cnsurc that they supplied indepanclent rcsponscs.

Four hundred and cighty three (483) questionnaircs were distributed. Four

hundred and fifty h * e qi~estionnaires nere retrieved alter appointed time with

the respondents, whilc twenty-eight qircstionnaires could not bc retric\xd.

RESULTS

This chapter prcscnts the results of the data anal!rsis f i r tlic stud!. Tbcsc

results are presented according to ~ h c resc:lrch quustions mil thc related

In potheses.

Research Question 1

What impact does attendance at workshops on HTV and AIDS have on

the attitudes of workers in the public and private sectors towxds People Living

with HIV and AIDS in the FCT?

Table 1

Mean scores of the attitudes of public and private scctors workers

exposed to workshops, towards People Living with HIV/AIDS.

I --

Public sector workers 246 / Private sector workers 100 2.62 0.27- - _ A - _ L I_ -_.

Table 1 showed that the mean scores ol'the a t t i tdcs 01' puhlic and pri\.ate sector

~vorkcrs that attenilcd \\.ot-lishops on I IIV and AIIIS is (2.67) \ \ hile h e mcan

Research Question 2

the attitudes of crnployurs in h e public and private scctors exposed to

workshops on I-IIV/'AlDS, towarcts Pcople Living \vith IITV and A I l X in the

FCT'!

Table 2 Mean scores of the attitudes of public and private sector cmploycrs

exposed to workshops, towards People Living with H l V and AIDS.

- - / Attitude of ernptn~rrs 7 Nu. of - t d . - - 1

Table 3 showed that thc entire employers in both public and private scctors have

attended cvorltshops on HIV and AIDS and the mean scores o r [heir attitudes

exposed to worltshops 1 1~1"_plovers -.- - I -- 1 ~ e ; ~ a ~ o n ~

towards People Living with I

Resenrch Question 3

To what extent does

exposed to workshops on H!

) Public sector employers --

/ Private sector employers . -

IIV and AIDS 2.87 and 2.73 respectively.

the sex 01' the public and private scctor workers

LVIAIDS, intluence their attibidcs towards People

16 2.87

Living with FllV and AIDS in the FC'I"!

7 I I

- 1 2.73

T;l hle 3

0.17 --

M e a n scorcs o f thc r-csponsc of public ;~nd pr i~ : l tc scctor !vat-liers c~po.*;ccI

Research Question 4

'-1'0 what estent does the educational clt~alifications of [he public sector

\vorkers cxposed to nvrltshop on E-TIV'AIDS, influence their attitudes totvards

People Living with I-IIVIAIDS in the I~'i"f'!

Table 4 Mean scores of the responsc of public sector workcrs exposed to

worltshops, and their attitudes towards People Living with MIV/AIDS, on

the bases of their edrlcational qualifications.

'rahle 4 showecl that the rnmn scores ol'the att i tucks towards Puoplr Living! \ \ r i ~ I i

I IIV : ~ n d Alf)S tiu- p ~ ~ h l i c W C ~ O I - I \o I - I~ .L~ 11, i t 1 1 i : d i ~ c ; ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ; \ l ~ l ~ ~ ; ~ I i l i c ; ~ ~ i ~ ~ n lii:lo~,t

r s o l c is 2.2. ~ I i c t I I : I I ~ : ( I L I C ; ~ ~ ~ O I I i,i

0 . I' l lc 11 or.lic.rs \\.it11 tcr t ixy cciuc':ilion 11x1 c thc mcrm scar-cs , ) I ' 2.W. I : I W I I I

illis rcsult. c'ci~.~c:llir~rlal q ~ ~ : ~ l i l i c a t i n n In+. lx .;;lid to 17t: r-t:.;ptn~iihIc lilt- 111is

cli l't>rcncc in the 11ic~ir1-;.

Table 5

:Mean scorcs of the rcsponsc of public sector worlters esposerl to

workshops, towards I)eoplc Living n,ith HIV/AIDS on the bascs of their age

groups.

7 - - Age Groups

--

Between 24 and 30 Between 3 1 and 40 I Above 40

Table 5 showed that thc mean scores of the attitudes towards the I'coplc Living

with HIVIAIDS for pirblic sector cvorkcrs with age group up to 25 years is 2.52,

while that of those with age group betncen 26 and 30 is 2.55. 'rhc workers u'ith

age sronp between 3 1 and 40 Ixwe thc mean score of 2 .55 ; and h o s e ~ v i t h their

:rgcs above 40 years have muan score ol'2.64. 1;1-om this result, agc groups maj

be said to be responsible for this difference in mean.

Ti~bIe 6

t-test of male and f'cmalc private sector worlcers csposcrl to

workshops, and thcir attitudes towards People Living with HJV and AIDS.

'Table 4 showed that the t-test calculated value is -1.4 1 r~nd the siznificant level

is 0.16. The hypothesis is not re-jecteci since the significant value is grcater than

0.05, which is the sigificant level at \vhich the hypothesis n-as tccted. Hence,

there is no significant difference betwccn the mean scores of male and female

private sector worliers exposed to workshops 011 HIV and AIDS, and their

attitudes towa~-ds People Living with I-IIV and AIDS in the K T .

Ho2: There is no significant clil't'erence between the mean scorcs of the

attitucies of male and lkmalc. public suctor employers cxposed to n.orl.rshops on

I IIV and A1 DS, to\~.ards l'eoplc Living with I-IIVJA1DS in the FC"1 .

Table 7 t-test of rnalc and fcniale public sector employers exposed to

workshops, arid thcir ;~ttitutles low;l~-tls People Living with I-I1VlAll)S.

Ho3: rhere is no significant difference among the mcan scores of

attitudes of' various agu grotlps 01' public sector woslturs csposecl to worltshops

on f-IIV and AIDS. to11 ar-(1s l)c.ople Lii*ing wi th HIV/AIl)S in the I Cl'.

Table S

ANOVA table for thc difference among the mean scores of various

age groups of public sector workcrs exposed to workshops, and

attitudes towards Pcople Living with HIV/ATDS.

Between Groups 0.52 3 1 Within Groups 17.53 296

I I Total I- 1 18.05 / 299

their

T:~ble 9 .INOVA scores of the attitudes o f various age gror~ps of pr iwlc sector

worlters, towards Pcoplc Living with HIV/AIDS.

I S q ujaLcs Between (3roup.s / 0.52 With in Cirwps 17.53

Total 1 18.05 1 _ - -

Table 9 showed that the F calculated value is 0.98 and the significant value is

0.04. The hypothesis is re-jected because the significant value is less than 0.05,

which is the significant level at which the hypothesis tyns tested. Hence, there

is a significant difference among the mcan scores of the attitudes of various age

groups of private scctor workers exposed to workshops on MIV and AIDS, L

towards People Living with IIIVIAIDS in the FCT.

HoS: There is no signitkant dil'ference among the mean scores of the

attitudes, of \.arious ;~cademic qualifications of privatc sector workers cxposed

to tvorkshops on FI[V and AIDS. t o ~ ~ ; ~ r d s People Lit ing i\.ith IIIC'/ 'AIIX in the

FCT.

Table 10

ANOVA scows of the attitr~clcs of vi~riot~s academic q~~alilications of

private ciector worlicrs, tow :I 1.0s Proplc Living with I!IV/.\ IDS.

I

. - - . Total

Discussion, Implications, liccot~inlrntla tions, Limitations, Soggestions for Further Stnclics, Conclrrsion and Summary

.This chapter prcscnts the cliscussion of the results. implications of the

stody. recon~rnendaiions. limitations of' the study. wggections fix ii~rthcr

research, ctwclusion and summary of the S ~ L I ~ ) .

Discussion of finclings:

The discrtssion of the findings was organized based on the research

qitestions and the hypotheses pcra tec i for the study

I~~lluericc of gcnrtcr on thc :~ttitr~cIos of workers exposed to \ ~ o r k s l ~ o p s on

HIV/AIDS, towards I'coplc Livinq \I ith I11V/Al DS.

l'ablc thrcc she\\ ccl i h u mcm rccponsc 01 ' kmale pitblic and prhatt: sector

\\*vrl<ers as 2.92. \\.hich is grcrtter tlian 2.83 mean scores 01' thcir male

counterparts. 'The firiciing is similar to the one by Schellenbcrg. 1 lirt and S e m

(1999). which stated h t t the attitudes of'men towards hornuscx~r:~ls tended to he

more negative than those of' \\ omcn. I he Iinding in table 6 s t ~ o \ ~ ccl that ~licrc is

no significant diffcrcnce between thc mean scores 01 ' male and ikmale private

sector workers exposed to workshops on HIV/AIDS, and their attitudes towards

People Living with HIV/ADS. The finding disagrees with the fincling by Brieg

and Adlag (1975), i\.ho in o s t l ~ l ? examined rnale/rernale ciiff'ercnce in

occupational attitudes within minority groups and fo~lnd out in one of their

sample groups, that, there is significant difference in the \ d u e of social

interaction for male and female.

Influence of ace on thc ;tltitudcs of pul~lic ccctor workcrs culmed to

workshops on HIV/.\I OS, towards I'cople Living with H 1VIAII)S.

The tindings on ;~ttitudcs and nsc as sho\vn on rahle 5 re\ult.tl different

Incan scores h r difFcrent a ~ e ~ I ' O L I ~ S , \I ith age ahoix 40 of the w orlcers, highest

~vith 2.64 \!hilt. a g up to 25. scored 3,52 \vhich is the least scorcci b!, the fair

rye groups that \\..a-c incsstiyated. ' ~ h c linding thcrcfi~rc sucgcsth that the oldcr

public sector \\orlcers had Iii$~t.r positive ;~ t t i~udcs to\\mIs I'ttoplc' Li! ins with

IIIVIAIDS t h m othcr age grtups. This resrilt tallies \.c ith the results on tables S

and 9 which revealcd that there was significant difkrence among the mean

scores of the attitudes of various age groups of public and private sector

workers, exposed to nortishops on IHIV and AIDS, anti their attitudes towards

People Living with IIIV/AIDS. It could therefore be said that, the lindings agree

with the finding by Visser and Krosnick in Dalton (1999), which states that

middle-aged adults Ivcre more resistant to change than older adults. I t however

contravenes conventional wisdom. which holds that, as human beings age; their

beliefs become more and more rigid.

Implications of the Study:

A number of implications are icientifieci from the findings of' h e study.

First, i t can be implied that. the more workers and crnployers arc exposed to

workshops on HIV :~nd AlDS, the more positive attitudes they have towards

Pcople Living with I IIV/;llI)S. lirnployers of labour stiould thcrclbri: cndeam-

~o C S ~ I I S C ~111 [ h i t . p ~ r s o r ~ ~ i c l 10 \~~o~.I\sI i t~ps 011 TllV ancl i\llIS irrcs(xcti\ .~ 0 1 '

i I c l . i l i n c c I l1V ;111d \I115 is nC.1 rupcctcr o i j i~~t .~ ; r t~ i . ; . ;~cc . .icy

or c1;~is. S ~ I I C C WH-kcrs \\ ill1 1011 CI- c d ~ ~ c x ~ i o ~ i . \die M CI-c c ~ p o w l [ I ) {I, ~ ) t - l ~ s l ~ o p s

on I l l V nncl :\I [IS s h o u cil Icss pt.;iiivc a~titi~clcs to I'coplc l,i\.i~iz n.it h ,-

I I LV;':\ L I IS. this co~lld I J C inrlicnti\.c. 0 1 ' rhc cl i l'tic~llt~: 1.11c~ ma\ II:I\ c c'r~c'rwrl~c~~cci

i i i ~ m s p i n g ~ h c inlimno~ii~n p:~sscd iiiiring siicli \vorksI~ops. l o r ~ ~ c o l ~ l c \ \ i l l 1 1c.s:;

ctlucntiotl t o clcri~:c 111~simi11n hcnc liir I ' r o ~ ~ i \ ~ ~ . ) r l i ~ l l ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ . it t l~cr-cli?~.~ hc.ci,~ncs

i~npcrativt. Tor I\ orI\4iops to l x ~ailorcd along cciucntion:~l Ic\ ills :111ct \vhere

ncccssar?. i n the 1nricu:lge ,- [he participants ~micrstmrl bcst.. rhc lindins that

r~ttituiles to~varrls Pccyle Li\-ing with HIV!AIDS c;~n he influcnccd 2,) age.

brings into I'ocus the ncetl li)r norkshop organizt-rs to look cIoscl!/ at h e issue

uf making \vorkshop contentc. age-specific. The methoclologies :mcl techniques

ofdcliverin,o instn~ctirlns at wh ~vorlcihops should also be made t o suit specific

q e groups. I t also implics that all the st;~kehr)Iders in\ cjlved in thc fight against

HTV and AIDS. should cmbracc the L I W of I'cer Educators, in hying to bring

about change in attitudes and behaviors toccards MIV and AIDS and People

Living with HlV/AIDS.

In spite of the above. the comselor still needs to counsel the workers and

employers and people in the community, on all they need to know about HIV

and AIDS and People Living with the condition. especially the arcm that are not

covered within the limited time of workshops. The counselor should also assist

People Living with I-IIV and AIDS to regain confidence and face the condition

with renewed vigor, instcad of withdrawing into their shells and dying

psychoIogically.

Recommenctations:

Based on the tinclings of this study. the discussions nncf implicatiuns. the

t'ol1on.ing r cc~~mr t~c .nc l a~ i t~~~s appear relcvnnt:

Thcre is thc need hr oyanimlit~rrs to acqu~~int thcn~scl\-cs ~\,. i th p r o e r ~ ~ ~ n s -

ljn t l lV :mci . \ I TIS. 1111ii Ii.rt. : ! I1 1111. pc~wmnill in I :<i~cli ~ ~ r p t i i /;ttio~is, Ix)~II

\ ~ t ) r l i ~ ~ * , ~ :~llcl C I I I ~ I O I ut-s to Iic L ' s ~ Y ~ c ' ~ L O \ \ . (~~.I;shop c)n I I IV ; ~ n c l : . \ I 1)s. I'his

will c~~:lhlc tlictn c;ci iiiorc i ~ ~ l i w n l o i i o n 111:1t \ \ 0~11d help ihcni h ~ l o p positiic

attitu~lcs to\\.a~-cfs I'coplc' I .i\'i~is \\:it11 I IIL' :md :\I 1)s. 111 111.dct- 10 l i I w ; l ~ c ' illc

~ n i ~ i d s ol' \i.orl;crs Ihun prcjr~dicc~; :111d I I S Y ~ L L ~ V C : ~ t t i t ~ ~ d c , s L O J ~ :lrds I ' C O ~ ~ I C I . i~ ill: -

u i ~ h I IIV m i l AIDS. c:nplo\ crs should .;upport m c i cncour:qe their orlcers to

impruvr ~ h c m s c l t cs xadumicdlq . .

I t is fiirther rcco~nrncnticcl [hat \\- orkshop organ imrs ~ h o u Id considcr the

3gt: of their \ \o~~ld-ht : participants in paclaging ~vorkshop contents. ;Ill

or~anizations - and othcr stakeholders in the fight against 1I1V and LZIIIS should

also clnbrace the usc of peer cctucators. to bring dmut chunsc in attitudes

to~cnrds People Li\.ing \ v i t h I I IV m d ,I! DS.

Since, xcording to .ludd (3004). employers and family members ~~sua l ly

take harsh view of' HIV - positive status of a person, and sincc she obscrved that

counseling helps in making the HIV positive person accepted, crnployers of

labour both governments and private. shoulct see the need of engaging the

services of professional counselors in their organizatiuns, besides having them

in schools. The counselor should be charged with such responsibilities as pre-

test and post-test coitnselin~; counseling of' employers, workers and kmily

members ol' those who tested positive to HIV, so as to prevent unfavorable

attitudes towards them.

Limitation of the study:

S~~v;!cvtions f'or Furt hor Rcsc;i~-ch:

I'he following suggestions are made for li~rtlicr studiss:

Since this s tudy w ; ~ limi~cd to the nosbers a n d cmplo! ers in the

I-i,rnlal scctor in the FC 1'. there is the necrt fir w c h c;tr~cly to be

conducted in ~ h c infixma1 sector. It nuulcl bcnefit thc coilntg7 as n

c~ hole. iI'such .;tidies coulcl be i~nclertdtcn :lt thc nntiond Icvul.

Moreover, sincc the study covered only FCT, A b ~ ~ j i t n similar

study should be carried out in other States in Nigeria.

w q ~ v - .. , NN;EL*"

Conclusion: ~ r p n f l P?

Based on the above Iindings and cliscussions. the following conclusions

are made:

Workshops on HIV and AIDS have positive impact on the attitudes of

workcrs and umplo? crs towurds People I ,king with 1 T I ViAl [IS in h e

Summary:

The stuclv in\cstigntcct the impact of \\.orTi~hcyv on ~Iic attitude of'

~ ~ o r k e r s and e m p l o ~ c n to \ \m ls I'cupIc Living ~ v i t h I IIViAIDS in the Fedcral

Capital Territory: Implication fur Counseling.

The \vork sought to dctennine the impact of I\ orlishops r m attitudes of

nsorliers and crnplo>crs to thc estcnt to which zender: educational cpnlilications

m c i age influenced ttlcir attitudes tomx-cis People Living w i t h t I IV~AI I IS .

A cross-sectional sun cy research clesign was u t i l k d for data collection.

The sample for the study cansistcd 01'483 workers, 320 from the public sector

and 140 from the private sector. The sample also consisted of 23 employers 16

from the public sector and 7 ft-on1 thc private sector. The s:mple was drawn

from 23 establishments randonlly drann from an estimated population of about

500 government establishments and 300 private establishments. Mean, standard

deviation, t-tcst and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were emplojfed in the

analysis of the data for the study.

The results obtained were as fo1loii:s:

i) Worlcshops on Fl lV and AIDS have positive impact on the attitude of workers

toivnrds Pcuple Living IT, ith I IIV~AIUC; in the FCT. (Sce '1';tble I )

i i ) Workshops on I I [ V and AIDS have positive impact on thc attitudes of

e~nplovcrs tmvards Pcople I,iving wi th I ITV/,\IDS in thc FC'T. (Scc Table 2).

ta-tian., scconcfar~r and helo~v seconctx!. in the public sector as 2 . W . 2.h0 :lnd

2.52. (Sce tnblc 4).

I i )Age influenced ;ittituck\ of' nurker\ towards People I,i\.ins ith I IIV and

AIDS \\;it11 workers :y above 40 in the public sector chowing a more positive

3 - attitude with a mean score 01'2.64, than the other agcci groups. (Scc ~ablc 5 ) .

151 yL . - 7 . - .. vii)There was no signi!icant tIiSFcrcncc between the mean scorcs o f male and

'+ - . - female workers exposed to worltshops on ITIV and AIDS and heir attitudes

- " - . - towards People Living with t~IIV/NDS. (See table 6).

viii)There was no significant difference between the mean scores of male and

female employers esposed to worlcshops on HIV and AIDS and their attitudes

toivards People Living \vith I I IVIAIDS. (See table 7).

ix)There was a significant difference among the mean scores of various age

groups of worlcers exposed to norkshops on HIV and ArDS and their attitudes

tot~ards Peoplc Living \ \ ith I IIVI'AIDS. (Sce tablus 8 m d 9).

x)There was no signil?cant tlil'fcrencc in the mean scorcs of ~ h c nttitidos of'

~ n r i o u s academic qu:~lificalions of' worlw-s exposcd to ~ \o rkshopsoon

I-IIV!AII)S. (Scu tnblr 10).

,4dej~1mo,O.A.(2004.i2~1g~1st) Youth as pecr cclucators: Saturday 1'unch.p.p. A 16-A 17.

c\n!m-agbu, C. (3000). !<no\.\ - --- Icdw or ulvareness of unclcrgradiratc students o t 'uni~~crsihr ol' Nigeria ton.arcis -4II)S. I ~npt~hlisllcd undergraduate project, Uni~crsity o f Nigeria Nsuklia.

Arken, L.R.( 1 9791. P.~vcho/ogical feslin,q and c~ssessment. Boston: Alljm and Bacon.

Awake, (2002,November 8). Will the deadly march of AIDS he haltcd'? Average Printing

BsstJ. W.( I 98 1). Reseot-c>h in education (4th ed).New Jersy :Prentice Hall.

Brief, A.P. & Adlag. I?. J.( 1975), khleJe/nale duJerences in occzlpationnl af~i t~rdes ~vithin minority p u l p . J O I I T H ~ of voccrtional heJ7nviortr .6(3). Pp305-3 14.

Federal Ministq of \ lcnlth (2004), T&.hnical suport:2OC)3 national! scro-

I ntemational T,abo~~r Orgmi/~~t ion, (200 1 ,Mny.).Cnses on l IIV!AI 1)s. Paper presented at the scminar for labour cuul-t judgcs anct assessors. Kampala.

[nternational Lrtboiir Organization (200 1 ), &iLO code of pr'r~cticc on HIVIAIDS and the world nf work. Cieneva: Author.

International Labour Organization (2003). An ILO codc of p r a c t i c ~ HIV/AIDS and the i\orltl of u-ork (2"" impression). ( h e v a :

Author.

Joint United Nations Programme on HI VlATDS and World Health Organization (2003), AIDS epidemic update Geneva: Author.

Judd 5.(2004), Cozumfing in HIV-AIDS. U S A : Globalemed LLC.

Kxzeem,S.O.(I 999). Correlates of job motivation of workers in selcctec! public and ~ r i \ . ~ \ t c schools in Ife-Iieshn zone, Osim State, Nigeria.

I_inpuhlished masturs thesis, (I)hafi.mi Awolowo University. Ile-112.

Longrnan,(2000), Dictionary of contenij-~orar*~, En,qlish: The coi?~&te ,vuide to written and spuken English. Spain : Caplbsa

humosexuals among students at u Canadian I.rnivel-sit!;: Scs I - o h .

Sills, D.L.(1972). I ~ t e r m f i o n n l t~ncvfupc.cJicr(vo Is 1 and 2). New York: Macmil lan.

Smith B.D.( 1998). P.c~~c.lrolo,g~ ,scicrwe c o d rri~c/erstrrn&n~p. Boston McGraw Hill.

UNIVERSITY 01; N I G E R I A NSUKKA F A C U L T Y OF EDUC. \TION D E P A R T M E N T O F EL)UC't\TION

FOUNDATIOWS

I M P A C T OF WORKSHOPS ON ATTITUDES Q U E S T I O N N A I R E ( I W A Q )

Dear Respondents,

This questionnaire is for deter-mining the impact which exposure to

workshops on HIV and AIDS h a w on the attitude of worlters towards

People Living with I-IIV/AIDS. Your honest and sincere responses will be

highly appreciated and ihc inforniation given will be used confidentially,

only for research purposes.

INSTRUCTION

Please tick ('I) in the bores provided against the response that is

deemed most appropriate by you. Illease kindly scspontl to all thc items of

the instrument.

SECTION A

PERSONAL DATA

I . Scs: M d e ( ) Iyc~nale ( )

7 -. ,\cc (117 to 2 i \ I . \ ( ) 1 :LY\\ CCIl 01 I-\ ( )

I k l \ \ ccn 3 l -4( I \ I., ( ) 10 ,111d :lllo\ c (

3 1 ~ : t i i : 1 I I l i l i ~ i o i : I I I I )

Sccc>ndx-> ( ) I CI-I iai-1

4. Your ITU ~L)I-I\ ; I ~ ~ C I I L ! : I I ~ C C '11 \ \ o ~ . l , ~ h o p on l[V , t n d , \ [ l l % :

NOL ;\t ; i l l ( ) ( )nee ( ) I ice ; \ ~ i i l ;h01 c ( )

SA - Strongly .igree

A Agree

SD - Strongly Ilisagrcc

SECTION B1. WORKERS' ATTITL DES SCALE - - - -- - . - - . --- - - -. - - - .

I s / N ~ ITEMS -[ sLT[-ij[-6 t -

IWV positive people are not immoral -. - - - - - --- . - - .-

Friendship with an HIV- positive colleague should br discouraged

- - - - ---. - --

Workers who ha re AIDS arc still human beings and deserve to be

I 1 treated well - -

Workers who h a ~ x FIIV/AlDS have a short time to live I*- -- -- . -- - A (6. ;;& &with HIV/AIDS i n my office makes me

. A

l b - F g t 1 e s ~ 1 1 0 have 1-IIVIAIDS do not ivork as hard as those

1 I \vho do not have it . I

I - - / 8. 1 Rejectins hwe l IIVIAIDS is not the bcst

1 I lreatrnent for them.

I people know morc about how to ruI:~tc m-ith pcoplc sut'krin_z from

- - - - - - - --- -+

1t is \\.song to disclose the idcntitc of HIV- positi\~c tvorkcss LO I

others so as to p~-c\~cnt people fi-om avoiding them. 1 - - -- - - - --

The norkshop I a~tcndccl on 11IV and AIDS has helped ]nu LO

accept Peoplc L i j ins with I lIV/AIDS as human beings like rnc C - - - -

Every aspect of the nnrkshop I attcncled on HIV and AIDS Itas

useful in making, me ltno~v more about HIV and AI[)S nncl people

suffering from i t . --

Even though I attcndecl \vorkhops on HIV and AIDS, I can n o t

eat from the same plate with somebody suffering from I-IIV/AIDS.

The things that mwe taught in the worltshop I attended on I-IIV

and AIDS were not enough to maltc me change: my negativc

opinion about people sufrcring from I-IIV/AIDS.

The workshop I attended on HIV and AIDS quipped me better in

handling matters concerning pcopIe srrffering fiom HIV/AIDS - - -. -

; on Counseling in [IIV and AIDS are necessary

I ~ I I O W more nbot~t h o w to relate with people

ViAIDS. - -- - -- - -- - --

UNIVEIISITY O f NlCEliIh N S U K K A FACULTY OF EUUCATION DEPARTMENT OF EDLIC' ITION

FOUNDATIONS

1MPACT OF WORKSHOPS ON ATT'ITUIIES QtJESTIONNAIKE (IWAQ)

Dear Respondents,

This questionn:~ire is for rlctcrmining the impact which evposurc to

workshop5 on HIV and AII )S have on the attitudes of employers towards

People Living with I-IIVIA1I)S. Your honest and sincere responses will be

highly appreciated and the information given will he r~secl confidentially,

only for research purposes.

INSTRUCTION

Please tick ('I) in the boxes providcd against the response that is

deemed most appropriate by yon. I'lcase kindly respond to al l the items of

the instrument.

PERSONAL DATA

Strongly Agree

- Agree

- Disagree

- Strongly Disagree

SE I-- ; SIN

1 - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - -. . .- - - - - HIV positive people are not immoral ---t- --

! IT- - -- - -. - -

The presence of I-llV-positive workers in an organization givcs it a T-- bad corporate. image

- - - - -. - . - - - . - 4- -- FIIV and AIDS is not a punishment liw somc-one's sinlid act. I Workers who have AIDS are still himan beings and deserve to be

treated well I - -- - -- - -

Workers who h a w I-IEVIAIDS have a short time to fibe .-

Workers with HIV/AIDS cannot work as hard as those who do not

have it . T 1

Retaining SIIV and AIDS worker.; ivi l l Icad to spread of the

infection to other members of staff. - -

Terminating the appointment 01' workers who h a w HIV/AIDS is

not the best treatment for them.

PI] hlic Sector

I . Ol'fice of t [ ~ i ~ d ol' Civil Service o f the Fcderaticrn

1. Federal Ministry of'i.ahour and I'roductivity

3. Federal Ministr? ol' Ilcalth

4. Fedcral Ministry of I:cltlcation

5 . Fcderal Ministrq of Agriculture

6. Federal Ministry of Internal Al'hirs

7. Federal Ministrq of Power and Steel

8. Federal Ministry of Women Affairs

9. Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism

I O.Nationa1 Hospital

1 1. Wuse General I Iospital

12. Nyanya General Hospital

13. Asokoro District Hospital

14. Maitama Districl Hospital

15. Nigeria National Petrolcum Corpor;ltion

1 G.Nationa1 Panning Coimmissicm

Private Sector

1. Nigeria L;tbr)t~r C'otig~~css

2 . Lanltli I 1ospit:ll

;\I'I'ENDIX C

COMPUTATION OF RESULTS

Group Statistics

Independent Samples Test

1.' ' Sic. I _ - _ I . - C - I

2.S40 .(I%

(Leuene'r~Gt for Equality ot Variancc -- ++ Sig.

ATTITUDE Iiqual var inrw 2 7 1 assumcd

E q ~ ~ a l vvnriancos I .-

not assumed - . - .. . -- I -1

-- t-test for ~ ~ ; l i t ~ of h4eans

t

- ,672

-.64X

- cl t ; - - T ( 2 - r a i l e d ) - ? _ _ _ _ _

?)X ,502

75 100 .5 19

.- - 1 -. - . .- -

.I'ITITL!DE -- - I

- -- - A s e up to 24 ycal-s

j Age Retwcen 26 to 30 ( Age Betwen 3 1 to 40 / 40 m c i above

I 1 Total

ATTITUDE

Between Groups , Within Groups

) 'rota1

17.530

1 8.045 299 .L---

ATTITUDE Equal variancc assumed

! I < L ~ L I ~ vnriancc ! not assun~cd -- . . - - -.

I )cscriplivcs I'crccption ol' thc I'rivatc Scctor Worl\cl-s

Age up to 25 y e a r s - - TIT-- 37 - Age Between 26 to 30 , -

Age Between 3 1 to 40 40 and above

Total

-- -

Mean ~ --

2.5833 2.6932 2.6 139 2.6289

Pcrception of the Privatc Worker I --

-- --- -- --I-- Sum of

-.- - -

. I 03 Within Groups 5.38 1 / Total

- - Std. Error

Descriptives